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PhotDgraphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WeST  MAIN  STRir 

WiBSTIR.N.Y.  14580 

(716)  •72-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Th 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


D 


D 


D 


}c 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicuiie 


□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


|~~|    Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int6rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  aJout6es 
lors  d'une  restauiation  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais.  lorsque  cela  dtait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppiimentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6ti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  rjproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


D 


D 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagies 


r~~|   Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comp''end  du  materiel  supplimentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
be 
th< 
sio 
oti 
fir 
sic 
or 


rTT]  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r~71  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


Th 
shi 
Til 
vit 

Ml 
dif 
ent 
bei 
rig 
raq 
m« 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  t 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

3 

12X 


16X 


20X 


a4x 


28X 


32X 


Th«  copy  film«d  h«r«  ha*  bMn  raproducMl  thanks 
to  tho  ganorosity  of: 

Univeriity  of  British  Columbia  Library 


L'axamplaira  fllmi  fut  raproduit  grtca  k  la 
g4n4rositi  da: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagas  MpfMnlng  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possibia  considering  tha  condition  and  iaglbillty 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaping  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif icatlons. 


Original  coplas  In  printad  papar  covars  ara  filmad 
baginning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  jn 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  Fmpras- 
slon,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  approprlata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  filmad  baginning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  impras- 
slon,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  Illustratad  imprasslon. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  ^»>  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  tha  symbol  V  (maaning  "END"), 
whichavar  appllas. 

IMaps.  piatas,  charts,  ate.  may  ba  filmad  at 
diffarant  raduction  ratios.  Thosa  too  larga  to  be 
antlraly  included  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmad 
baginning  in  tha  uppar  laft  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  Images  sulvantes  ont  At4  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compta  tenu  de  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattet*  de  I'exemplaira  film*,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmaga. 

Les  exemplalres  originaux  dont  la  couvarture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  fiimte  en  commenpant 
par  la  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplalres 
originaux  sont  fllmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'Impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc..  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seul  clichA.  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'engle  supArieur  geuche.  de  gauche  A  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  has,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1  2  3 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

AR 


(jlfde^LjU^ 


SMITHSONIAN    INSTITL^TION. 

UNITED     STATES     NATIONAL     MUSEUM. 


inJ^'^j^wc.^iJ/y^ix 


^"/ 


/^^^) 


B 


ARROWPOINTS.  SPEARHEADS.  AND  KNIVES   OF 
PREHISTORIC    TIMES. 


nv 


'IMIOMAS    WILSOX, 

Curator,  Viciximi  «/ I'lehiKtoric  Archccolngy,  U.  S.  Xnfiomil  Miiupk,, 


Fi'ciii  til.'  R.-port  ni  tlic  r.  s,  Natioiiiil  Museum  for  iSiC,  piiKi's  .sll-itss. 
wltli  sixty-fivi'  ])lati's. 


WASHINflTOX: 

<i<iVi:KX:\IKNT    PKINTINTJ    ol'I'K  T. 
1S99. 


1 


AHROWI'UINTS.  SI'KARHKADS.  AND  KNIVES 
OF  I'KIIHISTOHIC  TIMES. 


itv 


TirO^IAS    WILSOX,  TVL,   d.. 

Curator,  iHrmon  of  rrehistoric  ArchvoUmi,  ''■  >'•  Xaliotial  An,Benm. 


811 


Introc 


II. 
III. 


IV 


VI. 
VII. 


VIII.  ( 


1 

I 


TAIU.E   OF  ('()\^IM-:NTS. 


Introduction ^03 

I.  Spears  and  barjmoii.s  in  the  Paleulitliic  jienod 821 

II.  Tho  oriKiii,  iiivtiition,  iind  (ivolution  of  tlio  bow  and  arrow s;{0 

III.  SnperstitionH    conccrniuy    arrowpoinlH    and    otlier    ]>n-]ii8torir   sfoim 

iniplcinonts j^  I  j 

IV.  Flint  mines  and  qnurrics  in  Wostorn  Europe  and  in  tlio  I'nitcHl  Statfls. .  H.'.O 
Kuropo fc,0 

Spiennes,  Kcl^inm X-,0 

Grand  Pres.signy,  France 858 

Mnr-de-Marn-z  (Aveyron),  Franco 85!) 

Meudon  (<  )iHe),  France 8(iO 

Clianipii,'nolleH  (Oiso),  France 8H(> 

(irinies  Craves,  Hrandon,  SuHolk,  England 8t)l 

C'iHsbury,  Sussex,  F.iifrland ^04 

Scraper  worksiiop  at  Goalenec,  Qniberon  (Morltihan ),  France 8(57 

United  States ^^^f^ 

Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio 8(18 

Caches j^yj 

V.  Material  of  arrowpoints  and  spearheads 872 

Microscopic  examination  of  (lint ><7(( 

VI.  Manufacture  of  arrowjudnts  and  spearheads 877 

VII.  Scrapers,  grinders,  and  straighteners  used  in  niaking  arrow  and  spear 

shafts f^^^ 

VIII.  Cliussitication  of  arrowpoints  and  spearheads 887 

Division  I— Leaf-shaped ^Ol 

Class  A. — Pointed  at  both  ends 8!»."> 

Class  H.— Pointed  at  one  end;  concave,  straifiht,  or  convex  base  . ..  8!t!t 
Class  C— Long,  narrow  blades  with  straight,  parallel  edges,  sharji 

points,  base  concave,  straight,  or  convex l(0(i 

Division  1 1— Triangular jIqo 

Division  III— Stemmed yj;^ 

Class  A. — Lo/.enge-shaped  y  15 

Class  B.— Shouldered  but  not  barbed ;)17 

Class  C. — Shouldered  and  barbed q>k 

Division  IV— Peculiar  forms yj^l 

Class  A. — Beveled  edges g;}! 

Class  B. — Serrated  edges y-^ 

Class  C— Bifurcated  stems 93.-5 

Class  D.— Extremely  long  barbs,  square  at  ends,  finely  chipped  ....  [KMi 

Class  E.— Triangular  in  section ()37 

Class  F.— Broadest  at  cutting  end— tranchant  transversal ;)37 

Class  G.— Polished  slate 9  H 

Claas  H. — Asymmetric 94 j 

Class  I. — Curious  forms g j2 

Class  K.— Perforators 944 

813 


814  REPORT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 

IX.  KiiivoH ,,,. 

"Mti 

A.   WoiiiiiIm  iiiikIo  hy  urrowpoiiitN  or  s|ienilmaili* j(r,.- 

ApjMiiMlix  A— Kiiit  iiiines  itiid  qiiiirrie« jjj;i 

App<^nilix  H— Caclms y^o 

Appomlix  ('  -l,arj;n  iiii|ilt!iiiontN  of  arro\vi»oint  or  Hpearheud  fonii m-J 

Appendix  1 )— MakiiiK  of  arrowpoiutH  dcHcribed  by  oxplorors  and  travelers  ...  «.  «:> 


s. 

!•. 
10. 
II. 


i»r.r. 

U70 

DX'J 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Fnc'iii);  jjiiui'. 

1.  I'n'liintoric  iron    '.:iiives  and    .simarhcails.      (cniftfry    of   ('ln'itiiii-tli!i;;li, 

Kiissian  AiiiK^iiia >*''^^ 

2.  S]i<'ciint'ns  ot'  lint'  :iiro\v|>i>intN.     Italy '^H* 

!{.  Spi'ciniens  of  tini-  arrowpointH.     Italy HIO 

I.   I'lint  llalvi'H,  arrowpoint.s,  and  speariujatlM.     (Jurolt,  Il^yjil,  \IIth  ilynasty, 

I'tKK)  M.  (' S4t> 

."),   i'ointuil  Hint  llakfs,  picks,  lianiniorHtonfs,  and  cliiwels.    S])i»'iiiM'H,  Mi'l<,Mnni.  S.">(; 

(I.   Keer-lmrn  pH'kH.     (triuH's  (Jrave.s.and  IJrandoii,  Sntlolk,  I'.nKlmid f<r»(> 

7.   i'lint   (iliJtH'ts    fVoni   prehistoric    wirkslmps    (Jrand    I'ressijjny    (hnlrr-et 

Loiifi,  {"ranro,  and  otln-r  local  it  its  in  I  In  rope S.iX 

S.  I'lint  knappcr  engaged  in  (|nart<Tin<r  lliiit.     lirandon,  SulVolk,  Lnglantl...  siL' 

!•.   Flint  knapptr  llakiim   tlio  llints  into  Ion;;  slips S(L' 

10.  Knappini;  tlm  Hakes  into  finn  flints.     Mramlon,  Snti'olk,  Ilnj^lanil S(>'J 

1 1.  I  ni  pitmen  Is  from  Hint  mines.     Kni;laiul Stil 

\'2.  Caelie  t>f  serapers.     (Joalenee,  liritlany   XilS 

i;{.   .Map  of  l'"lint,   Ifidge,  (diiti,  slniwin^j  al)t)ri!.;inal  Hint  <inarries  .nitl   worK- 

slit)ps KtiS 

II.  W'tirkeil  Hints  from  workshops.     I'lint  IJitlj^i!,  fHiit» HlO 

I.").   I'lint  elii[)s  from  woiLslioji.     Flint  i;iily,o.  Ohio >*~l 

III.  Miertis(!o\)if  thin  Kt'ctions  of  llint.     I'ji<;lan<l mTiI 

IT.   .Miiroset)pie  thin  sections  of  Hint.      Dcunniik,  Fr.iin'e,  and  ntdninm >*~{> 

18.  .Microseoi)ic  thin  sectitins  of  Hint.     Franco  anil  Unittstl  .'States S"7 

1!».  .Microscopic  thin  sectitms  id'  Hint.     I'nitetl  States s77 

20.  Microscopic  thin  scctinns  of  Hint  and  other  rocks.      Initcd  States S7S 

21.  Micro.stopic  thin  sections  of  Hint  and  other  rocks.     Initcd  State.s .s7S 

22.  Microscopic  thin  sections  of  rocks,  nsetl  for  abori<u;inal  implements.     I'nited 
States s7!» 

Specimens  id"  rock  from  which  thin  sections  werematle NT'.t 

Specimens  of  rmdc  fioni  which  ihin  sections  wen;  uiaile S7'J 

obsidian  I  ores,  Hakes,  anil  linished  arrowpoints.     rrincipally  from  North 

America 880 

2t».  C'oncavo  arrow-shaft  mrapers  of  Hint.     Kngland  and  I'liited  States Wt 

27.  Arrow  shaft  {grinders.     Cherokee,  Iowa 885 

28.  Leaf  shaped  arrowptdnts,  speaiheads,  or  knives.     Division  I,  Class  .\ 80.") 

2it.   I.eaf-shapetl  arrowpoints.  spearheads,  or  knives.      l>ivish)n  I,  Class  H 8!M» 

30.  Leaf  shapetl  iirri)W[ioints,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Division  I,  Class  I! 89!* 

'M.  Leaf-shaped  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  i)r  knives.     Division  I,  ('Ia>s  ( !)0() 

32.  Trian;;nlar  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Division  II 901) 

33.  Stemmeil  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Division  III,  Cla<s  A KIT) 

34.  Stemmed  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Division  III,  Class  1! !)I7 

35.  Stemmed  arrowjioints,  s])earluad8.  or  knives.     Division  III,  Class  C 925 

36.  Stemmed  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Division  III,  flasa  (! !I25 

815 


81()  UEl'OUT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1««7. 

PiirltlK  |>tiu< . 

'M.  ri'ciiliiii  roiiiiHoriirro\v|iointM,  HiMMirliradM,  or  kiiivtm.  liiviHion  IV.CIiiMHA.  !t;;i 
liH.   I'l-iiiliiir  fornis  (if  iirr<)W|HiiiitH,  H|M>jirlu'ii<lH,  or  kiiivcH.     DiviHiou  IN',  CIubh 

;«,('.  I) !i:il 

;{!».  I'oiMiliar  foiniH  mC  iinowpoints,  sjifarlitiuls,  or  knivcH.     PiviHion  IV,  (Iuhh 

K,  F,f},  II,  I !•:;, 

to.  I'nciiliar  furins  of  iiiTowpoiiits.  H|)caili»'ailM,  or  kiii\<^s.  DiviHiou  H',  ClaHs  I  HI. 
tl.   Flint  iiiiil  olisiiliiiii  li  uf-Hliapi'il   Madfs.  Iiaiidli'd  i  4  knives,     iliipa  Valley, 

California '.MT 

I'J.    I.raf-Nliapi'il    llint    ItladoH    in    wooden    liaiidlcH,  fiiHtt^nud    vvilh    liitiitnun. 

Santa  Itarltara  and  Santa  Cm/  iHJandN,  California jih 

IK.   I.oaf-Hliaprd  hIadoM  of  llint  and  rhalcodon.v,  hIiowIu^  Iiituinon  liaudle  fitH- 

tcninj,'.     (California !•!' 

II.   I 'In,  or  woman's  knife.     I  lot  ha  in  Inlet  and  Cajie  Nome !i.'»' 

t.~>.  Common  uiTowpoints,  liandlc<l  )i.v  the  author  to  hIiow  tll(^i^  )iosHil)le  iihouh 

k  n  i  \  es !Ci  1 

tti.  Ilninpl>a<'k('d  knivtm.  District  of  Colunihiu,  I'nitid  •States,  and  Somali- 
laud,  Atrica •.•".1 

17.   Ilnmphacked  kniveH.     I'nited  States !C.I 

IH.   Manner  of  holding;  "hnmidiaeks"  for  use  as  knives 'X>J 

t!).   "  Ihimphacks"     ehl])ped    smooth,    showing;    intentional    knixes.     I'liited 

Stales   i)5:; 

.">().   •'  lliimphacks"  of  i|nart/,ite  with  one  cuttin);ed;,'e  used  as  knives.    I'nited 

States it:.:; 

r)\.   It'nde  knives  of  tlint  and  hard  stone,  ('hi)>ped  to  a  cutting  ed^e  on  one  side 

of  the  oval.     I'nited  St.ites !»;".;) 

rt'J.   Undo  knives  of  llint.  jasjier,  etc.     I'nite.l  States !»,">:: 

.'■>:{.   Kniv«'s  with    stems,  shoulders,  jind  barhs,  lesemiiiinf;    arrowi»oints    and 

spearheatis,  hut  with  rounded  jjoints  unsn*alde  for  piercing iiri:; 

.')4, .">.5.  I'uilateral  knives Jt")! 

oti.   I'lint  Hakes  ('hip]>ed  on  one  edge  only,  intended  for  knives !t"i."i 

57.   I'lint  Hakes  chipi>ed  on  one  edge,  intended  for  knives !t5"i 

.58.  Arrowjtoints   or  spearheads  inserted  in  anei<;nt  human    hones.     Cavern, 

Kentucky IC.'.i 

59.   I'lan  showing  one  of  layer  of  cache  of  !t5  argillite  implements.    Chester 

County,  Pennsylvania !i7- 

(!0.   riastcr  ciist  (model)  of  a  spring  near  lliliriten  Mountain,  North  Candina, 

showing  !.■>  hsaf-shaped  iniidemeiits  in  ca(die.     Lenoir,  North  Carolina  ..  !•".' 

61.   Large  spearheads  ol  cliahedony.     Little  Missouri  K'iver,  Arkansas JtTI 

G'J.   I'lint  disks,  ma<le  from  concrctioiiiiry  llint  nodules.     Illinois;  Ohio 971 

03.  I'ile  of  7,HHL'   (liipjHMl  Hint   disks,  cached   in   mound   2,  llopewtdl   farm, 

Anderson  Station,  Koss  County,  Ohio 97ri 

64.  Large  spearheads  of  chalcedony.     College  Corners,  Ohio !t7  > 

65.  Spearhead  of  white  llint.     Carpentersvillo,  Illiuoia 9m.' 

TEXT   I'KiUKKS. 

1.  Acheul<^en  implement  of  llint.     St.  Acheul,  France 8.1 

2.  raleolithic  implement  of  quartzite.     Madras,  India M'l 

3,4.  Monsterien  spearhead  of  llint.     Lo  Moustier,  Franco HL'i 

5, 6.  Paleolithic  points  and  harpoons  of  reindeer  horn.     La  M.-ideleine,  France.  M't! 
7-10.  Paleolithic  ]»oints  and  harpoons  of  reindeer  horn.     La  Madeleine,  Dor- 

dogne,  France 8i.'i) 

11.  Sidntreen  point  of  chipped  tlint.     Solutre,  France 8i.'7 

12-14.  Solutr<^en  points  of  chipped  llint.     France 8-S 

15,16.  Solntrt'en  ))oints  of  ehii>ped  llint.     Dordogne,  France H-"' 


ll7.  1> 


«lt.  10. 


41-).-.. 
4t;,  17. 


AR|{OWF»OIN"rs.   SPK  VKItKADS.    \NM»     KMVK<. 


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MM 

'iinoe.       M'li 
,  Dor- 

8l'«; 
M'7 

8-",i 


rnL"\ 

17,  I>*.  Sniiitii  (Ml  iliiif  jioiiifH.     I »iirilf>'4iii'.  j'r.iiK'f HL'!i 

111.   I'riiiiitiy  iiiTiMv   ii'lcasf ^Tl 

JJO.  S«'rtinil;ir.v  mikiw   r<li>iiN<' >*IU 

21,  'ri'r(iiu\  jirnnv  ri  l<!tNi> Kll 

2J.   Mt'ilitcri.iiiiiiii  :irr<>\\  11  li';i'<i' H!ll 

211.  M(»nu<ili;iii  iirrow  nltiisf Mi- 

21.   Scvthiaii  anil  I'artliiaii  Imw •■>:!- 

8.".,  (Jn-ik  Ix.w ^:W 

2t»,  '  irci'k  Imw  r;iM'  ami  iiiiivrr HIt'J 

27.  (Jrci'k  liroii/c  •'  tlinf  turiu^ 1  "  arr<i\v|iniiit,     PcrMcpolin Sliii 

2"^.  <iii('k  liroii/c  '•  t liiri'-inii^iit'd  "  aiTi»\v|>ciini-i.     .Manithon KKi 

29,  l!0.   rrt'liistDrii'  iron  siiculicaiU.    ( 'iiiii'iny  dl'  M(>M(,'i-y<''rl,  K'lisHiaii  Ariiiciiia .  KM 
W\-'.>H.   I'rcliisioric    iron    H|ic!irln'a<N.       CtMnctiTs    of    ClirVtati-tliaKli.     l'iiH'*iMii 

Armenia HIW 

}<'.'.  III.   I'loliistoric  .\riiifiiiaii  Iiowh,  onyraN  rd  mi   liroii/r  cincf  iircs.     ( '<'niitt'i'y 

of  .\ktliala  and  .Mouri-V"  li KW 

4l-t.">.    rr<'liiHti>rii' ;iiT(>w|i()iiitM  of  lironzo  and  iron  fiorn  Arnieiiiii MIO 

4ti.  17.    I'n'histori*!  aiiowimiiitN    of  cliijUK'il    nli-iidiaii,   tr.iiudiant  transv nsal. 

('(■iiictiiy  of  Jfouii-yrii,  ArriKMiia 810 

4x.   Scrtioii  sliowin;;  j;<'oIoj;y  of  prt'liistoric  llint  iiiiiip.     SpiiMinfn,  Hfljjinm...  H."»l 

49.  Scctiiin  of  )in'lilstorii' IliiitniiiK'M.     .S|)ioiiiiP».  r>»d;;inin H'i'2 

69.  Section  ol'  wliafi   in  flic  prtdiiHtoric  llint  niiiicH,  sliowinj;  ani'icnt  workiiij^s 

and  liow  they  were  filled.     .^itienncH,  MelMjjniii s.">l 

61.   Section  of  .-.liaft  in  tlie  ]>rehistoric  llint  miiios,  show  in;;  ainii'iit  workings 

;'nd  how  they  wcvv  tilled.     Spii  niie8,  Mel^iimi XTt'^ 

;''_',   Section  of  pit  in  the  prehistoric  Hint  iniiHw.     Spjonnes,  B»^l;;iiini ^5l) 

.");{.   Flint  inipleinent  :  thopecnliar  product  of  a  prohi.storic  worksho)!.     (iiaiid 

I'ressi^^ny  i  Indre-et-Iioirei,  I'raiKo H~iH 

r>l.  Section  of  prehistoric  Hint  mine  or  jdt.     .Mnr-de-Marro/ ( .Vvoyroii  t 8ii9 

.">.  Prehistoric  deer-horn  luimnier  and  jiick   coinhined.     From  Hint  mine  jit 

Miir-<le-Marre/  (Aveyron  t,  I'rance 8.")9 

."iii.  Section  of  prehistoric  llint  mine.     Moiidon  (Oise),  Franco 8(10 

.">7.  Section   of  ji  ])it  of  the  ]»rehiHtoric  llint  mino  at  ('hamj)i^;nolles  lOisei, 

France st'A 

^^x.  '•  Strike-a-li;;ht,"   steel   and    tiinler,    nsed    hy    I'rench    ])PMsantH.     I'.aris, 

I             France 8<;2 

.  ,")9,   Prehistoric  ])ick  marks  in  the  hard  day  in  the  excavation  of  an  F.triisean 

tonih.     (Del  Colle  (Jassuccina),  Chiiisi,  Italy HiV.i 

,  tit).   I'lan  of  ]>rehistoric  Hint  mines,     ('issbiiry,  F.ngland ?<ti5 

^  III.   Portion  of  ])lan  of  jirehistoric  llint  mines.     (JiHshnry,  Sussex,  I'',iiyland.  ..  8(in 
1)2,  (il>.   Iron   llakint;  liamnier  and  a   "strike-alight"  made  with  it.     Alhania, 

(ireeeo H78 

|(U.   Flint  core,  with  its  ll.akes  in  place  as  struck 879 

'  t)."i.  Section  of  tlint  nucleus  showing  how  Hakes  are  struck  oil' 879 

jtili.  (i7.  Hammer  stone-s.     Ohio,  New  York 880 

|iW,(i9,  Eskimo  arrow  llaker...  jtoints  of  reindeer  horn,  handle  of  ivory Hxi 

71),  71.   Kskimoarrow  linkers,  points  of  reindeer  horn,  handlesofwoodand  ivory.  881 

72-74.  Flakers  of  antler  or  bone  in  bantlles  of  wood XH'J 

7.">,  7t).  Flint  Hakers  ( i)  with  smooth,  rounded  ends,  worn  hy  use,     Yorkshire, 

Kn^land SH,'{ 

77.  Arrow-shaft  ffrinder,  chlorite  slate.     (;ai)e  Cod,  Massachusetts S8.5 

S  78.  Serjientine  arrow-shaft  .strai^;htener,  with  three  smooth  ^looves,  ornameu- 

5          till  irrejiular  incised  lines.     Santa  Harliara  County,  California 8K6 

I  NAT  3IUS  07 52 


1? 


S18 


KElMJirr   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   IH'JT. 


70, 

81. 

SL'. 
HI. 

H7. 

HH. 
Wt, 
!tl. 

!I2. 

!t;t. 

JM. 
!»."). 

102. 

103. 

104. 
105, 
107. 

lOX. 
10!  t. 

110. 

111. 

111'. 

ii:{. 

111- 
llJt- 
124. 

i2r> 

120. 
127. 
128. 
12!t. 


80.  ,\rio\v-,sli;it't  Mti';iij;li  tellers  of  wot  id  or  ivoiy 

L<.-iit-Hli:i]i(Ml  N|iourhfiiil  of  llinly  rlK'it,   iioiiitcd  at  liotli  oihU.     Mailisoii 

( 'oiiiit\ ,  Kentucky 

Sword  of  diirk-brfiwu  liiiit.     WilMaiiison  Comity,  Tcniitsscc 

Sword  of  oltsidiau.     Oregon 

I'ornigiiioiis    congloiiierate  coiitaiiiiiig  jn.spor  j>elil>le.>s.     liloiiiit  County, 

Alalia  mil 

I'iile-gray  Hint  ]ia\  injf  tlie  apjieaianoe  of  agati/cd  wood.    Austin,  Texiis. 

Yellow  eliei't.     Tennessee  Kiv<!r,  ojtposile  .Savaiinali,  Tennessee 

Leaf-shaped    iniplenient,   jioinled    at    botii    ends.     FoLsom,    Saerainento 

County,  California 

Leal'-shaped  iiiiplenieiit,  jtointed  at  both  ends 

9(1.  Leaf-shaped  iin|)leineiit,  pointed  at  both  ends 

litaf-shaiied  implement,  i>ointod  at  both  ends.     Santa  IJaib.ira  County, 

(  alifornia 

l.eat-shapt'd  iniplenient,  pointi'd  at  both  ends.     California 

L(!af-shap«Ml  iin|i]eiiient,  pointed  at  both  ends.  National  Museum,  Mexiio. 
Leaf-.shaiied  iniplenient,  ])oinled  at  botli  ends.  I  wo  notehes  near  base  foi' 

fastening  handle.     (Jilmer  Connt\ ,  (ioorgia 

Leaf  sbajied  implement  of  gray  lioriistone,  pointeil  at  liotli  ends.  Belle- 
ville, St.  Clair  County,  Illinois 

lOl.  Leaf-sha]ied  arrowpoints,  [loinled  at  both  ends 

Leaf-shaped  imploinent  of  argillite,  witli  straight  base.     'I'renton,  Now 

.lersoy 

Leaf-shaped  iinjilenient  of  argillit<',  with  straight    base.     Trenton.   New 

Jersey  

Jieaf-shajied  im]ilemeiit  of  pale-gray  Jasjtery  Hint,  with  convex  base 

100.  Leaf-shaped  implement  of  dark-gray  Hint,  with  eonvex  base 

Leaf-shaped  iiii|demeiit  of  daik-gray  llint,  with  eonvex  base.    San  Miguel 

Island,  California 

Leaf-shajied  imidement  of  Jaspery  grayish  llint,  \\  ith  eon\ex  base 

Leaf-shajied    imjilement   of  obsidian,    with    convex   base.     San    Miguel 

Island,  Califoiiiia 

Leaf-shaped  imiilenieut  of  lustrous  chalcedonie  llint  or  silicilied  wood, 

with  eonvex  base.     S.in  Miguel  Island,  California 

Leaf-shaped  imjilemeiit  of  pale  gray  chalcedonie  llint,  with  convex  base. 

San  Miguel  Island,  California 

Leaf-shaped  iinpleuient   of  iransluoeiit  chalcedony,  with  straight   base. 

Tennessee 

Leaf-shaped  im]ileinent  of  jiorphyrilii!  felsite.  with  convex  base.  Dart- 
mouth, Bristol  County,  Massachuselts 

118.  Leaf-shaped  implements 

•123.  Leaf-sha])ed  implements 

New  Caledonian  Javelin  (modern) 

Leaf-shaped  iinplemeut  of  bri)\vnisli-gray  Jasjier.  \\  itli  concive  basi-  antl 

parallel  edges.     Santa  Barbara  County,  California 

Leaf-shajied  implement  of  gray  llint  or  ,jas|>er,  w  ith  straight   base  Jiiid 

jiarallel  edgiis.     Santa  Barbara  County,  California 

Leaf-shaped  implement,  with  concaxe  base  and  parallel  edges.     Califoi- 


8m; 

x'.<-: 
8!':; 
8!(:; 

SiM 
8li| 
Ml". 

81  m; 
8!  II I 

,S!i7 
8:iT 
8117 

Mis 

81  IN 
Milt 

1(111 


(III) 
III! 
inl 

nil' 

11  iL' 


ma 


Leaf-shaped  imiilemeiit  of  lustrous  Hint  or  chalcedony,  with  slightly 
concave  base  and  ]iarallel  edges.     California 

Leaf-shajied  implement  of  lustrous  Hint  or  chalcedony,  with  concave  base 
and  parallel  edges.     California 


II  i:; 


II  Hi 

Ml 

II  I,". 

II  Hi 


'III 


I 


AKKOWPOINTS,  SPLAKllEADS,  AND    KNIVES.  <Sl!l 

i;;(i.   Lua(-Hliiii»t'(l  iiiiph'iiieiit  of  lilack   Hint,    witli   coiicavti   biiMo  and  |>arallel 

idj^is.     »'alil"i>rnia i**'^ 

131.    I.eal'-sliiiiicd  iiiiiil«iii»;iit  of  black    llint,  \vit)i    convt'x    Imsc   and    parallel 

.•.ljr.'>.     Califoniia !»0!' 

1^2.  I  riaiifrular.  c(|iiilatenil  arrowpomt,  Naiitiickot  Island,  MaHsacliusctts  . .  'JU 
13;{.  Triaiiijnlar  arrowpoint  of  spearhead,  with  straif^ht   edj;es   and  eoncave 

ba-se.     I.'hodo  Island T !tU 

131.  Triani,'ular  airowixdnt  of  ;;ra,v  Hint,  with  coneave  edj{es  and  base.     Still- 

watir.  Washini^ton  County,  New  Y(>rk I'll 

'%^.  Triani;nlar  arrowpoint,  with  eontiivo  base.     Chilniark,  MassatliusettM. ..       91 1 

131).  Trian<;nlar  arrowpoint,  deeply  eonea ve.     ( )rejfon !M2 

1157.  Tri annular  arrowpoint  of  white  iiuartz iH2 

13M.  Trianjinlar  arrowjioint  of  pale  j^ray  Hint,  with  eonvex  base.     St.  (Jeor<;e, 

Washinjiton  County.  I'tah IM^ 

13'.l.   Stemmed    arrowpoint    of  porphyritie    folsite,   lozenge-shaped.      l.ia    Paz, 

Lower  California Olij 

IJli.   Stenimeil  arrowpoint  of  porphyritie  felsite,  lozeu>^e-shai»ed.     Kd;rartown, 

Dukes  County.  .Massachusetts  '.tlo 

141.  Stemmed  arrowpoint  of  white  (piartz,  lozenjje-shaped !tir) 

142.  Stenniud  arrowpoint,  lozenyo-shajied.     East  Windsor,  Hartford  County, 

Conneetiiut -    !M(i 

143.  Steninu'd   arrow])oint,  lozenye-shajted.      Keesoville,  Essex   County,  New 

York !tl»> 

141.   Stommed  arrowpoint  of  ]>ale  f^iay  Hint,  lozenj^e-shajied !*!(> 

145.   rrehistoric  stone  arrow])oint  inserted  in  shaft  and  tied  with  liber.    Switz- 
erland         l»17 

14<).  Stennned  airowjioint  of  black  Hint,  shouldered  hut  not   barlx^d.      I'lain- 

lield.  Windham  County,  Connecticut !»17 

147.  Stemmed  arrowpoint  of  gray  Hint,  shouldered  butnot  barl)ed.      Kingston, 

Washington  ( 'onnty.  K'hode  Island !tlH 

14s.   Stemmed  arrow]ioiut,  shouldered  but  not  liarbed.     (Jrovepoit,  Franklin 

County.  Ohio !»1K 

HU.  Stemmed   arrowpoint   of  greenish-gray  hard    slate,   shouldered    but   not 

5  barbell,     (ieorgia !U8 

|p().  Stemmed    arrowpoint.  sliouldered    but   ]U)t   barbed.       Southold,   Sutfolk 

County  (  Long  Island),  New  \ Ork !tlH 

«KL   Stemmed  ai'rowpoint,  shouldered  but  not  barbed.     Tennessee 91!) 

9p2.  Stemmed  arrowpoint,  shouldered  but  not  barbed.     New  lirauufels,  Comal 

County.  Texas l)l!t 

3^1).  Stemmed  airowpoint,  shouldered  but  not  barbed.     I'lantersville,  More- 

4  house  County,  Louisiana JtPJ 

Stemmed  .arrowpoint  of  i»ale  grjiy  Hint,   shouldered  but  not  barbed.     St. 

Maiy  County,  .Maryland yilj 

Stemmed   arrowpoint    of  yellowis)\-brown    jasper,   shouldered    but    not 

barl)ed.     Susiiuehanna  Kisor.  Pennsylvania !>20 

Stemmed  arrowpoint  of  yellowish-gray  Hint,   shouldered  but  iu>t  barbed. 

Hrownsvilb',  Licking  County.  Ohii> 1)20 

Steiiuned  arrowpoint,  shouldertMl  but  not  barbed.     Lin<'(dn  County,  Ten- 

ne8so(» !(20 

Stennued  ariowpoint,  shouldered  hut  not  barbed.     South    Diumis,  Marn- 

stable  County,  Massachusetts <)2() 

Stemmed   arrowpoint    of  bluish   chalcedonic    Hint,  shouldered   but    not 

barbed.     Ohio <>21 

Stemmc'l  arrowjioint.  shouldered  but  not  barbed 1)21 


820  REPORT  OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1897. 

rai;i', 
ini.  SteiniiH'd   arrowpoiiit,   shouhlorod   hut    not   liarlii'd.     St.  Cl.iir  County, 

Illinois Kl'I 

162.  Stemnie<l  !irro\vi)oiiit  of  grny  flint,  slionldered  but  not  harbed.     ]']dmon(l- 

80I1  County,  Kentucky fl:;l 

IBS,  Stemmed  arrow-point,  shouldered  but  not  barbed !t'j 

1()4.  Stemmed  arrow])oint  of  blaek  ilint,  slionldered  but   not  barbed.     San 

Miguel  Island,  Calif<trnia {(l'L' 

165.  Stennned  arrowpoint,  shouldered  but  not  barbed.     Ohio Itj 

lfi(>.  Steuuued    arrowpoint  of  dark  gr.ay  Ilint,  sbonldored    but    not    barbed. 

Tennessee iCJ 

1()7.  Stenuned  arro\vi»oint,  shouldered  biit  not  barbed 9'SA 

1(18.  SteninuMl  arrowpoint  of  white  jaspery  tliut,  shouldered  but  not  barbed. 

West  Bend,  ^^  iishiugtou  County,  Wisconsin iH:! 

Ifiit.  Steamed  arrowpoint  of  lirowu  flint,  shouldered  but  not  barbed.     Den- 
ny H\ille,  Washington  County,  Maine 'til 

170.  Steunned  spearhead,  shouldered  and  barbed (tLii 

171.  Stenimeil    spearhead    of  whitish    ehal(!edony.  shouldered    and    barbed. 

Shreveport,  Caddo  County,  Lonisianii '.tL'7 

172.  StcTumed  spearlu-ad,  shouldered  and  barbed.     Crawford  County,  Wiscon- 

sin         HL'S 

173.  Stemmed   spearheafl   of  gray   Ilint.  shouldered   and    barbed.     .Saratoga 

County,  New  York IL'li 

171.  Stemmed  spearhead  of  gray  flint,  shouldered  and  barbed.     McMinnville, 

Warren  County,  Tennessee ;tj|i 

17").  Stemmed  speaihe.id,  shouldered  and  barbed  liJIi 

176.  Stemmed  arrowjjoint  of  gray   flint,    shouldered   and    barbed.     Orange 

County,  Indiana !i:iii 

177.  Stemmed  arrowpoint  of  pale-brown  flint,  shouldered  and  barbed.     Santa 

Harbara  County,  California !i:i(i 

178.  .Stemmed  arrowjioint  of  d.ark-gray  Ilint,  shouldered  an<l  barbed.     Sharps- 

burg,  Washington  County,  Maryland li.lii 

17!>.  Stenmied  arrowpoint,  shouldered  and  barlx'd.     ( )regon iKlii 

180.  I'eculiar  form  of  arrowpoint,  with  beveled  edges.     Klkton,  Giles  County, 

Tennessee W2 

181.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowjtoint,  with  beveled  edges.     Tennessee !i:!H 

182.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowpoint.  with  beveled  edges.    Point  Lick,  Kentn(!ky.  !i.'!:> 

183.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowpoint.  with  beveled  edges.    Louisville,  Kentucky.  !':!:> 

184.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowpoint,  with  serrated  edges.     Oregon '.<:<[ 

185.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowjioint,  with  serrated  edges.     Stockton,  San  .loa(|nin 

County,  California '.i:il 

186.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowpoint,  with  bifurcated  stem.     Tennessee l';!."i 

187.  Pemiliar  form  of  arrowpoint,  with  extremely  long  barbs,  s([uare  at  ends. 

Kudstou,  Knglaud , '.Mti 

188.  Peculiar  form  of  arrowpoint,  triangular  in  section,  reddish  jasper.     Chiri- 

((ui,  Panama.  United  States  of  ('olombia '.C' 

189.  Peculiar  forms  of  arrow])oint8,  broadest  at  cutting  I'nd — tr.inehant  trans- 

versal.   Aisne.  France v:!n 

l!tO.  Peculiar  forms  of  arrowpoints — tranchant  transversal I'iil' 

191.  Arrowpoint  of  bone,  with  narrow  grooves  on  each  aide  and  sharp  Ilint 

Hakes  fastened  with  bitumen  or  gum.    Sweden ''i:i 

192.  Yew  bow  fnun  prehistoric  lake  dwelling.    Kobonhausen,  Switzerland M.' 

193.  Eskimo  knife  with  nephrite  blade,  ivory  handle,  .and  wooden  shaft.    Nor- 

ton Hay,  Alaska idu 

19i.  Leaf-shaped  blade  of  agati zed  wood.     Wyoming Hul 


!•:.'.' 
it':' 

itl'L' 
i)L'H 

ill':! 

ItL'l 

itjil 

ill's 
It'll 

it'll 
it'll 

!i:!(i 

!i:;(i 

ii:;ii 

!i:!(i 

(lonnty, 
Hit' 

ii:i3 

[itiioky.       I'lil! 
iitncky.       'Xi',\ 

!i;u 

.l()a(|uiii 

ii:ii 

:i;i,'i 

1 1. Ill   I 

111!' 

'.I'AS 

!i;!!l 

irp  Hint 

'M^^ 

and....  !iin 
ft.    Nor- 
:i:i(i 

M51 


ARROWPOINT.s,  SI'KAKHKADS,  AND    KNIVES.  821 

lil"),   Unilateral  knil'o  of  yellow  Hint.     (iuor<j;ia y-,t 

liMI.  iliiiiiaii  vrrtelua  (inebistoric)  pitTced  with  Hint  arrowpoint  (tranchant 

transvciMal ) ji-'j' 

1117.  lliinian  lihia  (pivLi.storu;)  piened  with  (liut  anowpoiLt  ( tranthaut  trans- 
versal ) .     France j)-,^^ 

]il8.  Ancient  skull  pierced  with  a  Hint  arrowpoint,  jierfurator.     California...  !»">« 

l!»it.  Ancient  hnnian  vertei>ra  piened  with  iinart/  arrowjioint,  healed !t5it 

2(X).  Ancient  sknll  pierced  with  perforator  arrowpoint.     IllinoLs jCii* 

2(11.  Aucient  skull,  arrow  wound  over  left  eye,  entirely  healed.     Missouri  ...  «>:.!» 


AKk( 


A  SI. 

]niiitin 

spear, 

tbiiisti 

the  spt' 

of  tiiei 

an  iissi 

A  ha 

at  lisli 

All  a 

ho  sliot 

times  a 

The 

M'lieii   I 

sharp  1 

ment  iii 

^peailu 

■tiiictio! 

these,  t 

clisapjK 

An  iiii] 

|2  or ;{  t( 

ffeet  Ion 

lless  in  ] 

finent  ot 

in«-  of  ! 

real  i)r( 

ishiiiy 

inaloyj 

Jirst  wit 

M'as  use 

I)h'te,  \v 

inos,  an 

Indians 


ARROW  POINTS,  SlT..\RIIi:.\nS.  AND  KNIVl^S  OF  I'RI-IIISTORIC 

TIMi:S. 


i 


!?>     I'lK'MAS    Wll.suN.    M,.  !>., 

Cimilor,  liiviniiiii  lit'  I'lrhisliifii   AvvUo  nloijii. 


INTRODUCTION. 

A  Spear  is  a  loii^,  i»)iiit<Ml  weapon,  lield  in  tlic  hand,  used  in  war  and 
liuntinj'-.  more  by  tlinistinj;  tlian  thntwinjj.  l-ance  is  synoiiynions  with 
spoar,  thonjih  it  may  he  smaller  and  lijjfhter,  hut  lonf^er,  used  either  hy 
thrusting;  or  throwin};'.  A  Javelin  is  shorter,  smaller,  and  lighter  than 
tlie  spear  or  lance  and  is  hettt'r  achipted  to  throwing-  hy  tlie  hand.  All 
of  them  may,  in  case  of  need,  be  used  in  hand-to-hsind  <'omb5its  iw  in 
an  assaultiiiji  column. 

A  har|H»on  is  a  spear  or  .ja\eliu  with  barbs  or  tooji'les,  usnally  thrown 
at  hsh  or  marii   •  animals,  thonuh  specialized  for  strikinjj  whales. 

An  arrow  is  similar  to  a  Jav«din,  but  shorter,  smaller,  lighter,  find  to 
l)e  shot  from  a  bow.     It  is  a  missile  and  purely  otfensive.     In  prehistoric 
times  and  belbi'e  metals  wer«'  in  use  these  were  tipped  with  stone  or  bone. 
The  arrowjtoints,  spearheads,  and  knives  of  the  j)rehistorie  races, 
when  made  of  atone,  liave  such   a  likeness  of  form  and  style  that  a 
.sharp  line  of  division  between  them  is  impracti(!ab]e.     A  small  imple- 
mnent  may  be  an  arrowhead;  a  large  one  of  the  same  tyi>e  may  be  a 
^:Bj)earhead,  wliile  either  or  both  may  have  serve«l  as  knives.     The  dis- 
"tinction  might  be  better  made  if  the  shafts  or  liandles  remained,  but 
these,  together  with  the  lashings  and  attachments,  have  decayed  and 
disap]»eared,e\(!ei)t  occasiomdly  where  bitumen  or  gum  was  eniployed. 
An  implement  of  this  kind,  whether  large  or  small,  with  a  light  shatt 
2  or  ;»  feet  long  would  be  an  arrow;  the  same  with  a  heavy  shaft  S  or  10 
feet  long  would  be  a  spear,  while  either  of  them  with  a  shaft  a  foot  or 
.less  in  length  would  b»      \nife,  dagger,  or  jtoniard.     Indeed,  an  imple- 
ment of  the  latter  class  might  be  accidentally  inatle  through  the  break- 
ng  of  a  spear  or  arrow  shaft.     I'ew"  if  any  of  these  implenuMits  of  the 
•eal  prehistoric  man  have  been  found  with  their  shafts  or  handles  and 
ashings  or  fastenings,  and  so  w«>  are  largely  driven  to  theory  and 
nalogy  for  their  names  and  uses,     in  modern  tinH\s  the  perfect  arrow, 
irst  with  a  stone  head,  afterwards  with  one  of  iron,  and  shaft  attacdied, 
ivas  used  in  great  numbers  by  the  North  Anunican  Indians;  spears  com- 
)lete,  with  stone  or  iron  head  and  shaft  attached,  were  used  by  the  Kski- 
nos,  and  knives  with  short  handles  have  been  found  among  the  Ilnpa 
ndians  of  Oregon  and  California,  ami  a  few  in  prehistoric  graves  on  the 


824 


HEPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSKUM,   1«97. 


Mcxicuii  bonier,  lu  Africa,  Australia,  aial  I'olyuesia,  the  si)ear8  ami 
kiiivesare  usually  ot'iroii,  socketed  or  tanged  for  the  insertion  olahaiidli. 
This  paper  deals  ]>riuc,ipally  with  the  i)rehistorie  arrowpoint  and 
si)earhead,  beyinninjf  with  the  ruder  forms  of  cutting,  piercing,  (n 
throwing  weapons  or  implements  in  the  Paleolithic  period,  and  dealiiiu 
with  the  subject  in  all  its  characteristics.  Bows  are  practically  nn 
noticed,  as  most  specimens  from  prehistoric  times  have  decayed,  but 
one  or  two  having  been  found,  and  these  only  preserved  by  beiii;,^ 
under  water  or  in  peat  beds. 


il 


I.    SPEARS  AND   HARPOONS  IN    THE  PALEOLITHIC  PERIOD. 

Ajtpmrance  of  the  spear  in  the  Momterien  epoch — Appear<inee  of  the  har 
poon  in  the  iSolntreen  epoch — tSpeur  or  harpoon  heads  with  shontder  <>ii 
one  side  only. 

The  spear  behuigs  to  an  earlier  epoch  in  man's  civilization  than  <1()<  s 
the   arrow.     Although    they   are  simiur   in    ai>pearance,  they  ditl't  i 

greatly  in  age.   The  former  ai>peared  in 

the  Paleolithic  i)eriod,  while  the  hit 

ter  did  not  appear  until  the  Neolithic. 


Fig.  1. 

AClIEULliEN  IMPLEMENT  OF  FLINT. 

Siile  view. 

St.  Acbeul,  I'ruuce. 

^  natural  sixe. 


Tig.  2. 

PALEOLITHIC  IMPLEMENT  OF  QUABTZITE. 

Aliulra.i,  Iiuliit. 

(■;il.  N...  i:t:,'.:i:.,  l.S.N.M.     '^  imlur:il  »Ui-. 


The  first  implements  known  to  have  been  used  by  man  were  the  rude. 
thick,  heavy,  chipped  Hints  which  belong  to  the  Chellceu  epoch  of  ilie 


ARROWPOINTS,   SPEAKHKADS,   AN1>    KN1\  E.S 


82.') 


i[)esir8  ami 
ifaliaiullr. 
'point  ami 
iercing,  or 
ikI  dealiiii; 
itically  111! 
icayc'd,  Liii 
[  by  hiiiuii 


ERIOD. 

;  of  the  har 
shoulder  mi 


1  than  (Iocs 
tbey  ditl't  1 
ippearediii 
ilc  the  hit 
e  Noolithic. 


jUARTZlTK. 

itiiriil  si/.»'. 

le  the  null'. 
poch  of  I  lit-' 


l»ah*<>nthi(;  period.    They  were  probably  never  used  witli  a  handle,  lor 
it  is  hard  to  eoneeive  an  implement  so  ill  eontrived  for  attaehmciit  to 

Ja  handle.     They  are  nearly  the  shape  of  an  almond  or  peaeli   stone 

f  (fiys,  1.  1').  A  portion  of  tlu'  natural  ciust  of  the  Hint  pebliles  was  h'ft 
at  the  butt  of  some  of  these  implements  for  a  jj^rip,  thus  showiuj,'  that 
they  were  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand,  and  not  to  be  handled  for 
use  as  spears  or  Javelins.     These  implements  are  not  thin  and  Hat  so  as 

'to  be  inserted  in  a  split  handle,  and  whether  attempted  lon;;itudinally 

I  as  for  a  Bi)ear,  or  transversely  as  tor  an  axe,  it  woidd  be  with  dillii-ulty 

I  that  any  of  them  eould  either  then  or  now  be  retained  in  a  handle.     If 

V  inserted  in  a  wooden  han- 
dle a  suthciient  distance 

I  t<>hold.ablowj^iven  with 
fore*'  would  drive  it  into 
and  throufjh  the  woodi 
an<l  would  ceitaiuly  split 
the   handle,     iieinj;   in- 

^surtieiently   inserted,  it 
J  would  Hy  out. 

We  are  not  driven  to 
theory  entirely  with  re- 
^  jjard  to  this  nuitter,  for 
aside  from  the  fact  that 
some  of  these  are  left 
with  the  butt  of  the  Hint 
pebble  for  a  grip,  the  in 

5ventive  yenius  of  man 

|lias  not  yet  been  able  to 

'^discover  and  emph>y  a 
handle  that  could  be  at- 
tached to  theseor  similar 

I'mplemeuts  without  be- 

v.  ing  open  to  one  of  these 

5  objections.     Attemjjts 

|liave  been  made  in  this 

I  direction  by  several  per- 

|sons,  notably  in  a  series  in  Carnavalet  IMuseum,  the  municipal  museum 
of  Paris.  An  inspection  of  this  series  or  of  any  of  the  implements 
themselves  will  show  the  impracticability  of  handliuj;  tlieni. 

It  does  not  necessarily  follow,  because  these  Chelhen  implements 
were  not  put  in  a  handle  and  used  as  si)ears,  that,  therefore,  the  man 
!of  that  period  had  no  spear,  for  a  sapling  or  branch  of  a  tree,  sharp- 
ened and  hardened  by  tire,  would  have  made  a  most  eti'ective  weapon  of 
the  spear  or  javelin  sort.  It  nniy  be  objected  that  no  such  objects  have 
ever  been  found,  yet  this  is  not  conclusive  against  the  i)ossibility  of  the 
tvooden  implement  having  been  made,  for,  being  wood,  it  might  have 
decayed  long  before  the  historic  period. 


I'iys.  :i,  4. 
JIOI-STEUIK.N  Sl'EAUllEAK  OK  KLl.NT. 

Olivorse  mill  reverse. 
Lo  Moii.stii'r,  l'"riiii<'(i. 

Cat.  .Nil.  '.MPli,  t'.S.N.M.     Naliir!il  n'w. 


«2n 


REPORT   OF  NATIONAL   MT'SKUM,  1897. 


!f 


III  Ihe  iiiidilli'  part  of  tlic  Piileolitiiic,  period  an  iinpiuinent  appearc  il 
whii'li  we  may  well  siippo.m^  to  have  been  tin*  liea«lota  spear  or  Javolm 
(liy's. .".,»). 

Tlics*'  iiii])I('iiieiits  have  been  called  Mou.stei'ien  points  from  their  hiiv 
iny  been  fonnd  in  jmrity  and  jnofusion  in  the  caxern  of  Monstier  nii 
the  river  \'<'/»'re  in  France.    Their  character  is  Hln»\vn  by  tlie  twd 
llffurcs,  beiuf;  the   opposite   sides  of 
the    sanje    imph'ment,    obverse    and 
reverse.     They   are   smooth  Ihikes  of 
flint,  thin,  rather  heavy  at  the  butt, 
tapering  on  sides  and  ed}i<'s  to  a  point. 
They  wer«'.  struck  from  a  con?  of  Hint 
at  a  sinjjhi  Idow,  which  left  a  broad. 
Hat  surface  on  the  inside,  showinjj:  the 
conchoid  of  percussion.    The  workmen 
in    manufacturing;  the  implement  left 
this  side  in  its  orijjinal  condition  as  it 
came  from  the  block.    The  outer  side 


<:. ' 


I 

■k 


m 


Fijjs.  r>,  fi. 

PALEOMTIIIC    POINTS    AND    HAU- 
POONS  OK  KKINDKKH  HOKN. 

La  Mailuluiiic,  Franco. 


FiKs.  7-10. 

PALEOUTHIC  POINT?!  AND  IIAHPOONS  OK  HEINDEKU  HOUN 

Lii  Madeleine,  Donlojiiie,  Kraiicc. 

I.iirti't  .'iri.l  Chriily.     2;,  iiHlnnil  ^l^^■. 


was  chipped  by  small  flakes  to  a  regular  outline  .and  made  sharp  aloni 
the  two  edges  and  at  the  point.  None  of  the  objections  made  to  tlic 
handling  of  the  Chelh'en  implement  apply  to  this.  It  was  and  is  easy 
to  insert  this  implement  into  a  cleft  stick  and  fasten  it  tightly  eitln  r 
with  thongs  or  bitumen  so  as  to  be  effective  as  a  spear  or  javelin. 
There  is  no  positive  evidence  that  they  were  thus  used,  but  the  finf 
that  it  could  have  been  done,  that  similar  implements  were  and  are  thus 


t  uppesin  d 
[•  or  javelin 

1  their  liiiv 
lonstier  (ni 
ty  the  two 


•1 


NDEEU  HORN 
ire. 


liirp  iiloiiu 
ade  to  tlio 
iiul  is  easy 
itly  eitln  r 
>r  javelin, 
t  the  fni't 
<l  are  thns 


AHUOWI'OIXTS,  sr'KAlHIKAhS,  AND    KNIVI> 

Used  jiiiiolij!:  siivajies,  iiinl  that  those  be- 
lon|;iiij,'  to  the  prececliiij,'  epoeh  coiihl  not 
hav«*  been  tliiis  iis«'d,establish«'8  a  I'aii'  pre- 
sumption in  that  behalf.  Tliia  fact  beinj; 
admitted,  these  represent  the  earlit'st 
^  sjMMirheads  made  by  man.  If  these  iinple- 
[ments  were  rare,  the  arjfument  wouhl  be 
correspondinjjly  feebU',but  tliey  have  been 
'found  in  jjreat  numbers  over  a  hir^o  p<»r- 
tion  of  western  I'nrope,  and  th(*  epoch  to 
which  they  bek)n}je«l  is  believed  by  M.  de 
Mortilletto  have  been  of  jLfreater  duration 
tlian  any  other  in  the  Paleolithic  peri<>(l. 
In  the  continuation  of  the  Cavern  period 
to  what  M.  de  ^fortdlet  calls  the  Sohitn'en 
epoch,  where  the  inventive  jjenius  and  the 
mechanical  ability  of  man  became  hijjluu', 
implements  are  found  which  establish  be- 
yond dispnte  their  use  as  spears  or  Jave- 
lins.    True,  they  have  been  used  as  har- 

j  peons,  but  what  is  a  harpoon  but  a  barbed 
[spear  or  lance? 
bone  or  horn, 
hereintrodi 

[of  thousan«ls  which  have  been  found  in 
southern  France,  belonging  to  this  epoch  of 

I  the  Paleolithic  period.    Those  here  shown 

■  are  of  reindeer  horn  and  are  about  natural 

:  size.    Observe  the  straight,  smooth,  taper- 

iing  points.    In  one  of  them  (tig.  5)  the  base 

[is  bifurcated  to  receive  the  end  of  a  shaft; 
another  has  the  base  brought  to  a  point 

I  for  insertion  into  the  shaft,  and,  after  the 
fashitm  of  the  Eskimo  and  other  tisher  peo- 
ple, it  has  a  hole  apparently  for  the  attach- 
ment to  its  shaft  by  string  (fig.  (i).    The 

;  others,  larger  ones,  have  at  their  bas<'  an 

I  enlargemerit  or  swelling,  over  which  the 

'  hollow  shaft  can  be  forced  for  a  given  dis- 
tance, which,  lashed  tightly  with  a  thong, 
will  keep  it  firm,  or,  inserted  l)ut  slightly. 
Mill  allow  it  to  pull  out  and  remain  in  a 
wound  while  the  shaft  is  released  (figs. 

1 7-10). 

These  objects,  having  belonged  to  the 
Paleolithic  period  entirely  disassociated 


S27 


lance?  Many  of  them  were  of  ^^?:iSJf^»^^Hk?l^ 
,o.„.  KisU  (;.  T,  S,  a„rt  9  are  Wfii||te 
[luced  as  typical  representations      ipjl;] ')  J//,'/''  i»Sft;w/|i« 


SOLUTRfiEN  POINT  OF  CIIIPPEI)  I'LINT. 

Solutr6,  l""runL'«!. 

Uii.'ny'<iir-Arroux  (S!iiiiic-rt-I.<.ire).     \  niilural  size. 


I* 


828 


REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   IH97. 


with  objects  of  rlu*  Nrolitliic  ]HMi(nl,  (!oiistitiitt^  satiHtjuitory  t'vulencc 
tliiit  iiian  of  t\u'.  I'iihtolitliic  period  iiiiide  and  used  harpoons,  and  rouse 
<pu'iitly  must  have  been  able  to  make  spears  and  javeliuH.  The  dltVei  • 
encc^  b«!twe<'n  the  two  is  moie  in  name  tinin  aujjht  else.  They  are  both 
used  in  the  same  way,  both  serve  the  same  jnirpose,  and  with  the  varia 
tion  of  nmterial  and  barbs  are  essentially  the  same  weapon. 
These  bone  and  horn  harpoons  seive  to  elucidate  similar  implements  oi 

the  same  period  made  of  Hint  and  to  identity 
them  as  si»ears  or  Javelins  and  not  arrows. 

Fij;s.  11,  12,  13,  and  14  sliow  a  number  ol 
the  well-known  leaf  shaped  implements, 
ealh'd  in  Vniuve  /eidlle  <k  Uiurm\  or  laurel 
leaf,  from  their  resend)lanee  to  it  in  8hapt\ 
This  i)eriod  represents  as  \\\\*\\  a  degree  ol 
im-chanieal  skill  in  tlint  chippiu};'  as  any 
other  in  the  world's  history. 

An  examination  of  these  implements  is 
re<iuire<l  to  understand  the  delicacy  of  their 
manufacture.  It  required  much  experience 
to  obtain  the  needed  amount  of  manual 
dexterity.  One  of  these  leaf-shaped  iinple 
ments,  found  en  cache  with  ten  others,  is 
shown  in  fiji'.  11.  It  is  one  ot  the  hirgest, 
being  1-t  inches  long,  3.^  inches  bron,d,  and 
its  greatest  thickness  is  less  than  three 
eighths  of  an  inch.  The  original  is  in  the 
museum  of  Clialon-sur-Saone.  The  imple 
ment  is  made  entirely  by  chipping,  the  tin 
ishing  on  the  edge  of  which  would  ai)pear 
to  have  been  done  by  i)re88ure  and  not  by 
strokes.  Xo  tlint-knapper  of  the  present 
day,  whether  amateur  or  professional,  has 
yet  been  able  to  reproduce  one  of  these  tine 
SoIutr«''en  leaf-shaped  implements.  The 
U.  S.  National  Museum  has  had  many  times 
to  contend  with  fraudulent  and  spurious 
specimens  which  showed  considerable  manual  dexterity,  but  it  has 
never  been  i)resented  with  counterfeits  of  these  beautiful  implements. 
They  Avere  perfectly  adapted  for  insertion  in  a  handle  and  could  then 
be  used  with  effect  as  spears  or  Javelins,  according  to  their  size  and 
weight.  They  might  have  been  taken  in  the  hand  and  used  as  knives, 
the  hand  being  protected  by  a  bit  of  the  skin  of  an  animal  or  a  bunch 
of  grass.  They  were  of  all  sizes  (the  tigures  are  two-thirds  naturil 
8i/.e)aud  came  down  from  the  large  one  Just  mentioned,  through  grada 
tions,  to  those  not  more  than  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  and  one- 
half  an   inch  wide.    Figs.  15  to  18  show  implemeuts  of  the  same 


Fig.  14. 


Fig.  12. 
SOLlTTRftEN  POINTS  OF  CHIPPED  FLINT. 

Fraiicu. 

t'Mt, l,"iit.  .\ii.;)u747,  U.S.N. M.     4,  naluraUiji' 


ARROWJ'OIXTS,  SPEAUTIKADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


S20 


evideiK  (' 
111(1  consi  ■ 

^  are  both 
the  vjiiiii 

leiiieiitHor 
to  identity 

arrows, 
iiuniber  ol 
ilileuients, 
',  or  laurel 

ill  Hliape. 

degree  nl 
xii  as  any 

leinents  is 
jy  of  their 
experience 
)f  manual 
[)ed  imple 

others,  is 
lie  largest, 
)ror«d,  and 
laii  three 
1  is  in  the 
?he  iuijile 
^,  the  til 
lid  apiJCar 
i,nd  not  by 
le  present 
iioual,  has 

these  lint' 
snts.  Tiie 
lauy  times 
spurious 
)ut  it  has 
ipleinents. 
could  then 
r  size  and 
as  knives, 
)r  a  bun<li 
Is  natural 
igh  grada- 
••  and  one- 

the  same 


i^,m 


(--•/    V:- 


4l 


\     V 


epoeli,  the  shoulder  being  on  one  side,  eontrary  to  the  arrow  and  spear 
I  heads  of  the  Neolithii^  |>eriod,  and  bearing  a  great  similarity  to  its 
jbrother,  the  harpoon. 

These  and  similar  imidements,  made  of  bone  and  horn,  were  (oiitin- 
[ned  in   us<'  tlir(»Mghout    the    Paleolithic,  period.     Ho  it  is   proved   by 
jdediu;tion  and  induction  that  the  l)(»w  and 
{arrow  did   not  make  its  a])])earaiice  during 
the    Paleolitiiic   period,  but   are  later  than 
either  the  spear  or  Javelin. 

The  author  does  not  forget 
the  ditfereiH'es  of  opinion  be- 
tween M.  de  Mortilh^t  and  M. 
d'Acy  as  to  the  various  types  of 
Paleolithic  im- 
l)lements,  and 
the  extinct  fauna 
associate<l  there- 
with, found  in 
the  a  1 1  u  \'  i  a  1 
gravels  of  north- 
ern France  and 
southern  I'iiig- 
land.  He  knows 
also  the  subdi- 
vision called  St. 
Acheulet'ii,  pn»- 
posed  by  M. 
d'Ault  Dnmes- 
nil,  and  he  does 
not  enter  into 
any  of  these  dis- 
cussions.   His 

position  in  this  ])ai)er  does  not  conllict  with 
either.  AVhether  the  Mousterien  jjoiiit  was 
contemporaneous  with  the  (/helheii  imple- 
ment, or  was  subsequent  to  it,  or  liow  many 
changes  or  epochs  are  represented  by  the 
two  styles  of  implements,  does  not  affect 
the  statement  that  the  Chelleen  implement 
probably  was  not,  and  the  Mousterien 
probably  was,  used  as  a  spearhead,  and 
that  despite  the  stemmed  and  barbed  har- 
poons of  the  Solutreen  or  Cavern  period,  there  is  no  evidence  that 
the  bow  and  arrow  was  known  or  used  during  the  Paleolithic  period. 
In  this  i)osition  the  author  is  sustained  by  one  of  the  highest  authori- 
ties on  the  subject  in  the  United  States,  Prof.  Henry  W.  Haynes,  of 


SOt.l  TKIKN 


I''i(;«.  15,  10. 

POINTS      OK      Cim'PKK 
KI.INl'. 

Sliimlileictl  (III  oniM'dK''.    (Mii- I'm- 
isliitil,  onit  iiiitiniKlii'il, 

l)iir(l()};iu',  Fniiicn. 


Figs.  17, 18. 

SOLmiKEN  FLINT  POINTS. 

Sli'iulileri'd  on  oiu;  tMlfio. 
Oiirdogno,  France. 

Niittir.'il  sizt-. 


K3(> 


KKI'OKT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1H!»7. 


Jlostoii,  wlio,  as  Ion;;  iip>  as  l<''cl)ruai'y  li,  1S8<»,  |)iil)li.sh<Ml  a  paper,  tli* 
title  of  wliicli  iiidicuteN  liis  opinion :  Tlit'  Itow  and  Arrow  Cnknown  to 
Palt>(»lilliic  Man.' 


II.  THE  ORIGIN,  INVENTION,  AND  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  BOW  AND 

ARROW. 

Oriffin  iiiiknoirH — .1  iromhrfnl  contriniiicr — /Is  iiiiftholoifi/ — Itn  hitttorif — 

Artoir  reh'uxe  in  unlhimtji. 

Of  tim  ori^jin  of  tlu'-  how  an<l  arrow,  history  is  Hilt-nt.  Wo  knoM 
nothing;  whatever  of  its  orij^'in  from  any  written  woid  or  «les«!ription 
in  any  lan^uaj^eoi- of  any  people.  It  isiMitirely  jneliistorie.  <)uronl> 
knowled^^e  of  its  be;;innin^  eonies  from  such  of  the  ronuiinH  of  huinun 
iniliiHtry  bel(Mi|rin}]^  to  prehistoric  times  as  have  Itcin  found  in  mo<h>i-ii 
times.  We  can  easily  base  our  conclusions  on  (comparisons  of  these 
leuuiins.  We  have  seen  how  the  spear  and  harpoon  and  possibly  the 
javelin  beh>ny:ed  to  the  Paleolithic  jteriod  or  chipp»*d-stono  aj;o;  and 
now  we  will  see  how  the  bow  and  arrow  was  an  invention  of  the  Xeo 
lithic  period  or  ])olished  stone  a{,'e.  Hut  both  these  aj;es  lie  far  back  in 
the  past,  earlier  than  any  written  history,  and  were  unknown  to  tin- 
world  until  the  discoveries  of  the  nineU'enth  century. 

A  stick  or  stall"  sharpened  or  haiilened  by  fire  might  make  a  s|>ear. 
Herodotus'  says,  describinji;  the  army  of  Xerxes,  that  "the  Libyans 
nuirched  clad  in  leather  garments  and  made  use  of  javelins  hardene<l 
by  lire"  (pp.  83G,  847).  To  tip  the  stall'  with  a  bit  of  Hint  would  be  but  the 
tirst  step  in  the  evolution  of  a  better  weapon,  which,  once  taken,  nuglit 
continue  through  all  its  varieti«'s,  fnnn  the  heaviest  and  longest  spear 
to  the  shortest  and  lightest  javelin — from  one  which  was  too  heavy  to 
carry  and  was  simply  to  be  held  up  after  the  fashion  of  an  abattis 
protecting  the  holder  against  an  onslaught,  down  to  a  lighter  and 
smaller  implement  whi«Mi  he  could  hurl  at  his  enemy.  All  this  is  in  the 
natural  evolution  of  an  invention.  One  might  grow  out  of  the  othei. 
We  have  no  positive  knowledge  that  this  was  the  manner  of  growth, 
but  we  may  easily  surmise  it,  if  not  with  the  Libyans,  then  with  some 
other  and  possibly  more  ju'lnntive  peoi)le. 

Hen(!e  we  v\i\\  see  how  the  commoidy  accepted  law  of  evolution  and 
progress  may  be  set  at  naught  by  observed  facts.  The  Libyans  were 
noted  soldiers  and  formed  part  of  the  greatest  army  of  earth,  and  one 
would  suppose  a  ]»riori  that  their  arms  would  have  beeu  of  the  nujst 
approved  pattern,  but  their  javelins  were  the  most  primitive  and  rude 
type,  the  beginning — really  the  tirst  step — in  warfare;  the  jn'otoplasni 
of  weapons;  the  staff  sharpened  and  hardened  by  tire.  So  much  for 
spear  and  javelin. 

The  bow  and  arrow  is  a  ditterent  weapon,  and  its  invention  had  no 


'  Proceodinga  of  the  Hoston  Society  of  Natural  History,  XXIII,  p.  269. 
-  IJook  VII,  71. 


AUUOWroINTa,  hI'K.MfllKADS,   AND    KNIVES. 


sai 


ii|M'r,  tin 
knuwii  to 


ow  AND 
history — 

A'o  know 
"iHcriptioii 
Our  oiilv 
)!'  Iiuiiuiii 
n  luodcni 
\  of  tln'se 
ssibly  tlu' 
a^o;  SI  IK  I 
;'  the  Xeo 
Av  back  ill 
\vu  to  tlic 

e  a  spear. 
ij  Libyans 
hardened 
Itebiit  the 
ven,  niif^ht 
rust  spear 

heavy  to 
in  abattis 
ghter  and 
i.s  is  in  tlic 
the  other. 

f  growtli, 
with  sonic 

ution  and 
yans  were 
1,  and  on«' 
tlie  most 
and  iud<' 
rotoidasiii 
much  for 

t)n  had  no 

.  269. 


I'lu.  10. 

I'lII.MMlV       AIIIIDW       UK 
I.KA^K. 

I'r.l.  K.  >.  M..r«s   ll.ill.lili  K» 
NcL     triNlitulf,     l*tn&,     XVIl, 


Kiy.  'Jii. 

tc  i-NDAUV  AKIinW  UK- 

I.KAHK. 

I'rnl.  K.  ~.  M..r«.-. 


ehition  with  the  spear,  laiu-r,  or  Javelin.  It  is  a  niaeiiino,  rniuirinK  tiie 
Coinl>iiied  a<tion  of  two  objects.  It  was  the  hist  projectile  weapon 
known  to  or  used  by  man.  The  woihl  has  accepted  the  existence  of 
tlie  bow  and  arrow  without  iiiucli  tlionjjht  of  its  ori- 
gin. It  beIonj;ed  to  primitive  man,  and  we  icj-eived 
ft  as  though  part  of  him.  I'>ut  a  moment's  consider- 
ation of  the  condition  of  a  savage 
wiio  had  never  seen  or  heard  of  any 
imudiine  by  which  missiles  could 
be  tliiown  farther  or  harder  than 
he  could  do  it  with  his  hand — that 
this  savagi'  should  have  in\eiited 
the  spring  of  the  bow,  shoidd  have 
utilized  it  by  tightening  the  cord, 
and  arranged  the  whole  so  that  by 
drawing  the  cord  and  its  sudden 
release,  coulil  project  an  arrow 
with  such  forcti  as  to  be  an  elfective  wi'ap<Mi — that 
he  couhl  do  tiiis  is  a  matter  of  wonder.  This  inven- 
tion of  the  savage  is  omi  of  the  triumphs  of  mind. 
|t  is  an  illustration  of  the  inventive  genius  ami  intellectuality  of  num. 
ijphere  is  but  litth'  doubt  that  it  marked  an  epoch  in  tiiat  dea<l  and  gone 
Avili/ation  eipial  to  the  discovery  in  the  later  years  of  its  complement 
liiid  successor,  gunpowder,  aiul  it,  may  have  wrought 
m  great  a  change  in  man\s  condition  on  earth. 
I  In  whatever  ([Uarter  of  the  globe  or  among  wliat- 
^\  ('!•  people  the  bow  and  arrow  has  been  toiiiid,  it 
intedates  all  our  knowledge  of  it  or  them  as  ob- 
miined  through  history.  The  earliest  writers  of  an- 
0  ticpiity  mention  tlie  bow  and  ar- 

row as  an  implenu'iit  of  warfare 
orthe  chase  as  though  it  was  then 
an  old  and  well-known  weajjoii. 
Homer,  Herodotus,  Tacitus, 
Strabo,  and  IMiny  all  mention  it. 
The  many  references  to  it  in  the 
earlier  books  of  the  Hible  show  it  to  have  been  at 
that  time  a  weapon  in  common  use. 

Prof.  E.  iS.  Morse,  in  his  study  of  the  d  i  tferent  modes 
of  arrow  relea.^e,'  (tigs.  1".>,  20,  21,  22,  and  2.'{)  shows 
the  existence  of  the  bow  and  arrow  in  early  Egyp- 
tian, Assyrian,  Etruscan,  ami  (Jrecian  times,  from 
the  ancient  sculptures  ami  bas  reliefs,  although  it  is 
lyincidental  to  his  subject.    Kits  existence  or  origin  had  been  in  (jues- 
n  his  illustrations  couhl  have  been  nuiltiplied  numberless  times  from 
e  ancient  sculptures,  bas-reliefs,  painted  vases,  and  coins  of  antiquity. 


Via.  22. 

(DlTEUIlANIiAN      A 
UblLUASE. 
I'rof.  K.  S.  Alorm-. 


TKKIIAICV       AKItOW 
1-KASK. 

I'r.if,  K.  -.  M..rs,  . 


Jiulletiu,  Essex  lustituto,  XVII,  October  to  December,  1885,  pp.  115-198. 


832 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1897. 


Wliother  these  arrowheads  were  of  atone  or  metal  ean  not  be  known 
from  the  representations;  but  the  earliest  mentioned  by  historians  arc 
of  metal. 
The  bow  is  represented  on  the  most  ancient  monuments.  In  classic 
art  it  is  an  attribute  of  Apidlo,  Cupid,  Diana,  Her- 
cules, and  tlie  Centaurs.  The  form  represented  was 
tliatofthe  Creek 
bow — two  arcs 
united  by  a 
straight  piece 
in  the  middle, 
(xreeiau  mythol- 
ogy attributes 
the  invention  of 
the  bow  to  Scy- 
thes, the  son  of 
Hercules,  or  to 
Perse,  the  son  of 
P  (u-  s  0  u  s ,    b  u  t 


Fig.  23. 

MONQOMAN  AllKOW  RE- 

I.IOAHI':. 

rri.f.  K.  S.  .M..rs.'. 


Fig.  25. 

(Fig.  24)  SCVTIIIAN  AN-  TARTHIAX  HOW. 
(ris;.  25)  GREEK  BOW. 

lith's  Pirtioiiiiry  nf  (;rt!"lt  nml  tlttmau  Atiliiiuities  tit!t>  Arfii-; 


Herodotus  supposes  this  to  be  a  tradition  of  the  skill  in  archery  of  the 
Scythians  and  Persians. 

Smith,  in  his  Dictionary  of  Creek  and  Homan  Antiquities,  under  the 
title  '*  Demosii,"  says: 

Another  class  of  public  slaves  t'oriiu'd  the  citj'  guard  of  Alliens, 

*  *  *  tlioy  were  generally  called 
bowmen  »  »  *  or,  from  the  native 
country  of  the  majority,  Scyth  ans. 

And  again,  under  the  title  "Ar- 
<us:"  "The  lorm  of  the  Scythian 
aiul  Parthian  bow  differed  from 
that  of  the  (xreeks,"  and  he  figures 
the  two  (figs.  24,  25). 

Hecon  ti  n  ues,  saying  that  Homer 
has  described  the  (ir reek  bow'  as 
made  of  two  i»ieces  of  horn,  and 
the  bowstring  of  thongs  of  leather 
twisted,  but  Pandarus's  bow  was 
strung  with  sinew.  The  bowstring 
was  fastened  at  oiu'  end  of  the 
bow,  and  at  the  other  there 
bung  a  iiook  or  ring  «)f  metal 
int<o  whicli  the  string  was  caught 
when  the  bow  was  to  be  used; 
when  not  in  use,  the  bow  was 
unstrung  and  put  in  a  case  of  leather,  ornamented-  as  shown  in  fig.  20. 


Fig.  26. 

riKBKK  DOW  (JASK  AND  yl'IVHR. 

Sinitli's   i»i,-tlciii;iry  nf  Crei^k   ami    Ki)rii;iri 

Atlt(<(ttitit>H. 


I 


'^^^i^K^ 

1 

Via-  27. 

OREKK  llHON/i; 

"  Til  H  1   i: 

ToNo  n:  ii' 

A  H  l^  ( 1  w  • 

^1h 

POINT. 

I'crsepoli.-). 

'Iliad,  Book  IV,  105-126. 


'  Odyssey,  IJook  XXI,  54. 


ARUOWrOINTS,  SI'KAHHKADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


S33 


lot  be  known 
listoriaiis  arc 

;.     In  classic 

Diana,  Her 

resented  was 


nriTIAN  HOW. 
JOW. 

Aiititinities  tillH  Ami.;. 

rchery  of  the 
es,  under  tlio 


yin.  27. 
(inEKK  HKoN/i; 
"  Tii  li  1  i: 

TONU  t'K  li' 
A  U  U  (>  vv • 
POINT. 

I'lTsepolis, 


wn  ill  fig.  -•'). 
XI,  54. 


Fiji.  28. 

OllKKK  IIU()N/K  "THUKK 
nii.N(!lTKI)  '  A  II  HOW 
IMilMS. 

>(:iratljoii. 

toilli- 111.  lii.iiirv  Ml...  Siiu'llhi, 


Tiie  anowlieads  were  of  bronze,    Homer  .say.s  "tliree-tongued,"  as 
gliown  ill  liy.  L'T,  and  those  from  Marathon  shown  further  on  (ti<;.  28). 
The  arrow  shafts  were  of  bght  wood  or  smooth  cane, 
well  polished. 

In  the  Trojan  war  the  spear,  lance,  or  Javeliti  was 
the  principal  weapon  and  used  in  all  three  capaci- 
ties, according  to  the  need.  It  could  naturally  be 
thrown  but  a  short  distance  in  the  immediate  pres- 
ence of  the  enemy,  and  was  simietimes  used  in  band 
to  hand  conflicts. 

Ibmier  describes  in  detail  the  arms  and  armor 
of  the  (Ireeks  and  Trojans  an<l  their  various  uses, 
and  makes  api)arently  no  distinction  between  tho.se 
of  the  two  peoples, 
A(!hilles,  in  the  cond)at  with  Hector: 

*     '     '     iind,  i)()i.sinf;,  hurled  his  weiylity  spr'iir, 
ISiit  Ilccfor  siiw  and  slmiincd  the  blow;  he  Htoopcd, 
And  o'er  his  slionlder  How  the  braMs-tipped  s])ear, 
And  in  the  ground  was  lixed:  but  Pallas  drew 
Tlio  weapon  forth,  and  to  Achilles'  hand. 
All  unobserved  of  Hector,  jjave  it  back. 

Then  Hector: 

Poisinjj,  bill  led  bis  ponderous  spear. 
Nor  missed  hi.s  u,hn;  full  in  the  midst  h(  struck 
I'elides'  shield;  but.  {Jtlancinj:;  from  the  shield, 
'rh<'  weapon  glided  off.     Hector  w;  <  grieved 
That  thus  liis  spear  had  bootle.ss  leftliis  hand. 
Ho  stood  '>gha,st;  no  second  spear  was  nigh: 
And  loudly  on  l)eij)hobn8  he  <alled 
A  spear  to  bring;  but  he  was  far  away. 

Again  Hector: 

Thus  as  he  spoke,  his  sharp-edged  sword  he  <lrew, 
Tonderons  and  vast,  suspended  at  his  side; 
Collected  for  the  s])riug  and  for\\.ird  dashed.     »     «•     • 
Achilles'  wrath  was  roused:  with  fury  wild 
His  soul  was  filled:  before  his  breast  he  bore 
His  well-wrought  shiek' ;  and  fiercely  on  his  brow 
Nodded  the  fonr-plunied  helm,     *     *     ' 
(Jleaiiied  the  sharp-pointed  lance,  which  in  his  right 
Achilles  poised,  on  god-like  Hector's  doom 
Intent,  and  scanning  eagerly  to  see 
Where  from  attack  his  body  least  was  fenced. 
All  else  the  glittering  armour  guarded  well,     *     «     • 
One  chink  appeared,  just  where  the  collar  bono 
The  neck  and  shoulder  parts,  be.sulo  the  throat,     '     *     • 
There  levelled  he. 


[Iliad,  XXII,  IJL'O. 


Ill  the  combat  with  Ajax,  Hector: 

Poising,  hurled  his  ponderous  spear; 
The,  brazen  covering  of  the  sliiehl  it  struck. 
The  outward  fcdd,  the  eighth,  above  the  seven 
NAT  MUS  97 53 


834 


RErOliT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1H97. 


(U"  timyli  lnill's  hide;  tlnongli  six  it  drove  its  wjiy 

With  stiiltliom  force,  but  in  tho  seventh  was  stayed. 

Then  Ajax  hurled  in  turn  his  imnderous  speai, 

And  struck  the  circl*-  true  of  Hector's  shiehl: 

liight  through  tho  glittering  shield  the  stout  sp^^ar  jmssed, 

And  through  tiio  well-wrought  hreastjjlato  drove  its  way, 

And  underneath,  tho  linon  vest  it  lore; 

lint  Iloelor,  stooping,  shunned  the  stroke  of  death. 

Withdrawing  <lieu  their  weai>ons,  oaeh  on  each 
They  fell.     '     *     * 

Then  Hector  fairly  in  the  center  struck 
Tho  stubhorn  shield;  yet  drov(!  not  through  tho  spear; 
For  tho  stout  brass  the  bluutetl  point  rei)elle(l. 
Jbit  Ajax,  with  a  forward  bound,  the  shield 
<^f  Hector  pierced;  right  through  tho  weapon  passed,     flliiid,  \'I1,  27:i 

The  8i)ear  shaft  was  made  of  ash,  and  was  tough  and  strong,  thus: 

The  son  of  Pelens  threw 
His  straight-directed  spear;  his  mark  ho  missed,    . 
Hut  struck  the  lofty  bank,  where,  deep  inlixeil 
To  half  its  length,  the  Pelian  ash  remained. 
Then  from  beside  his  tliigh  Achilles  drew 
His  trenchant  blade,  and,  furious,  onward  rushed; 
While  from  the  clift"  Astcropa'us  strove 
In  vain,  with  stalwart  hand,  to  wrench  the  spear. 
Thr(!e  times  ho  shook  it  with  impetuous  loico. 
Three  times  relaxed  his  grasp;  a  fourth  attempt 
Ho  made  to  bend  and  break  the  sturdy  shaft.  [  Uiad,  XXI,  lit'. 

Their  spears  lost  or  broken,  they  resorted  to  their  swords: 

Then  I'eneleus  and  Lycon,  hand  to  hand. 
Engaged  in  combat :  both  had  missed  their  aim, 
And  bootless  hurled  their  weapons:  then  with  swords 
They  met.     First  Lycon  on  tho  crested  helm 
Dealt  a  fierce  blow;  but  in  his  hand  tlie  blaile 
Up  to  the  hilt  was  shivered.     Then  the  sword 
Of  I'eneleus     *     *     » 
*     *     *     deojjly  in  his  throat  the  blade 
Was  plunged.  [Iliad,  XVI,  3sr.. 

One  of  the  tactical  maneuvers  of  the  Greek  soldier  was  to  thi  iist 
the  lance  into  and  through  the  shield  of  his  opponent,  and  while  h 
was  disengaging  it  to  attack  him  with  the  sword. 

The  swords,  shields,  and  armor  are  described  by  Homer,  and,  ii> 
already  seen,  most  of  the  combats  were  hand  to  hand.  It  is  curious  tv 
consider  that  until  the  invention  of  the  sling  and  the  bow  and  arrow 
there  was  no  projectile  weapon  used  in  warfare  except  the  lance,  or 
javelin.  The  knights  of  ancient  times,  as  well  as  niedanval,  fought  in 
armor,  and  whether  on  foot,  on  horse,  or  in  a  chariot,  they  pressed  llu 
fight  hand  to  hand.  It  seems  curious  in  these  days  of  long-range  guns 
to  think  of  great  wars  carried  on  as  prize  fighters  would,  and  tliat 
beyond  arms'  length  meant  out  of  <langer. 

Archers  could  not  carry  shields,  and  so  were  driven  to  ask  protect  ion 


ARR0W1'()INT8,  SPEAHHKADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


835 


id,  VII,  27:; 
)Ug',  thus : 


a,  XXI,  I'JL' 

.s: 


ul,  XVI,  3K-.. 

IS  to  thrust 
lid  while  lit 

ner,  and,  ;is 
is  curious  td 
r  and  arrow 
he  lanc"3  or 
il,  fought  ill 
pressed  tlif 
[■range  gm> 
d,  and  timt 

k  protection 


*f  some  spear— or  swordsman,  and  this  may  have  had  sucli  implication 
of  cowardices  or  degradation  as  to  account  for  the  rarity  of  the  use  of 
ttie  how  and  arrow,  for  it  seems  certain  that  while  it  was  used  in 
Htm  Trojan  war  it  )»erformed  Imt  a  subordinate  part.  Paris  was  an 
(llpert  archer;  Teucer  had  a  how;  Mcriones  discharges  an  arrow  which 
itrikes  ^Icnclaus.  'Taiidarus  the  godlike,  Lycao's  son,"  was  the 
(killed  archer  from  Crete."    His  bow,  arrow,  and  quiver  are  described, 

j^|§id  how  lie  was  called  to  act  the  part  of  the  sharpshooter.  Diomedes 
|as  dealing  destruction  among  the  (Ireeks  when  J'Ineas  sought 
land  am  s — 

•     *     *     aiul  ii«l(lresse«l  liiin  thus: 
"Whore,  Pand.iriis,  are  now  thy  wiiigf'd  shafts. 
Thy  bow,  inid  well-known  skill,  whoivin  with  thee 
Ciin  no  man  here  contend?    Nor  Lycia  boasts 
Through  all  her  widc-spn-ad  plains  a  truer  aim. 
Then  raise  to  .love  thy  hamlH,  and  with  thy  shaft 
Strike  down  this  (.-hief,  whoe'er  he  be,  that  thus 
Is  making  fearful  havoc  in  our  host!"  1  Iliad,  V,  lit6. 

I  The  bow  of  I'aiidarus,  with  its  accompaniments,  and  the  operation  of 
liooting  Diomedes,  are  thus  described : 

Straight  he  uncased  his  polished  bow,  his  spoil 
Won  from  a  mountain  ibex,  which  nimself, 
In  ambush  lurking,  through  the  breast  had  shot, 
True  to  his  aim,  as  from  behind  a  crag 
He  came  in  sight;  prone  on  the  rock  he  fell, 
With  horns  of  sixteen  palms  his  head  was  crowned. 
These  deftly  wrought  a  skilful  workman's  hand. 
And  polished  smooth,  and  tipped  the  ends  with  gold, 
lie  bent,  and  resting  on  the  ground  his  bow, 
Strung  it  anew.     »     *     * 
His  quiver  then  withdrawing  from  its  case, 
With  care  a  shaft  he  chose,  ne'er  shot  before, 
Well-feathered,  messenger  of  pangs  ana  death, 
The  stinging  arrow  fitted  to  the  string.     »     *     * 
At  once  the  sinew  to  the  notch  he  drew ; 
The  sinew  to  his  breast  and  to  the  bow 
The  iron  head;  then  when  the  mighty  bow 
Was  to  a  (circle  strained,  sharp  rang  the  horn. 
And  loud  the  sinew  twanged  as  toward  the  crowd 
With  deadly  speed  the  eager  arrow  sprang — it  struck 
.Inst  where  the  golden  clasps  the  belt  restrained. 
And  whore  the  breast-plate,  doubled,  checked  its  force. 
On  the  close-fitting  belt  of  cnrious  workmanship 
It  drove,  and  through  the  breastplate  richly  wrought 
And  through  the  coat  of  mail  he  wore  beneath. 
His  inmost  guard,  and  best  defence  to  check 
The  hostile  weajion's  force;  yet  onward  still 
The  arvow  drove.  [Iliad,'  V.  119. 

At  the  extremity  of  the  plain  of  Marathon,  Greece,  is  the  tumulus 
lentioned  by  Pausanias  as  having  been  erected  over  the  Athenians 


I 


'  Earl  D(^rby's  translation,  London,  1867. 


8;i6 


KEPOltT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1S97. 


killed  in  that  battle,  II.  C  400.     It  was  excavated  by  Franeois  Leuor 
niant,  and  liis  report  was  published.'     A  jjreat  number  of  bronze  arrow- 
heads were  found,  short,  barbed,  soeketed,  and  with  three  fiuicts. 

Flakes  of  black  Hint  were  also  found,  which  were  thouj^ht  by  some 
to  have  serve<l  as  arrowheads,  but  this  has  been  combated  and  is  doubt 
ful.  They  were  all  the  same  type  and  did  not  resemble  any  known 
staiulard  of  arrowhead.  They  were  but  fragments  of  an  irregular  tri 
angular  form,  1 1  to  1  i  inches  in  size,  and  curved  at  the  point.  M.  Lenor- 
mant  is  clearly  of  the  opinion  that  these  were  not  of  Greek  origin. 
The  black  Hint  is  almost  unknown  in  (Ireece,  and  he  suggests  that 
they  might  have  been  used  by  some  of  the  Persian  archers.  But  even 
this  is  doubtful,  for  we  know  that  bronze  and  iron  arrowheads  wen* 
used  at  that  period  by  the  Persians  as  well  as  by  the  Greeks.  The 
latter  had  used  them  in  the  days  of  Homer  (Hgs.  24,  2.">). 

The  knowledge  of  bronze  is  believed  to  have  come  from  the  East,  and 
if  so,  would  have  been  known  in  Persia  even  before  it  became  known 
in  Greece.  It  is  doubtful  if  they  were  arrowheads  at  all,  but  if  they 
really  were  it  is  much  more  likely  they  belonged  to  the  Persian  allies 
than  to  the  Persians  tliemselves.  The  Scythians  and  Parthians,  comin<; 
from  the  direction  of  Persia,  were  the  most  celebrated  archers  of  the 
known  world,  and  had  bronze,  if  not  iron,  arrowheads.  History  helps 
us  in  the  view  that  these  stone  arrowheads,  if  they  were  such,  did  not 
come  from  Persia,  nor  from  the  East,  but  from  Ethiopia — the  far  South. 

Herodotus '^  described  the  arms  of  the  various  peoples  forming  tho 
army  of  Xerxes.  Most  of  them  had  the  bow  and  arrow,  but  stone 
points  were  used  only  by  one  people. 

Tho  Persians  #  »  »  jj^d  jshort  spears,  long  bows  and  arrows  made  of  cane 
*  *  *  and  under  them  their  quiver  hung.  '  *  '  The  Indians  •  <•  •  ii;,,! 
bows  of  cane  and  arrows  of  cane  tipped  with  iron.  «  *  *  The  Hactrians  had  hows 
of  eane,  pceuliar  to  tlieir  country.  *^  *  *  The  Parthians,  Chorasniiaus,  Sogdians, 
Gandarians,  and  Dadicje  hn,d  the  same  as  tho  Bactrians.  The  Caspians,  Savangii, 
and  Paetyes  had  bows  of  cane.  »  *  »  The  Arabians  carried  at  their  right  si.lo.s 
long  bows  which  bent  backward.  The  Ethiopians  carried  long  bows,  not  less  than 
foiu"  cubits,  made  from  branches  of  the  palm  tree,  and  on  them  they  placed  short 
arrows  made  of  cane;  instead  of  iron,  tipped  with  stone,  which  was  made  sharp  ami 
of  that  sort  on  whicli  they  engrave  s«als.  *  »  »  They  had  javelins  tipped  with 
antelope's  horn  made  sharp  like  a  lance. 

The  Scythians  and  the  rude  tribe  of  Massageta'  used  bronze  arrow- 
heads in  the  time  of  Herodotus,  who  records  '  how  that  one  Ariantas,  a 
king  of  the  Scythians,  took  the  census  of  his  people  by  requiring  eacli 
one  to  contribute  an  arrowhead,  the  whole  of  which  he  put  in  tho  melt 
ing  pot  and  cast  into  an  enormous  bronze  vessel.^ 

Our  modern  discoveries  point  toward  bronze  and  iron  having  come 
from  the  Orient,  and  getting  into  Egypt  and  Ethiopia  later  than  intc 
Assyria  or  Asia  Minor. 

Armenia  and  Caucasus,  that  vast  mountainous  and  comparatively 

Revne  Arch«;ologique,  Paris,  February,  1867.  -  Book  VII,  61-80. 

3  Book  IV,  81.  *  Sir  John  Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  329, 


is  Lenor 
xe  HI  row 
ets. 

i  by  somt' 
ia  doubt 
ly  known 
{jfiilar  tri 
M.  Lenor 
ik  origin. 
;csts  that 
But  even 
eads  were 
liks.    The 

East,  and 
ue  known 
ut  if  they 
sian  allies 
IS,  cominjf 
ers  of  till' 
bory  helps 
li,  did  not 
far  Sou  til. 
irming  the 
but  stone 


lado  of  cane 
"  *  hiid 
nn  had  bows 
8,  Sogdiiins, 
a,  Savanjiii', 
r  right  si. Us 
lot  less  thiui 
placed  shiirt 
le  sliarp  ami 
tipped  Willi 

nze  arrow 
^riautas,  a 
liring  each 
a  the  melt 

ving  conic 
thau  into 

iparatively 

61-80. 
p.  329. 


ARROWrOINTS,  SPEARIIF.ADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


837 


§ 


^unknown  country  lying  between  and  to  the  stmthof  the  IMack  and  Cas- 
)iau  Seas,  has  been  lately  subjected  to  critical  archaologic  researches.' 
Metals  were  there  early  discovered  and  put  to  use.  Hut  few  locali- 
hea  found  by  tlu^  explorers  show  occupation  in  the  Neo- 
Kthic  i)eriod  pure  and  simple.  lvii'>wledge  of  bronze  and  iron 
dates  to  almost  the  earliest  times.  It  is  strongly  claimed  by 
de  Morgan  that  Armenia  was  the  seat  of  a  very  early,  if  not 
the  original,  discovery  of  ii'ou.  When  he  approximates  the 
iippearance  and  use  of  iron  in  connection  with  bron/e  in  that 
country  to  a  period  twenty  to  thirty  centuries  before  Christ, 
and  shows  that  iron  was  in  common  use  there  long  before 
it  was  iu  the  adjoining  countries,  it  will  be  seen  what  good 
grcmnd  he  has  for  his  as.sertion.  The  author  knows  well 
that  M.  <le  Mortillet  has  assigned  to  Africa  tlie  place  of 
discovery  of  iron,  and  this  may  be  correct.  He  does  not 
argue  the  ])roposition:  it  is  aside  from  his 
present  purpose.  He  is  endeavoring  to 
show  the  probability  that  the  I'^thiopian 
flint  arrowheads  in  the  army  of  Xerxes 
came  rather  from  Africa  than  Asia,  and 
that  in  the  latter  country  stone  as  a  mate- 
rial for  arrow  and  spear  heads  had  been 
•\U>ersede<l  by  metal — bronze  and  iron. 

l)e  Morgan^  describes  swords,  pon- 
iards, lances,  hatchets,  bows,  and  arrows. 
Be  says  that  there  were  found  in  the 
cemetery  of  Kedkine  lance  heads  of  both 
bronze  and  iron,  in  the  cemetery  of  Lelwar 
those  of  iron  only.  They  were  practically 
^he  same  type,  the  blade  long  and  narrow 
Im  the  form  of  a  willow  leaf.  Thoy  all  had 
ft  projecting  rib  running  longitudinally 
through  the  center  to  strengthen  it.  They 
ifpere  furiushed  with  a  socket  in  which  the 
Shaft  was  inserted  and  one  or  two  holes  for 
flails  to  fasten  it.  Of  course  the  handle 
.iras  decayed  and  lost,  but  in  a  few  cases  re- 
pains  were  found  stuck  in  the  socket  whkch 
|nabled  them  to  suppose  it  had  been  of  ash. 
These  iron  lancie  heads  varied  greatly 
size,  form,  and  fashion.  Figs.  liO  and 
|0  are  from  the  cemeiery  of  Mou<;iy(''ri ;  tig.  21)  is  4  inches  long 
Ind  2.i  inches  wide;  tig.  30  is  25  inches  long.     The  former  blade  is 


f 

f 


Fios.  29.  30. 

PREHISTOIilC  IRON  SI'KAKIIKAns. 

Cemetory  <>f  Moii(;i-.vr'i'i,  KuHaiun  Ar- 
menia. 

lit'  Mortfan,  ti^s.  46,  4h. 


'  E.  Chautre,  Recherches  Anthropologiques  dans  le  Cancase;  ,T.  do  >forgan,  I're- 
kiers  ag»>8  des  Motaux  dans  I'Arnidnie  Russo,  Paris,  1889;  .h  Mourior,  L'Archa-ologie 

Cancase,  Paris,  1887. 
hLes  premiers  ages  des  Motaiix  dans  l'Arin<'nie  Russo,  pp.  89-101. 


838 


UEPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1S97. 


1i 


loii;;  iiiul  narrow,  whilu  tlie  latter  is  short  and  liroad.     Fiys.  31  .is 
shows  eij-ht  of  these  iron  lance  heads,  all  I'roin  the  cemetery  of  Clni. 

tau-thagh. 

The  variations  of  these  speiir 
heads  show  them  to  have  been 
the  prodii(!t  of  individual  dc 
si^n  andniannfa(;tur(',andtli;it 
they  were  not  made  by  a  in  a 
chine  or  after  a  single  pattern, 
They  are  all  socketed;  tlie 
socket  is  not  solid,  but  open 
on  the  side,  showing  they  wen 
hammered  and  not  cast.  Tlie 
sockets  were  not  welded  nor 
brazed.  Whether  they  could 
weld  or  bra/e  two  pieces  of  iron 
together  must  be  left  uncertain, 
It  may,  however,  be  considered 
certain  that  they  knew  of  and 
employed  a  heat  siitlicient  to 
weld,  and  used  it  in  the  manu- 
facture of  these  implements, 
for  without  a  weldiug  heat  they 
could  not  make  these  sharji 
edges  and  points.  On  one  of 
the  Egyptian  bas-reliefs  (at 
Mediuet  Abou,  Thebes,  twenti 
eth  dynasty)  a  Thyrenieu  war 
rior  is  shown  with  two  spears 
as  though  one  might  have  been 
for  throwing  as  a  Javelin  and 
the  other  for  hand  to  hand 
combat. 

There  was  a  series  of  knivtfs 

of  iron  from  the  cemetery  of 

Cheitan  thagh,  Armenia.    The 

handles   had   been   of  wood. 

bone,  or  horn,  fastened  mucli 

the  same  as  the  butcher  or  ciu- 

ving  knife  of  modern  times. 

Some  had  a  tang  inserted  in 

deer  horn,  some  had  pieces  of 

bone,  others  pieces  of  wood  cut 

thin  and  laid  on  both  sides,  riveted  through.    The  U.  S.  National  Museum 

possesses  a  series  of  the  latter  obtained  direct  from  M.  de  Morgan  whidi 

is  represented  in  the  accompanying  photograi)hic  plate  (IMate  1). 

The  engraving  on  the  bronze  belts  or  cinctures  of  the  warriors  show 


fl 


Figs.  31-38, 
PKEHI8TOKIC  IHON  SPEARHEADS. 

inetery  ol'Clieitun-tliagli,  RussiaD  Armenia. 

lie  MurK'Ui,  H"  |[  natural  size 


(tad.     Fi^s.  31  .'.s 
ceiiieteiv  of  ('lin. 


Report  of  U,  S   Natonal  M'jseum,  1697.-  Wilson. 


Plate  1. 


ions  of  these  spe.ir- 

tlu'in  to  have  been 

of  iiMlividiial  dc 

iufa(-tnr(',siiidth:it 

lit  made  by  a  ni;i 

r  a  sinjfle  pattern. 

,11    soeketed;    tla- 

t  solid,  but  optii 

diowiiig  they  weic 

nd  not  cast.    Tlit 

B  not  welded  nor 

iiether  they  could 

}  two  pieces  of  iidii 

>tbe  left  uncertain. 

sver,  be  cousider«Hl 

they  knew  of  and 

heat  sutlicient  to 

ed  It  in  the  nianii- 

,hese  implements. 

i  welding  heat  tiicy 

pake  these  sharji 

oiuts.     On  one  of 

bas-reliefs    (at 

»n,  Thebes,  t  went! 

iThyrenieu  war 

with  two  spears 

might  have  been 

as  a  Javelin  and 

>r  hand  to  hand 

I  series  of  knives 
the  cemetery  of 
h,  Armenia.  The 
been  of  wood, 
fastened  mucli 
le  butcher  or  car 
)f  modern  times, 
tang  inserted  in 
me  hail  pieces  of 
neces  of  woodcut 
Juration  al  Museum 
le  Morgan  whidi 
te  (IMate  1). 
le  warriors  show 


Prehistoric  Iron  Knives  and  Spearheads. 

('•.  iiu'tcry  of  (•Jifi'tmi-tliaKh.  Kussiaii  Armenia. 

J.  De  Morgan.  Mission  ScientiHqiu-  au  Caucas...  I.  i  Les  I'rvmiers  A^es  iles  Metaux  .lans  rArtn.-.iie 

Kiissi'i.  p.  Vi--i.  Hk.  I'.'l. 


Ilu;  i'onii  ii 
iTIic  bow  \ 

lonii.  as  ill 
[tilt'  siiiiillc 
liese  torn 
liiif  oiuonl 


illl 


ho  thinks 
permitted 
Isolated  or 
The  arro 
)t'  curious 
>arbs,  otlie 
\)o.  inserted 
urow  shafi 
[lailorpoin 
lie  appear: 


AUKOWPOINTH,  SI'EAKIIKAUS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


839 


tlu;  I'onii  and  use  of  tiie  bow  and  arrow  in  tliat  locality  at  tliat  period. 
[I'lic  bow  was  banger  tban  a  man  was  tall.  It  was  not  ivfjular  in  its 
i  1(11  111,  as  are  most  bows.  It  consisted  of  three  curves,  tlio  centei-  bein;j; 
tin'  smallest  and  sbjrteat.  Tlio  drawings  (fijjs.  .U),  U))  show  the  form. 
rriu'se  Ibrms  may  have  been  exajjgerated  by  the  anciient  artist,  but  they 
|iii('  our  only  source  of  knowh'dge.     From  the  scenes  (lepicted  elsewhere 

on  the  cinctures,  it  is  concluded  that 
these  bows  served  for  the  chase  as  well 
as  for  war. 

Chips  ami  tlakes  of  obsidian,  few  in 
nundter  and  irregular  and  uncertain  in 
form  and  from  tlu;  mountains  of  Alla- 
gheuz,  were  found  by  de  Morgan,  which 


Fig.  30.  Fig.  40. 

rREHISTOniC  ARMENIAN  BOWS,  ENORAVED  ON  lUlONXE  C'lNCTORES. 

Fig.  30— From  cciiieterv  of  Alitlmlii;  lij;.  40— from  Moii(;i-y<Ti. 

ili'  Mor^.-iii,  lius.  It-),  )*.lt.     N.'itiiraUixt. 

lie  thinks  may  have  been  used  as  arrowheads.  The  author  may  be 
permitted  to  doubt  the  generality  of  such  usage — he  would  not  deny 
[solated  or  sporadic  cases. 

The  arrowheads  found  were  of  bronze  or  iron  (figs.  41-45, )  and  were 
)f  curious  forms,  some  socketed,  some  stemmed,  some  with  long,  tine 
)arbs,  others  leaf- shaped.  Some  were  arranged  with  a  stem  or  tang  to 
)e  inserted  in  the  shaft  (tigs.  42,  43),  others  had  a  socket  in  which  the 
irrow  shaft  was  to  be  inserted,  and  a  small  hole  was  provided  with  a 
^liiil  or  point  to  fasten  it  (tigs.  41, 44, 45).  Some  had  a  curious  barb,  more 
he  ai)pearauce  of  a  nail  or  spur,  springing  from  the  socket,  which  had 


i 


sio 


I.'KI'OHT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSKTM,   1X!»7. 


I'iK.  41. 


Kij;.43. 


been  liriit  liackwanl  iiitn  tlie  ionnora  liook,  thus  niiikiii};  it  into  a  l)ii:l> 

{\\^i.  II ).  Some  were  ;ir 
iaii<:eil  with  harlis,  (>tluM> 
witlioiit.  'i'lic  hi()ii/e  iiii 
piciiieiits  weie  cast,  ihi 
iron  ones  lianinieied. 

A  few  of  the  iniph'nieni 
of  eiiisel  shape,  if  anou 
heads,  of  tiic  form  tijiinli 
ant  transversa  I,  were  foil  I  Mi 
in  the  remet«'ry  of  Moni  j 
yeri  (lij^s.  Kl.  17).  It  i> 
cnrious  to  remark  tli;it 
while  tlie  bion/.e  and  iruii 
air(»wheads  of  tiiis  i)eri<>il 
and  hteality  are  the  j;eii 
eral  form  of  eliijjped-stoin 
arrowheads  of  prehistoiic 
times,  those  of  ''hippfd 
stone — tinit  is,  the  obsiil 
ian  s])eeiniens — are  of  ;i 
new  and  ahnost  unknowi 
form,  rnder  and  more  ai 
ehaie  than  found  elsewliei  I'. 
The  warrior  or  hiiutoi 
carried  all  or  several 
kinds  of  arrows.  Then 
(piivers  wla-n  found  eon 
tained  an  assortnieiit, 
Those  of  bronze  were  in  the  {-reatest  number,  tlien  iron,  and  histly  stone. 

TlM^ar('ha'olo,iiistexereiseseare 
in  his  eonelusions  and  may  re- 
fuse to  accept  evi<lence  of  facts 
which  wouhl  be  received  by  the 
historian  without  or  with  but 
little  (juestion.  For  example,  the 
locality  most  prolilic  with  stone 
arrowheads  known  to  the  author, 
and  those  of  the  liuest  <]uality 
and  workuuiushii*  (Plates  2  and 
3),  is  on  the  banks  of  Lake 
Thrasymene,  between  (Jortona 
and  Peruyia,  Italy,  near  the  site 
(itself  uncertain)  of  the  great 
battle  wherein  Hannibal  so  ter- 
ribly defeated  the  Ikomans,  kill- 
ing their  commander,  Flaminius,  and  routing  their  array.     Vet  thwi 


Fig.  42. 

I'UKHISKIIII.-   AIIIKlWI'dlNI.- 


FiK.  45. 


i<V     l'.llii\/l-;     AND    IltciN    l-Kd.M    All- 
MK.NIA. 


(Kin.  I'J)  liio;,,i-,  Mii.sciiiii  ol'  TilliH;    (li^^.  41,  I.'!)  ( tiiicliis  i 
(;iiiit;iiillKi)ili;   (li^M.  44,4,"i)  rt'iiiftt'rv  iil   .Moiici  \  (  i  i. 

-If  Mi.r^Mi.,  Uii'i,  !>!'•  I.",      fj  ri;tlitr;il  si/f. 


Figs.  40,47. 

■HKIIIKTDUIC    ARRDWI'OI.NTS    OK     CHIl'l'KI)    ( m.SIlil.\.'> 
tranilaiiit  traitsvcrsul. 

(.'(Miiotory  of  AI()ii(;i-y^'ri,  .\riiioiiia. 

■  I,'  M.ircan,  fi;;.  I'.l.     Nntiir.il  si/.,-. 


» 


i 


iitu  a  haiii 
were    iu 

•1)S,  (»tlU'l> 

n'oii/e  iiii 
cast,   tlu 
I'led. 
ii|)l<>in('iii 
,  if  arrow 
rill  traiM'h 
were  loll  m; 
•  ol"  Mom  i 
IT).     It    i> 
nark    that 
e  and  ir<»ii 
tliis  i>eri()(l 
e  tlie  geii 
Ijped-stoiK 
preliistoiii 
)f    f'liipiMii 
the  obsid 
—are    of  a 
it  iinkiiowi 
d   more  ar 
lelsewheif. 
or  limitci 
several 
ws.     Th.'ii 
bund   (MHi 
ssortiiu'iit. 
istly  stout'. 


R.|)   r1  nt   U    b    N.il 1    Vluj.jri-,     "Hi .      i/Vilson. 


Plate  2. 


#^4t#* 


I'I'KK     IIHSIMAN 


Specimens  of  fine  Arrowpoints. 

Italy. 

Cut.  X«>.s.  HKhis  |iH.Mtl.  U.S.X.M. 


Yet  tho.^t 


I».    •  •  I. 


u  s  f;.-  •  ■  M..  .')•  '"J/.-//'  ^•- 


PLAri    \, 


Specimens  of  fine  Arrowpoints. 

ll.ll.N. 

('ill.  Nos.  itv.s'i.  iim;-.':;.  fir..  r.s.N.M. 


licaiitiC 
licld  ill' 
iiiiiity  : 
liattle,  1 

rpocll  Jl 

liahitati 
III.    SUI 


.\iiti([}ii\ 
irciipo 
liiiincr 

(IS  rita 

The  SI 

tlieir  su] 

iiiconsist 

tiiic,  for  1 

No  pec 

moil  use, 

imi'pose.s 

as  luiviu^ 

l>i)iiits,  M 

icyarded 

(Iciiioiistr 

Tlio  sii] 

iurowpoii 

(»r"  Asia  n 

■^till  are,  i 

P'twers. 

tliore  AVer 

tiiat  the  : 

falU'ii  froi 

l.foiiardo 

:ij(  for  th( 

<lis('overe(' 

woi k,  and 

'  •!'  course 

among  th< 

'■ally  be  si 

pfoiiles  it! 

"li.i^litning 

names  are 


'lit'8m'pti( 
Art,  loutaiiK 


ARHOWrolNTS,  SPKARHKADS,   AM)    KNIVKS. 


SU 


hcaiitiriil  arrowheads  Ibiiihl  in  siu;h  jnofusioii  on  or  so  lu'ar  this  hattk- 
tichl  are  believed  by  tiiost  archa'oloyists  who  ha\'e  had  the  l»est  (tppor- 
tuiiity  lor  inspection  and  knowled.ue  not  to  have  been  used  in  tliat 
liattle,  nor  to  have  liad  any  rehition  to  it,  bnt  be]on<>ed  to  an  earlier 
epoeh  and  another  i)eoi)le,  whether  tlie  result  of  a  battle,  llie  chase,  or 
liabitation  of  man,  is  as  yet  undecided. 

III.    SUPERSTITIONS     CONCERNING     ARROWPOINTS    AND    OTHER 
PREHISTORIC    STONE    IMPLEMENTS. 

AiitliiuHi/  of  this  siipcrstition  <ni  cr'nhnur  of  their  Ion;/  iHshnc  <(s 
/(•('((pons — I'J(/  (ho'ts  or  irlfvh'.'s'  ((rroics — Pierre  de  l'o(((lrr^  pierre  <Je 
liii(i(erre,pietr((  (Ik  /'((ocn — Am k lets — \o  sKjterstilioK  eoKcernin;/  ((rro(r- 
heads  in  Ameried — Vsed  hi/  hidians  ((s  ireopons  (onl  onli/  octutsionallj/ 
(IS  eharnis. 

The  superstitious  rejjard.  for  stone  arrowpoints  and  tlie  belief  in 
tlicir  supernatural  orij;in,  in  most  Oiiental  and  ICuropean  countries,  is 
inconsistent  with  the  knowledj^e  of,  or  belief  in,  their  liuniau  nianufac- 
tiue  for  use  as  arrows. 

No  people,  howe"er  primitive  or  ignorant,  having  an  object  in  coin- 
iiioii  use,  known  by  them  to  be  of  human  manrfacture  for  utilitarian 
]iiirp()ses  only,  will  regard  it  with  superstitious  reverence  or  accept  it 
iis  having  a  lieavenly  origin  or  supernatural  power.  That  these  airow- 
poiuts,  Avith  other  objects  of  similar  age  and  origin,  have  been  so 
regarded  by  the  people  of  the  Oriental  i'.nd  I'^uropeau  countries  is  easily 
(Icmonstrated. 

Tiie  superstition  con(;erning  the  polished-stone  hatchet  and  the  stone 
ari'owitoint  has  existed  all  over  lMiroi>e  and  a  large  portion,  if  in)t  all, 
of  Asia  and  Africa;  and  these  objects  have  been,  and  in  many  places 
still  are,  regarded  as  of  a  heavenly  origin  and  as  having  sui>ernatural 
powers.  While  this  superstition  usually  belonged  to  the  peasantry, 
there  Avere  many  educated  i)ersons  who  believed  it.  Like  the  belief 
tliat  the  fossil  animals  found  in  the  rocks  were  bits  of  broken  stars 
fallen  from  the  skies,  until  their  true  character  was  discovered  by 
Leonardo  da  Vinci  and  Bernard  l*alissy,  there  was  no  way  of  acccmnt- 
ng  for  them.  So  \Viien  in  the  nineteenth  century  prehistoric  man  was 
discovered,  these  stone  im'.)lements  were  immediately  re(;ogni/ed  as  his 
work,  and  the  belief  ir.  their  supernatural  character  began  to  die  out. 
Of  course,  a  tradition  as  old,  as  widespread,  and  as  llrndy  believed 
among  the  peasantry,  who  read  little  and  traveled  less,  would  natu- 
rally be  slow  to  yield,  and  so  in  certain  localities  and  with  certain 
l)<'o[>les  its  romains  are  yet  to  be  found.  They  have  been  called 
"liuhtning  stones"  and  "thunderstones"  in  mai'y  languages.  These 
luuiies  are  frequently  applied  to  both  the  stone  hatchet '  ami  the  arrow- 


'pL'Scriptioiis  and  figures  of  tlit'so  are  given  in  tlie  author's  p.ajxT  on  I'lehi.storii! 
Art,  tdutained  in.  the  report  of  tins  U.  >S.  National  Musuuiu  lor  1M!M»,  pis.  ;il-37,  ligs. 
Oo-yy. 


S42 


RKi'ORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSF.TM,    1«!»7. 


poiiil,  tliouyli  in  sonic  localities  a  dil'lcniKM'  is  lecogiii/.cd  and  llir  latter 
are  called  '-elf  darts,"  etc. 

Jt  is  no  uncommon  tliiufj  to  Iiear  older  i)ea8ants  in  rural  districts  in 
I'^ranccj  deny  all  kno\\ie<lj;e  of  stone  hatchets  or  urrowpoints  or  si)eai 
heads,  for  tha  sole  reason  that  they  do  not  recognize  the  objects  by 
these  names.     Let  one  ask  for  pierre  de  foudre  or  pierre  de  tonnerrc. 
and  hv-  would  receive  an  allirmative  answer  at  once.     Conseiller  Foi 
nier,  of  Ifennes,  tells  of  a  peasant  who  jmssessed  one  of  tliesc  stout 
imideujents  that  he  had  seeu  come  from  the  heavens  in  a  Hash  of  light 
ninj;.     It  struck  in  a.  neighboring  tield  aiul,  on  his  going  to  the  phu-c. 
he  found  the  hole  from  which  he  extrac^ted  this  implement  still  hot, 
and  he  had  kept  it  ever  since. 

The  belief  is  that  these  objects  are  ])rotection  against  lire,  especially 
lightning,  and  they  are  kei)t  as  protecti\  e  amulets,  sonu',  of  the  liatchets 
being  drilled,  while  the  arrowpoints  are  set  sometimes  in  silver,  some 
times  in  gold.  Wheii  thus  arranged  they  are  more  or  less  oi-namental 
siiid  are  intended  foi'  jtersonal  use,  though  (tccasionally  they  are  huni; 
at  the  bed  liead,  or  near  it,  to  guaid  the  owner  during  sleep.  TIk 
undriiled  oiu's  are  placed  about  the  house,  inserted  in  any  ledge  in  the 
stones  of  the  lireplace,  on  or  over  the  mantel,  or  in  a  crack  near  tiic 
door. 

The  terms  elf  bolt,  elf  shot,  or  eltin  arrow  are  applied  throughout  the 
Scottish  lowlands  to  the  Hint  anowhead.  The  (Jaeli(!  name,  sciathcc 
is  synonynu)as.  in  Shetland  and  Orkney  tlio  same  idea,  sujgest'd 
there  by  the  corresponding  term,  thunderbolt,  is  more  frequently 
ap]>lied  to  the  stone  hatchet. 

The  elf  arrow  continued  until  a  recent  period  to  be  esteemed  througli- 
out  Scotland  as  a  i^harm  against  the  malice  of  eltin  spii-its  and  tlic 
spells  of  witchcraft.  Sewed  in  the  dress  or  worn  on  the  person  it  was 
available  for  the  protection  of  the  individual,  and  is  occasionally  to  be 
met  Willi  perforated  or  set  in  gold  and  silver,  to  be  worn  as  an  amulet. 

The  c(>llection  oi  the  Society  of  Anticiuaries  of  Scotland  contains  an 
"elf dnt"  set  in  silver,  which  has  been  worn  as  an  amulet.  A  Hint 
arrowhead  forms  the  central  pendant  of  a  (Irci'k  or  lOtruscan  gohi 
necklace  in  the  ISritish  AFuseum.  Like  other  weapons  of  ellin  artillery, 
it  was  suppo.sed  to  retain  its  inllueuce  at  the  will  of  the  possessor,  am! 
thus  became  the  most  elfective  talisman  against  ellish  malice,  witcii 
craft,  or  the  evil  eye.  It  is  popularly  believed  when  cattle  are  sick 
that  they  have  been  stricken  by  these  fairy  or  ellin  weapons. 

Tliero  cv'ry  liord  by  Had  exptsritiU'c  knows 

How,  wiiigod  with  i'lxtv,  tlicir  clt'-shot  arrows  lly, 
When  tlio  sick  cwt^  her  siiiniiii'r  food  Coief^ocs, 
*       Or  stretcli'd  on  oarth  tho  licart-sinit  lieilVrs  lii^ 

Ohl  country  people  tell  odd  stories  of  this  distemper  among  cows, 
When  elf-shot  the  cow  falls  down  suddenly  as  if  dead;  no  part  of  tin 
skin  is  pierce«l,  but  often  a  little  triangular  Hat  stone  is  found  near  tin' 


s 


AKHOWPOINTS,   SI'KAiniEADS,   AND    KNIVES. 


843 


tliclilttd' 

isti'icts  ill 
;  or  si)ejii- 
)biocts  by 
1  tonueri't', 
eillor  F»)i 

lOSC   iStolM' 

h  ot'Iiglit 
the  pliUM'. 
t  still  hot, 

espociitlly 
10  hiitchets 
[ver,  sonic 
unamontal 
y  are  Imnj; 
ileep.  Till' 
L'<lgft  in  tJK' 
;k  near  tlic 

ugbout  the 
e,  sciatlH't', 

su-yest-a 
fre(iuently 


tlironjili- 

s  and  tlif 

rs«)n  it  \v;is 

nially  to  h^■ 

an  amub't. 

ontains  an 

t.     A  Hint 

UHCiUl    Ji'olii 

n  artillery. 

sessor,  aiiii 

ice,  witcli 

le  are  sick 


nong  co\v» 
part  of  tin 
lid  near  tin' 


brcasr  as  tln'y  rei)ort,  wbu-li  is  <'alkMl  tbe  elf's  arrow.  The  «'attle  doe- 
fcor  feels  tbe  animal  over  and  over  and  does  not  fail  to  find  one  or  nune 
elf  darts  in  tbe  skin.  These  are  placed  in  water,  which  is  given  tbe 
Cieatiire  to  drink,  and  tbe  cnre  is,  of  conrse,  speedily  elfected. 

Pennant,'  after  referring  to  the  cnre  of  cattle  i»ewit(hed  by  e^lf  shots 
by  making  them  driidc  the  water  in  which  an  elf  arrow  has  been 
(flipped,  adds: 

'  'i'hf  Siiiiic  virtiU!  is  said  to  hr  fimiiil  in  tlic  crystiil  neiiis  and  in  tiif  adder  sion*); 
for  tliat  reaHon  tlio  lirst  ia  called  ••jatli  lihiiai,  or  the  in)\vririil  stone.  Caiil.  Anlii- 
b:ild  t'ainplxdl  Hhowod  inc  one,  a  Hplicroid  set  in  sIIm  r,  Cor  tin'  nso  of  which  people 
ei^iiH)  aliove  a  liundied  nilli'H  and  Itronj^ht  the  wiiter  it  was  to  bt^  dii)i>ed  in  with 
tlieni,  lor  without. that  in  iiunian  cases  il  was  Ixlieved  to  have  no  etleci. 

I  Peoy^  records,  on  the  anthority  of  Dr.  Hicks,  a  circnnistantial  story 
y4t  elf  arrows  wit!'  which  Lord  Tarbnt  entertained  the  Dnke  of  liander- 
l^ale.  and  be  adds: 

t  I  leinonihtir  my  Loid  'I  arhnt  did  jiroiliice  one  of  tlicso  <di'  arrows,  which  one  ol' 
ais  tenants  tocdv  out  ol'  the  heart  of  one  of  liis  cattle  that  h:id  died  an  unusual 
ieatii. 

$.  'I'hc  fea' ••  oi  ">  witches  of  Anldearn  fnrnisb  some  of  the  most  mar- 
felons  nar  a  .  -n  Pitcairns's  Criniinal  Trials.  Among  other  disclos- 
ures, they  describe  a  cavern  in  tbe  center  of  a  hill  where  the  archfiend 
xrrics  on  tbe  niannfactnre  of  snch  elf  arrows  with  the  help  of  his 
Attendant  imps.  The  latter  i)erform  tbe  preparatory  work,  shai)ing 
^le  crude  blocks  and  chipping  tbe  arrows  out  of  tb(!  Hint  Hakes,  titter 
fhich  they  receive  from  the  master  fiend  their  thiisbing  form  and  ])oiiit. 
i!  In  lr<'laii(l  flint  tirrowbeads  were  regarded  as  potent  sjiells  against 
"Ite  inlluence  of  witchcraft  and  the  evil  eye,  tin  elf  arrow  being  (re- 
^lently  set  in  silver  and  worn  about  tbe  neck  as  an  anudet  agtiinst 
'lieing  elf-shot. 

I  Wccan  not  err  in  itssutning  that  iit  tbe  earliest  period  of  the  North- 
fljcjn,  exercising  an  inHii<MU'(>  in  Scothmd  sulli<!ient  to  assimi",  e  the 
popular  sui»erstition,  t'  ^^  porod  to  which  the  llint  implements  pertain 
If  as  onlj'  known  as  a  ■',,<  of  society  so  ditferent  from  the  historic 
Itaditions  with  which  i?  »>  ik- pie  were  fannliar,  tluit  tbey  referred  its 
Ifeiipons  and  iuii)lements  tt-  Jr  ssime  invisible  sprites  by  whose  iigency 
ifiey  were  wont  to  Jiccount  for  all  incomprehensible  or  superhuman 
2ciUTences.  And  we  nniy  infer  from  what  all  other  evidtMi<;e  contirms, 
lat  the  close  of  tbe  Scottish  stont  iieriod  belongs  to  an  era  nmny  cen- 
prior  to  the  oldest  dtite  of  tbe  written  history  of  tbe  country. 
'j|This  ancient  superstition  is  not  pecailiar  to  Scotland  ami  Ireland. 
Norway,  diseases,  not  only  of  cjittle  but  of  men,  were  called  by  the 
ime  "alfshot,"iinu  i'  Denmark,  "elveskud" — that  is,  elf-shot — though 
le  Hint  arrowpoint  N  u)t  recognized  there  as  the  bolt  which  furnishes 
|e  (puvers  of  malignant  elves.  lUit  other,  and  i>robably  more  ancie;it 
iiiidiuiiviiin  legends  prove  tbe  existence  of  sindlar  northern  ass<,cia- 
)M,s  with  the  prinutive  arrowpoint. 


'  .Journey  in  Scothmd,  I,  p.  115. 


844 


IJHPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   IW". 


The  iiaiiH'-  still  ;ip|»Ii«Ml  to  tlu'  elf  bolt  by  the  Norwegian  peasantry  is 
"tonleiikilei,"  or  tliunderstone,  so  that  we  can  I'eel  little  hesitation  in 
assiyninj;-  to  the  old  Xorso  <;olonists  of  Orkney  the  dift'erenee  still  «lis- 
eeinible  in  these  expressions  of  the  same  popular  idea.  In  the  Fornal 
«lar  Sojiur  Nordlanda,  or  legends  from  the  priiidtive  period  of  tli( 
north,  derived  froni  aneient  manuscri|)ts,  Orvar  Odd's  saga  furnishes 
a  eurious  evidence  of  this.  The  hero,  who  is  alrcridy  furnislied  with 
three  iron  arrows,  the  gift  of  Guse,  a  Finnish  king  possessed  of  magic 
power,  is  liospitably  entertained  in  the  <;ourse  of  his  wanderings  by  an 
old  nuiu  of  singular  apiiearance. 

On  tlioisidc  \vh(;r<'  tlif  "M  iiiiiii  sat  lio  liiid  three  stone  iiitdws  on  tin-  table  near  tin 
dish.  They  were  solarye  an<l  liaiulsomci  th.it  <)r\ar  thought  he  had  never  seen  aii\- 
thinji  like  them.  He  took  them  \ij)  and  h>()ked  at  them,  sayinj; :  "These  arrows  arc 
well  made."  "  If  you  really  think  tlieni  to  l)o  ho,"  replied  his  host,  "  I  shall  make  ymi 
a  present  of  thorn."  "I  do  not  think,"  replied  Orv.ir,  sniilinif,  "that  I  need  enmlittr 
myself  with  stone  arrows."  The  old  man  answered:  "Hi;  not  sure  that  you  will 
not  some  time  stand  in  need  of  them;  1  1.  i""  tli  it  you  possess  tliiee  arrows,  tin 
{^ift  of  Ouse,  hut,  thonjjh  you  deem  it  unlike  I  i.ay  liai)pen  that  (luse's  weapon- 

will  jirovo  useless;  then  tlu'Sc  stone  arrows  wil,  il  you."  Orvar  ( )dd  aceordinulv 
accepted  the  j^ift,  and  chancing  soon  after  to  encounter  a  foe  who  by  like  magic  w;i- 
impenetrable  to  all  ordinary  weapona,  he  trauslixed  him  with  the  stone  arrows, 
which  innnediately  vanished. 

The  Danish  collector,  Olaf  Worm,  describes'  the  chipped  Hint  speai 
heads  and  daggers  as  being  of  doubtful  origin,  ami  that  some  i»er8oii> 
regard  them  as  thunderbolts. 

Even  in  .lapan  Hint  and  obsidian  arrowpoints  are  regarded  as  tlu 
we.apons  still  iu  use  by  spirits.  The  i)opiilar  belief  is  that  every  yciii 
an  army  of  spirits  lly  through  the  air  with  rain  and  storm;  when  tin 
sky  clears  the  i)eople  go  out  and  hunt  in  the  sand  for  the  stone  arrow 
liea«ls  the  spirits  have  droppe<l.  Dr.  Jannsen  states  that  the  Japanesi 
keep  ancient  stone  implements  in  their  chapels,  treating  them  witl 
religious  veneration.  According  to  Dr.  Schwaner,  ancient  stoiii 
hatchets  are  still  more  (carefully  preserved  by  the  present  inhabitaiit> 
of  l>orneo  in  bags  woven  of  cane  and  suspended  in  the  recesses  o: 
their  dwellings  among  their  talismans  and  anuilets.^ 

This  variaticm  in  the  popular  mode  of  giving  expression  to  the  idea 
of  a  sujiernatural  origin  for  these  primitive  weapons  is  worthy  of  nott 
from  the  delinite  evidence  it  atfords  of  a  period  when  stone  weapoii> 
were  as  much  relics  (►f  a  remote  past  aud  objects  of  popular  wondti 
as  iu)w. 

The  collection  of  amulets  made  by  Professor  Belucci  of  Italy,  showi 
in  the  I'aris  Exposition  in  lS8t>,  contained  the  following,  which  hai: 
been  worn  or  kept  as  a  protection  against  lire  and  lightning:  Polishcil 
stone  hatchets,  jadeite  15,  serpentine  12,  aphanite  2,  lydite,  quartzite 
and  argillite,  1  each — 32;  arrowpoints  or  spearheads,  dint  3(),  pyrite; 
4,  calcite  1 — 41;  total,  73. 

The  superstitious  belief  in  these  objects  is  not  confined  to  any  par 


jiellhU'  pli 

;ily,  Spa 
kilt  it  is  1 
ly  tlic  col 

MMIICC    "1 


(■   IIH'li'O 


•} 


I 


1 


A  licliet 
s  coliillioi 

The  coll 
a--  |>res(i 
icciinens 


I  Museum  W'ormianum,  .V.  1).  1()55,  it|>.  lilt,  85. 
-Jjteveus,   Uliut  Chips,  l)p.  J:*7,  S8. 


Illl  lellgl. 


('the  ligh 

TiiiN  sail 
1  [KMiples 

ljiiiiii;il,  h( 
rni\v  heads  ( 
[itiiiL:.  as  it 
iTii  i[i  tiio 
[)i  i<niiwii,  r 
;tii. 

Ill  (rrecc 
ith  polisl: 
la  IS.     The 

lllnfill^-  So 

they  d( 

pc  ciidued 

|i('i'(l  and 

AMrovai 

one  wliic 

<lN\*'tll  JIO 

a\(ii."  ai 
»iic  for  til 
'ill  the  ca 
uicliiirite^ 
|<c  is  niai 
iiit  con 
fiiasty,  20 
leineiit 
IiikI    and 

|J-\aiis,  An 
j'ldis  par  1( 
pi<H  fillet.  : 

|Allri,.|lt   St 

Mii^iei  M,. 
I^'■|'a^:llis 

'"IHloil,  ItJ 


ARWOVVrOIXTS,   SI'KAUIIEAUS,   AND    KNIVKS. 


S45 


sail  try  is 
tiition  ill 
still  (li- 
li  Foriial 
a  of  til.' 
fiirnislit's 
Med  witli 
of  nia,uif 
ijfs  I)}'  an 

(Ir  iieiir  till 
ir  si't'ii  aii\- 
arrows  aii' 
11  iiiiikf  villi 
i;e(l  cnmlicr 
it  you  will 
arrows,  tlii 
b's  wt^apoii- 
iiccordinuly 
» luagif  w;i> 
nut   arrow^^. 


|irn!;ir  pla<'«' or  (!onntry.  It  is  e(|ually  prevalent  in  Cierinany,  l''raiiee, 
|i;ily,  Spain,  an<l  I'ortujual.  In  15ra/il  these  objects  are  called  ''■corsi(;«>,"' 
|)iit  it  is  possible  this  may  be  only  a  niiine  br(m<;lit  over  from  l-airope 
^y  tlic  conquistailores.  In  Italy  tliey  are  called  "pietra  di  fuoco,"  in 
i.iiicc  "pierre  de  tonnerre'"  or  "'pierre  de  fondre."  in  Spain  "pii'dra 
,.  iiifLio"'  and  ''piedras  de  rayo." 

A  liflief  in  the  supernatural  orij^in  of  stone  arrows  and  hateiiels  is 
.  ((iiiimon  in  China  as  it  is  in  other  ,  arts  <»f  the  world.' 
The  collection  of  M.  Van  de  Poel,  of  .'50  ])rehisroric  objects  from  Java, 
a-  presented  by  him  to  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  Paris.  "The 
icciiiieiis  were  obtained  with  dilliculty.  as  the  natives  re<jarded  them 
iih  iclifjious  veneration."  '  The  Malays  call  them  ''gij^i  ^iintur"  (teeth 
I'tlic  liglitninj;'). 

Tiii^  supernatural  character  has  been  recognized  more  or  less  among 
II  peoples  as  far  back  as  history  goes.     Sir  .lohn  lOvans'  says: 

i;n(iiii::li.  however,  has  liecii  said  with  regard  to  tliosuiicrstitioiisattacliiii;;'  to  those 
•low  heads  of  stone.  The  existein'o  of  such  a  helief  in  their  Hiipmiatiiral  origin, 
itiii^,  as  it  seems  to  do,  iVoni  a  i'oMi|iaratively  reiiiotr  period,  goes  to  prove  that 

111  ill  tlio  days  when  the  lielief  originated,  tlie  use  of  the  stone  arrowhe.-ul  was 
31  known,  nor  was  there  any  tradition  extant  of  a  peojile  whose  w«^a;(ons  thev  had 


lint  spear- 
le  per80ii> 

led  as  tlu 


when  till' 
)ne  arrow 

rlapanest 
then!  witl 
ent  stout 
ihabitaiit? 
ecesses  ti: 

io  the  idea 
by  of  u(jtt 
e  weapoIl^ 
ar  wondi'! 


II  (irecce,  as  early  as  the  time  of  IMiny,  the  stone  arrowpoints,  along 
ith  p(»]ished-stone  hatchets,  were  believed  to  have  fallen  from  the 
ars.  The  latter  were  called  ''astroitehdiia"  or  thunderbolts.  IMiny, 
lilting  Sotacus,  saj's  there  are  two  sorts,  ''the  bla(;k  tuul  the  red,  sjiy- 
g  tliey  do  resemble  halberds  or  ax  he.uls.  Such  as  be  found  withal 
3very  year  ^^,  endued  with  this  virtue,  that  by  means  of  them  cities  may  bo 
1(0(1  and  whole  navies  at  sea  be  discomfited." 

.VMrovaudns''  engraves  a  tlint  arrowpoint  as  a  fossil  glossopetra,  a 
me  which,  according  to  IMiny,''  "resembleth  a  man's  tongue  and 
'i''.\<'th  not  on  the  ground,  but  in  the  eclipse  of  thi^  moone  falleth  from 
Mveii."  and  which  "is  thought  by  the  magicians  to  be  verie  neces- 
1  ie  for  those  that  court  fair  women." 

ill  tlie  catalogue  of  the  museum  at  (Ireshiim  College*  they  are  (;alled 
iicliorites,"  b(H;iUise  of  their  likeness  of  tbrm  to  tin  tinchor.  Itefer- 
(•(■  is  made  to  the  collection  of  simihir  objects  in  the  Worm  Mu.seum. 
Flint  continued  to  be  used  in  some  parts  of  I'jgypt  until  the  twelfth 
nasty,  2600  I>.  C.  Mr.  Flinders  I'etrie  in  1SS9  excavated  the  iincient 
t lenient  Medinet  Kahun,  the  pyrtimid  of  rnsertesen  II,  and  tiiere 
111(1  and  brought  back  to  London,  \\liere  they  were  exhibited  at 
"k!  Mansion,  a  bushel  or  more  of  tiint  chips  jind  wrought  Hakes. 


aly,  shown 

vhich   liiiii 

Pol  i  shed 

(juart/ite 

;j(>,  pyriti'! 

to  any  par 


Stevens,  Flint  (Jhips,  p.  Hit. 

|l'v;ms,   Ancient  Stone   IinpleiiKMits.    p.  llt'«;  .Mi'nioire.   concornant  THistoiro  dcs 
Jiniii^  paries  Missionnaires  de  I'l'kin,  I\',  ITTtj,  ]i.  174;  W,  p    ItiT. 
(-"^leiiillet.  MatiMianx,  II,  ji.  212;  Kvans,  Ancient  Stone  Iniplenieuts, ]>.  UH. 

[Aiiiieiii  Stone  Implements,  ]).  .SL'H. 
piiisiiei  Metallic!,  i'.ook  IV.  chap.  17,  p.  tlOI. 
|n  itiiralis  Ilistoria.  Hocdc  XXXVII,  chap.  10. 
iiidou,  1618. 


84(1 


U'EI'OUT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    ISitT. 


SoiiK'  of  the  lliiki's  wen'  iiiserti'd  in  a  wooden  sic-kle  and  made  the  cut 
tinj;   edf^^e  of  th»'   iiiipleiiieiit,  wliile   the    flakes  were  many  of  them 
wrought  (all  done  by  <'hii>i>in}^)  into  spear  or  hun-e  heads.    The  author 
purchased  :i  nuMd)er  of  both  kinds,  and  they  are  n(>w  exhibited  in  tlic 
IJ.  S.  I*^ati()nal  INFuseuni  (plate  4). 

Sir  ,Iohn  Iwans'  reports  a  ehipped-llint  arrowpoiiit  fastened  to  its* 
shaft  with   bitumen,  disi)layed  in   the  IJritish  INfuseum,  found  in  :iii 
10gyi>tian  toinl>.    The  dynasty  and  conseciuently  the  date  is  not  j^iveii; 
it  nniy  not  be  known. 

Tills  extended  and  universal  superstitious  regsird  for  these  implo 
nients  as  a  elass  is  incompatible  with  their  use  as  weai)ons  by  the  same  ;| 
people,  an<l  the  iinti(|nity  of  the  superstition  demonstrates  the  antiquity 
of  their  desuetude. 

This  superstition  never  attached  to  these  objects  in  America,  iWr 
with  its  discovery  came  also  the  discovery  thsit  the  objeets  heretofore 
reganled  as  sui)ernatural  and  of  heavenly  origin  were  naught  but  the  i 
tools  and  weapons  of  savage  num.  Following  this  discovery  by  tlM.'| 
white  nnm,  came  the  other  discovery  by  the  Indian — that  his  imi)l(' 
ments  and  weapons  could  be  made  more  easily  and  quickly  of  metal 
than  of  stone,  and  straightway  the  use  of  stone  for  this  purpose  was 
superseded  by  metal. 

Lieutenant   Niblack,   H.  S.  K.,  in   his  "Indians   of  the   ^Torthwesi 
Coast,'- ^  remarks: 

Oil  tlio  iiitrixltictioii  of  iruii,  which  both  Cook  iinil  Dixon  attriltiitc  to  the  Russians, 
tho  Indians  were  not  slow  to  adapt  it  to  their  piiri)o.so.  Dixon  ways  thiit  in  Capt.iiii 
Ccxdv'H  time  iron  iniplenients  were  then  also  in  line  among  the  Tlingit  and  Ilaida. 

And  on  i)age20!):  "For  salmon  spears  *  *  *  steel  is  now  g(!ii 
erally  used." 

On  the  advent  of  the  white  man,  the  making  of  nrrowi»oint8or  spear 
h(  f>vds  of  stone  practuuilly  came  to  an  end  among  our  North  American 
India^iis,  even  though  they  remained  savjiges.    They  soon  found  that  a  | 
rejected  and  broken  barrel  hoop  or  other  piece  of  strap  iron  would  make;! 
more  arrowheads  than  would  a  hundred  times  its  weight  in  Hint,  witli*^ 
less  labor  and  in  shorter  time.     Xot  only  were  they  more  easily  made, 
but  were  lighter ;  as  anununition  they  could  be  carried  in  greater  numbei,| 
and  were  in  every  way  more  effective  as  a  weapon.     Neither  the  epoclii 
of  transition  from  stone  arrowpoints  to  those  of  iron,  nor  the  length  off 
time  in  making  it,  by  the  North  American  Indian,  can  be  told  withl 
accuracy,  but  we  may  be  reasonably  certain  that  he  would  not  loiigd 
continue  to  make  them  of  stone  after  he  had  the  material  and  the  tools-| 
that  is,  the  strap  iron  and  a  tile  or  chisel — and  the  knowledge  to  U8(| 
them.    The  Indian  traders  soon  discovered  the  Indian  needs,  and  after 
beads,  glass,  and  tomahawks,  the  cargoes  contained  iron  and  soiiu' 
times  liles  and  chisels  by  Avhich  the  arrowpoints  and  knives  could  1>( 
made,  if  they  did  not  carry  the  arrowpoints  and  knives  already  made. 

'  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  329. 

-  lieport  U.  S.  National  Museum,  18><8,  p.  280. 


Rff.i.'tof  U    S    National  Muscurr,    1 897.- Wilsnn. 


Plate  4. 


Flint  Flakes,  Arrowpoint=.  and  Spearheads. 

(iiirol).  KK.vpt,  Xlltli  (lyiiiisiy.  Jtiim  H.  C. 
fat.  Xos.  I<,t7'.tir)-lltr<.»17,  U.S  X..M.     Colk-ctcil  liy  \V,  Klimleis  IVtrie. 


1  Ins  lllil 

while  iiiaii 

oi    tlie  III! 

fail  l.v  cone 

tain'c  to  tl 

i»rass  ring's 

TIm'K*  Tim.s 

points  won 

hoiibtlc! 

|uiiiatt'iii'  111 

tains,  ev(Mi 

expense,  in 

I  contact  wii 

K'ev.  M. 

[and  spearl 

k'i.iilit  year! 

them;  thej 

tiiiifs,  lie  s 

inches,  dov 

[caclic  of  t 

[arrow  ami 

Itlic  usual 

|npeaiiiea(ls 

.Mr.  J.  (1. 


'I'lic  how  ia 
;;iiiii';  as  a  \v 

tifllcd    it.       * 

kviif,  wliicli  ii 
fCllrll  at  tlio 
)!'  tlio  shaft; 
fiinuf  arc  of  I 
Jtlicr,-,  aijaiii  i 
)r  i'<)|ii>cr,  of 

jiciiteiiai 
i'cst  coast, 

To-day  tho 
►i  to  save  pov 
jxci'lil  as  toy, 
}t  iioiic,  Hint, 

-Villi  oil  p 

The  ])rimiti 
liter  the  advo 

Uicli  the.se  av 
111'  traders,  w! 


ARIIOWPOIXTS,  SI'KAUHKADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


S47 


Tliis  iiiiiy  not  liave  Ix'^nin  witli  the,  lirst  iiioiiicnt  (tf  coiitiict  with  tlie 
while  man.  Tlir  lirst  IiidiiUiiTiKler  may  not  liiivo  tsikoii  iion  anowpolnts 
,11  tlie  material  or  tools  witii  wliicli  to  make  tluMu,  l)iit  \\v  may 
t'aiily  concliule  lie  did  soon  al'tti'.  Tlieso  materials  took  rank  in  impor- 
t;im('  to  t\w  Indian  witli,  if  tliey  did  not  piccedc,  tlic  ulass  beads  and 
brass  rinj;s  winch  have  been  tlie  proverbial  enrreney  ot  Indian  traders, 
riicrci  nnist  net-essarily  have  been  a  period  of  transition;  stone  arrow- 
pniiits  wonld  not  be  supplanted  instantly  by  iron. 

1  )<)ubtless  there  were  e.\cci)tions  to  the  ^fenerality  of  their  use.     lioys, 

amateur  hunters,  degraded  tribes,  those  living  far  back  in  the  moun- 

t;iiiis,  even  hunters  or  warriors  moved  by  ne«'es8ity  or  the  «lesire  to  save 

[expense,  may  have  made  stone  arrowpoints  or  spearheads  after  general 

hoiitact  with  the  white  man. 

licv.  M.  I']ells,  in  the  Stone  Age  of  Oregon,'  says  stone  arrowpoints 
IiiihI  spearheads  are  scarce,  and  that  he  had  seen  only  nine  of  them  in 
(eiglit  years' residence  among  the  Indians.  The  Indians  did  not  makt^ 
Itliem;  they  used  bone.  IJut  as  evidence  that  they  were  used  in  ani'ient 
Itinies,  he  says  that  Mr.  Stevens  has  3,LM)0  of  them,  <».i  inches  by  2\ 
inches,  down  to  one-half  by  one- fourth  inch.  He  had  found  a  grand 
|c;i(lic  of  them  unearthed  at  Oregon  City.  A  workshop  for  making 
lairow  and  sjjcarheads  had  been  discovered  at  I7nuitilla  lianding,  with 
jtiic  usual  nuclei,  hannners,  chips,  and  llakes,  with  arrowpoints  and 
jpeariieads  complete,  incomplete,  and  broken,  in  abundance. 
Mr.  J.  G.  Swan,  speaking  of  the  Indians  of  Cape  Flattery,-  says: 

Ihc  liow  is  used  piinci pally  by  tlio  boys  *  "  *  to  kill  birds  iind  other  small 
baiiic ;  as  a  wfapijii  of  dclenso  it  is  scarcely  over  used,  lireariuH  liaviiijf  ciitirtdy  super- 
Bi'ilcd  it.  *  *  ^  Tlie  arrowhead.')  iiro  «)f  various  patterns;  soino  aru  made  of  iron 
kvirt',  whicii  is  usually  obtained  from  tho  rim  of  some  old  tin  i>aM  or  kettle;  this  llat- 
10111(1  at  tlio  itoint,  sharpenod,  and  a  barb  tiled  on  ont!  side,  and  driven  into  the  end 
tlio  shaft;  a  strip  of  bark  is  wtnind  around  to  keep  the  wood  from  splitting. 
himu-  iuii  of  bone  [of  course  the  head  is  of  wood,  the  same  as  the  shaft];  *  *  * 
jitliers  ajjain  are  regularly  shap(^d,  doiible-l>arbed,  and  with  triangular  heatls  of  iron 
[)r(()iijper,  of  very  neat  workmanship. 

liientenaut  Niblack,  IJ.  S.  N., '  speaking  of  the  Imlians  on  the  north- 
icst  coast,  says: 

lo-dny  tho  bow  and  arrow  survives  only  as  a  means  of  dispatcliiiij^  wounded  game 
k  to  >a\e  powder  and  ball.     * 
|m '111  as  toys  for  tho  children. 

iii'iie,  Hint,  shell,  or  copper. 


'     Few  bows  are  now  seen  among  tliese  Indians 
Before  the  introduction  of  iron,  arrowheads  were 


And  on  page  285: 

Thr  ]iriinitivo  dagger  was  of  stone  or  lione.  The  lirst  daggers  made  by  tlie  natives 
|U<  1  the  advent  of  the  whites  were  from  large,  Hat  lih's,  and  tho  skillful  manner  in 

liicli  these  wctc  ground  into  beautiful  llutod  daggers  challenged  the  admiration  of 
lie  trailers,  who  found  tho  work  as  skillfully  done  as  if  by  Kuropean  metal-workers. 


'  Smithsonian  Keport,  IWO,  p.  289. 
-Smithsonian  Contributions,  Xo.  220,  p.  18. 
■•Report  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1HS8,  p.  2Sti. 


His 


KEI'OIM'    OF    NATIONAL    MIJSKIM,   IS!t7. 


Ami  lilt'  samr  rciiiai  U  is  iiiiidc  on  ;)ii;Lr«'  -"^"^  in  r<';;iir<l  to  seal  spears. 

Not  only  was  stone  siiixTsi'dcd  by  iron  as  a  material  lor  aii-owpoints. 
but  the,  how  and  at  r(t\v  as  a  weapon  was  superseded  l»y  llreanns.  As 
tills  wa^  ii  ^xreater  cliiinj;o,  so  tlio  period  of  transition  inijtlit  liavc  betMi 
lon},'er,  hut  that  it  would  coiut?  sooiiev  or  later  was  inevitiihle.  The 
(|uestion  of  rivili/ation  has  hut  little  to  do  with  the  adoption  of  a  bt^tter 
weapon.  The  wildest  Indians  in  North  Anieiiea,  Iniviii^'  all  the  belon;; 
in^s  of  savaj^ery,  nii;;ht  have,  within  thei  past  twenty- live  years,  been 
seen  armed  with  ma};a/ine  or  hre"ch-loadin.i;'  ynns  as  line  and  yood  a> 
those  of  our  anny  nujviny  against  them.  'I'hesc  Indians  and  their 
j^iins  rejucsented  the  two  extremes  of  civilization.  The  Indian  was  the 
lowest  stratum,  his  <;un  the  tinal  elfeet  of  eidi<>htennient  in  man. 

(.'apt.  .loiiu  (1.  lioiirke,  of  iIh^  I'nited  States  Army,  an  accurate  ami 
elose  observer,  an  interested  arcdia-ologist,  a  noted  Indian  lijihter  whu 
was  in  that  service  during  the  principal  part  of  his  life,  and  a  valuahir 
aid  and  conirad(^  of  <leneral  Crook  in  souu^  of  liis  most  celebrateil 
In<lian  eami»aij;ns,  j^avo  a  sketch  of  the  weapons,  tools,  implements, 
domestic  utensils,  amulets,  etc.,  of  certain  tribes  of  Indians  as  they 
were  when  lie  (Irst  met  them,  in  a  paper  read  by  him  before  the 
Anthropoloj?ical  Society  at  VVashinjiton,  nndei'  the  snjigestive  title  of 
"The  N'esper  Hour  of  the  Stone  A^e."  '  As  resultiiift'  facts  of  his 
observations,  in  the  twenty-three  or  twenty  live  years  of  his  service, 
since  his  (irst  acquaintance  with  the  wild  tribes  of  the  Kio  (Irande. 
the  (lila,  and  the  Colorado,  he  has  seen  them  "not  only  subjected  to  a 
conditicni  of  peace,  but  notably  advanced  in  the  path  of  civilization, 
their  children  trained  in  the  white  man's  ways,  and  all  traces  of  ear- 
lier modes  of  life  fast  fadiiij;'  into  the  haze  of  tradition."  Doubtless 
th(^  North  American  Indian  had  his  myths  concerning  the  arrow, 
lint  these  are  <piite  dilTerent  from  the  superstitions  in  the  Old  World 
concerninf?  the  arrowhead;  those  were  based  on  the  ])elief  in  the 
supernatural  origin  and  power  of  the  object,  and  were  inconsistent 
with  its  character  as  a  weapiui.  The  myth  in  America  nught  relate  to 
the  arrow  as  a  charm  or  for  diviiuition,  to  lind  lost  objects,  search  for 
game,  etc.,  but  it  in  no  wise  atfected  their  knowledge  of  its  havinj: 
been  niade  by  man,  to  be  used  as  a  weapon. 

On  the  subject  of  arrows  as  charms  or  amulets.  Captain  Bourkc 
says- that  all  the  American  aborigines  used  stones  as  amulets.  And 
he  says  instances  of  throwing  arrows  and  stones  "for  luck"  are  given 
by  Ross,  Mackenzie,  Castafieda,  Picart,  and  Gomara.  As  to  tlic 
myths  of  the  arrow,  he  refers  to  Bancroft,  Torciuemada,  liascana,  and 
others,  and  says:  ' 

Arrows  liiod  under  ciiciniiHtiincM^s  ofspocial  note,  those  which  had  oiico  killed  ein'- 
luies  or  in  the  hands  of  th(^  enenix  had  failed  to  kill  the  present  owner,  becanio  tal- 


'  American  Anthropohmist,  III,  ]>.  55. 
-  Idem,  III,  p.  (iL';  IV.  p.  7;?. 
•Idem,  III,  p.  til'. 


AltUoVVrOINTS,  SrEAIllIEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


84!) 


iHiii.ni-.  iiti'l  ^vt■r^^  woiii  attiiclicd  to  lii-*  holf,  txiw,  or  hat.  Two  or  tliroo  iutowIu'ikIh 
rnc  apiiindeil  to  tint  nccklaco  of  liiiiraii  lingers,  which  [  sfctircil  in  a  llulit  witii  th« 
liiM  iiiios  of  iiortliiTii  Wyoiniiijj  (liirii;^  tlio  winter  of  lH7t5,  ami  ikw  dt'iioHitril  in 

111)'  Nitioiitil  MiiHOUMi.  Thn  iiil'oi'in;iti(,ii  ohtaiiitMl  in  ic^artl  to  thcNc  was  always 
'■,\^u<  ;ui»l  far  from  Hiilisfactojv. 

W'itli  the  woiidoiliil  pcnolisiiit  of  the  North  Ameiicsiii  Imliiuis  for 
Iny-i'iy,  and  their  delifjfht  in  .-iijx'istition;  with  their  belief  in  "inedi- 
iiH'.  ■  the  power  and  iiitlnence  of  their  shnmans  an<l  niedi(Miie  men, 
111(1  I  lie  necessity  of  the  hitter  to  sneeessfnlly  impose  on  tlieir  folhiw- 
fis.  it  wonid  he  enrions  if  the  shamans  liad  not  attribnted  nnijjic 
piiwi'i  to  some  of  these  objects.  With  ail  his  experience,  Captain 
I'.oiuke  is  able  to  give  bnt  two  instances  wliere  anything-  snpernatnral 
ui<.  Ix'cn  attributed  to  the  arrowpoint.  and  these  were,  as  he  said, 
hiffiic  and  unsatisfactory. 

An  Ai)ache  scjuaw  who  chumed  oro^t  skill  as  a  midwife  was  in  the 
)iil»it  of  administeriuf?  a  pinch  of  jtowdertd  arrow  in  water  in  erases  of 
iiiiiliil  gestation  or  protracted  hibor.  She  explained  to  him  that 
•lu'iicver  lightning  happened  to  fell  a  pine  tree  on  the  top  of  a  high 
[iiouiitiiin,  the  medicine  man  would  hunt  for  any  rock  at  the  foot  of  the 
)l;ist((l  trunk  which  would  yield  fire  when  struck.  He  saw  one  of 
[lu'sc  medicine  arrows  in  the  possession  of  an  Indian  woman  in  the 
juii'hlo  of  Acoma,  New  Mexico,  in  1S8(»,  and  the  owner  acknowledged 
Is  uses  to  be  identical  with  the  same  amulet  of  the  Apaches,  but 
icliised  absolutely  to  dispose  of  it.' 

Tilt'  iiianufiicture  aiul  use  of  stone  arrowpoints  undoubtedly  continued 
^iiicli  later  in  the  western  countries  of  the  United  States  than  it  did  in 
111'  eastern,  because  that  country  was  discovered  later.  It  is  not 
kiilikcly  that  there  nniy  have  been  Indians  in  the  wilder  countries  who, 
|i  ciisos  of  stress,  continued  to  nnike  and  use  these  imjjlements  into 
loiiipiuatively  modern  times.    But  "comparatively  modern*' is  only  a 

liitivc  term.  All  our  knowledge  relating  to  modern  sav.agery  in 
LiMorica  dates  from  contact  with  the  white  man.  This  contact  is  the 
|iK'  hetween  the  historic  and  the  i)rehistoric.  Prior  to  that  period  of 
»»iitact  the  white  man,  who  was  the  historian,  had  no  knowledge  of  the 
lii(li;iii  or  his  history  or  customs,  and  from  that  moment  both  his  history 
[nd  customs  began  to  change. 

It  would  follow  that,  unless  falling  within  the  exceptions  mentioned, 
lie  coiiunon  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  in  the  Museum  and  other  col- 
htious  in  the  United  States  are  practically  prehistoric.  Those  from 
lie  East  are  admitted  without  question  to  be  so,  but  they  are  no  more 
p  tliaii  those  from  the  West.  The  discoveries  and  conquests  of  the 
kidiaiis  in  the  West  by  the  whites  are  nearer  our  own  times,  and  this 
pouiits  for  the  principal  ditt'erences  in  our  opinions.    Contact  between 

le  Indian  and  the  white  man  was  the  first  stej);  the  second  was  the 
litaiiiing  of  Indian  lands  by  purchase  or  war,  and  the  third  was  sub- 

li'M  ion.    This  process  proceeded  faster  in  the  West  than  it  did  in  the 


'  American  Anthropoloftist,  III,  p.  62. 
NAT  MUS  97 54 


HF){) 


KEPOUT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   IW» 


Kasf,  Hiid,  nsn  conHoqiU'licc,  tlui  trsiiiHilion  (Voin  Siivii^'rrv  torix  Mi/iitioii, 
troiii  prcliistoriir  to  historic,  tVoiii  the  bow  iind  unow  to  tlic  rillc,  li.i> 
been  (ioriespoiMliiif^ly  I'aster  in  th«^  West  thiiii  in  tlie  lOast. 

IV.  FLINT  MINES  AND  QUARRIES   IN   WESTERN  EUROPE  AND    IN 

THE   UNITED    STATES. 

A.s  nil  iirrowpoiiits,  spcarht'inl.s,  aii'l  kiiiv»'s,  oxcept  a  lew  of  .slate, 
wc'ie  eliippcd  or  tlaktMl  into  Hhapi'  and  used  in  tlnit  condition,  tlic  pic 
Id.storic  man  would  naturally  .seek  a  material  which  had  the  iO(|ui.sit('> 
for  su(di  workiuff.  Flint  an<l  its  kindred  (the  IIiut  hein^  chalce(lony,  tin 
coarser  chert  and  hm'U.stone),  obsiilian,  JaHptM,  (piart/,  and  (puirt/ito 
were  the  principal  HubstanccH.  Obsidian  is  »'omparatively  rare,  ami 
the  last  three  were  n<'ire  or  le.ss  relVactory  and  wouhl  be  used  only  wlitu 
the  better  material  (iouhl  not  beobtaiiu'd.  l-'Iint  was  the  best.  Itcoiii 
bined  the  {greatest  desiderata  with  the  j;reatest  facility  of  iirocureinent, 
and  was  consecpiently  the  favorite  material  of  ]>rehistorie  nuin  duriii;; 
the  polished  stone  a};e,  in  hiUrope  as  well  as  in  Ameiica.  Of  the  I'd! 
•speciinuais  of  arrowpoints,  spearheads,  or  knives  shown  in  Plates  3r»  tn 
47  of  this  i)aper,  144  are  of  Hint,  (dialcedony,  or  chert.  These  are  aL 
silicates  of  a  «!iystalline  structure,  abnost  all  cryptociystalline.  Flini 
can  be  <'hippe«l  in  any  <lirectlon.  It  breaks  with  a  conchoidal  fiactnii 
and  can  bo  struck  oil"  in  lonji,8traiyht,  even,  and  thin  Hakes.  It  is  toiij;! 
aiul  hard,  holds  a  sharp  e<1^e  and  i)oint,  and  is  not  diflicult  to  work. 

(Quarries  or  mines  of  tlint  in  dilVerent  i»arts  of  the  world  were  knowi 
and  were  worked  in  i)rehistoric  times.  The  author  proposes  to  descrilt 
some  of  the  )noio  important,  preferriiifj  those  which  he  has  visitci 
and  inspected,  usin^  them  as  illu.strations  of  others  which  will  be  oiih 
named.  Associated  with  these  mines  or  (|iuirries  are  workshops  wlu  it 
the  various  implements  were  manufactured,  lie  also  i>ropt>ses  to  coin 
pare  some  of  the  mines  or  quarries  and  the  material  of  Europe  witi 
those  <»f  the  Unite!  States. 

EUROPE. 

SpicuuvS,  lieh/ium. — Spienues  is  a  hamlet  in  the  neif^hborhood  of  tli> 
city  of  Mons,  in  the  province  of  llainault.     It  is  on  the  railway  fmii    | 
Mous  to  Charleroi,  and  the  station  is  Harnnjiuies,  the  lirst  after  Uav 
ing  ]\Ions. 

The  author  had  the  honor  to  be  United  States  consul  at  the  cityi 
Ghent,  in  the  province  of  Flanders-Oriental,  which  adjoins  that  i 
Hainault  on  the  north,  and  so  had  opjwrtunities  of  frequent  visits  i 
Mons,  which  is  the  center  of  an  extensive  ndning  district,  principally  i 
coal.  He  formed  the  accjuaintance  of  M.  F.  Cornet,  a  civil  and  miniii. 
engineer.  M.  Cornet,  with  his  colleague,  M.  Briart,  nmde  the  rejioi 
upon  the  prehistoric  tlint  quarries  and  workshops  in  the  i>rovincei 
Hainault  to  the  International  Prehistoric  Congress  at  lirussels  in  ISI: 
The  members  of  that  congress  made  an  excursion  to  this  locality  | 
There  were  two  objects  of  interest;  one  was  the  prehistoric  tiint  qiiai 


ARIfOWI'OINT 


■KAUHEADS,   AND    KNIVKH. 


S5l 


rivili/iitioii. 
IV  lillc,  li  h 


?E  AND    IN 

\\y  of  siiitf, 
ion,  tin'  pn 

Ici'dony,  tln' 
ul  quartziti 
(ly  rare,  ami 
m1  only  wln'ii 
I'sl.  It  com 
trociuvnu'iit, 
iiuiii  diiriii;: 
Of  the  JO ; 

iMatos  ar.  til 

riieso  are  al 
nUini'.  Flint 
idal  fiiU'-tim 
i.  It  is  t oil ^i 
It  to  work. 

wiTO  knowi 
ses  to  ilescril't 
(1  lias  visitci 
I)  will  be,  oiilj 
ksliops  wiiiu 
iposes  to  eoiii 

Europe  witi 


orliood  of  til 

railway  fi'n 

•st  after  Iimv 

at  the  city  i 
joins  that  i 
ucut  visits  1 
principally 
il  and  niini". 
de  the  re!)ui 
he  province  i 
ussels  in  l"''- 
this  localit! 
oric  liint  (in* 


>  ,iihI  worUsliops    at    Spirnnrs,    wliiiili    lu'lnn;;  to    the    Neolithic  or 
i,nli>licdstone  ap-;  the  other  was  at  a  neitjiiitorinn'  h>caiity  c:illcd  Mes 
ill.  wiicrc  had  been  found 


fvidnnfs  oft  lie  workinjisof 
11,111  iliiiiuj-'  the  I'ah'olithii! 

lirmiiM'soflllntatSpien- 
ji  s  rover  about. ■)(>  acres,  and 
lie  >iiilace  for  twieo  that 
Hr;i  is  strewn  with  pieces 


=  a 


V   -   i*  *♦  ■'S   i 


■r   a  i-  5'  Z  r 

-  -  s"  i.  =  5 
3'  Z  ~  1;  5  ~ 

-  .=■  3  3.  ^  — 
!  ?  3  ?  ?  r 


z     •    z.   7     -    sa 

-    ~    '^    ="  5  '"^ 

.3  i  :  ■?  -  := 


_    c    •-► 


:r  3   r 


-    » 

ir  5 


2  '  =•  "  2. 

—    a  O  r;  _ 

?r  s  "  B-  =■ 

V  i-  =■  I  2 


S'     -       / 

-♦  TT  n 


:2  3 


3*    r? 


r.    .rj-T, 


r:  -  -  ::  o* 

3   H   -•  s  =" 

1^   =    •■«  3  " 

1  ='  5.  "  * 

Til  Z"  - 

'*    -     ~  3  1 

::    3    1  A  2 

2  w  •<  n  *' 
3.  »  ?  ."f  = 

3     3' 

-'  c-  p  V  :i; 

tS     ''^    3  n.  M 

:3  3  "•  B'  * 

5*3  ,-  5 


■H.  i-g- 


--    .X 


(ti 


M 


m 


ii;ii  liiive  been  more  or  less 

inikcd.  and  aie  evidcuic*^  of 

iniiiin  industry  an«l  occu 

liiliiiii  ill  prcliistorie  times. 

.  Neyi  inck  collected  many 

tlicst'  i)ieces,  whi«'h  lie  de- 

|n>ilc(l    in  the    !"rehist«)ric 

I  locum  at  llrussels.     The 

lr>!    (Iis('()very    of    these 

licics  was  by  Albert  Toil 

|e/.  wlio  made  a  collection 

I  lie  iiiiiterial,  implements, 

)(ils,(lel)iis,etc   in  tlu'  year 

'Id.  which  in  '      '»  was  sold 

Sii'  .lohn  I'] 

Tliediseoveriesof  Toilliez 
tinicted  the  attention  of 
liideiits  and  caused  further 
|\e>ti':ari(»ns,whic,hin  18(50 
^iiMcd  in  the  disjjovery  of 
le  mines  of  liint,  and  that 
ley  !iiid  been  worked  by 
|eliistoric  man,  an<l  that 
|e  ii|;iteau  had  been  a  vast 
jrksliop. 

pile  liint  of  this  lo(!ality 

line  ill  modern  times  to  be 

|]ilnite(l  for  the  mannfac- 

leof  porcelain, and  in  this 

ly  the  ex(!avati(»n8  of  an- 

|iiity  were  freijuently  en- 

iiitered.     In  1SG7  the  con- 

[nitiDnof  therailwayfnun 

jus  t(i  ('liarleroi  was  beffun  by  the  way  of  or  near  to  the  little  town 

S-lliiidie.    The  eonstiuction  of  the  railway  recjuired  a  deei)  cutting 

[<»u;4h  the  plateau  between  the  river  De  Nouvelles  and  La  Trouille. 

this  plateau  were  located  the  Hint  mines  of  Spiennes.    The  locality 


852 


RPJPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM    1H97. 


'(r 


V  ft 


^Q^ 


'\1- 


,>-■:: 


'^' 


Y). 


iXi^ 


.i,^mj^ 


».'    till'    I 'si 

I  It  N()iiV( 
Iniihvay  ci 
liii  lij:'.  4.S. 

.Mt'S-irs.  I 
It  lit'  scient 
ailwiiy  fo; 
I'liisions,  t 
stDiit'  age '. 
()  ohtiiin  t 
ml  that  e, 

II  times  of 
Tbt'  rail 

ilu'so  pits. 

latoau,  w 

)  tlit'ir  en 

11111  of  pit 

iciilai'ly  tl 

lat'ts  Aver( 

nrkiiig,  a 

allcrios  Wi 

int.    The 

ft  ill  widt 

s  corrcsp 

i;ilk.  in  st 

fans  t)t'  (I 

tfiitoCtU 

:il  (lie  phi 

ihert'd  of 

'ttcd  with 

|g's  beiieat 

iiid  ail 

torn  and 

iirli,  lilled 

fin   lig.  :>{ 

I'lWII  oil   tl 

iiiiiieil. 
'  witii  ill 
cks  of  el 
'■■reiif   ai 
I'one,  de( 

le  mout 
'  >■  .^iviiij 

1  short ( 
P'^ndieuli 

le  pits  i 


ARROWl'OIN'l .S,  SPEAKHEAUa,  AND    KNIVES. 


sr)3 


tt 

« 

QC 

a 

s 

s 

c  'Bo 

2  c 

& 

■s  ^ 

« 

H      -. 

o    r: 

s 

'Zi 

a 

ca     J 

p 

": 

a 

lo;  tilt'  l'i»leolitlii<!  occupation  at  Mesvin  is  to  the  west  of  the  river 
111    Nouvelles,  between  it  and  the  river  Le  By.    A  portion  of  the 
iniilwiiy  cut  throut,'h  the  J^eolithic  Hint  mine   at  Si)iennes  is  shown 
[ill  ii,i;-.  -IS. 

Mcs  :rs.  Cornet  and  Driart  and  ]VI.  Ilouzeau  de  Lahaye  were  charged  by 
Itlic  scientific  society  of  Uainault  to  supervise  the  excavations  of  tlie 
railway  for  evidences  of  prehistoric  num.  They  reported  several  con- 
Itisions,  that  wliich  interests  us  being  that  the  men  of  the  polishcd- 
stniic  age  had  dug  pits  or  mines  into  the  great  chalk  and  clay  deposit 
^0  olitiiin  Hint  nodules  for  the  in.inufacture  of  their  tools  and  weapons, 
111(1  that  extensive  and  important  work  had  been  done  in  these  mines 
|ii  tiiiu'S  of  antiquity. 

Tlic  railway  cut  brought  to  light  witliin  its  area  no  less  than  L*o  of 
[licsc  ]»its.  The  cut  extends  about  40  feet  belaw  the  surface  of  the 
liiteau,  wliicU  was  fortunate,  for  it  thus  showed  the  i)rehistori(!  mines 
[o  tiit'ir  entire  deptli.  These  mines,  as  shown  in  fig.  49,  were  in  the 
|i)nii  (tf  pits  or  shafts.  The  shaft  was  sunk  from  the  surface  perpen- 
liciiliirly  through  the  clay  and  sand  until  it  reached  the  chalk.  The 
[liatts  were  2,  3,  and  4  feet  in  diameter,  longer  than  wide  for  facility  in 
Hiking,  and  the  deepest  was  about  3<>  feet.  Arrived  at  the  chalk, 
I ! Idles  were  thrown  ott'  horizontally  in  searching  for  the  nodules  of 
fiiit.  The  galleries  were  from  20  to  Gh  feet  in  height,  and  from  3.3  to  1) 
t  ill  width.  An  enlarged  view  of  one  of  these  shafts  and  mines  shows 
.  cni  responding  gallery  pushed  to  the  right  and  left,  through  the 
iialk.  in  search  of  the  nodules  of  Hint  therein  cimtained.  There  are  no 
5i(  ails  of  (letertnining  the  number  of  tliese  shafts,  nor  the  numl)er  or 
atiit  of  the  galleries,  without  an  extensive  system  of  trenching  through- 
liii  I  he  plateau,  which  would  be  too  expensive;  but  a  fair  idea  can  bo 
iiliend  of  it  when  it  is  said  that  the  entire  surface  of  the  plateau  is 
)ti((l  with  the  filled  shafts.  They  are  found  every  few  rods.  If  one 
Ls  heiieatli  the  surface  but  little  more  than  the  dei>th  of  the  plow,  he 
1)1  tind  an  ancient  shaft.  Several  of  them  have  been  excavated  to  the 
Itioiii  and  the  galleries  followed  to  their  ends.  The  diflerences  in  the 
1  til,  tilled  in  and  natural,  render  them  recognizable  with  certainty. 
III!  lig.  .")<)  the  shaft  communicated  with  the  surface  by  an  opening 
own  on  the  right.  Whether  this  was  natural  or  artificial  was  unde- 
rmined. The  debris  with  which  it  was  filled  represented  everything 
H  with  in  the  exploration.  It  was  a  confused  mass  of  sand,  lime, 
X'ks  of  chalk,  chips,  flakes,  and  nodules  of  Hint,  with  the  bones  of 
rent  animals,  pieces  of  pottery,  and  not  infrequently  implements 
iionc,  deer  horn,  and  Hint. 

'i'c  mouths  of  these  shafts  were  usually  broken  away  around  the 

je.s,  giving  them  somewhat  the  form  of  a  funnel.     But  this  was  only 

a  short  distance  down,  when  the  sides  or  walls  of  the  pit  beciame 

h'-'iulicidar  (figs.  51,62). 

'"^  pits  and  galleries'  were  sometimes  caved  in,  but  usually  they 


854 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1H97. 


liad  been  fllled  by  the  workmen  to  prevent  caving.  One  obtains  gieatl 
insight  into  the  domestic  and  industrial  life  of  this  people  by  exaniinf 
ing  this  tilling:  for,  in  addition  to  the  earlh  'Uid  chalk  which  had  bt't'iil 


usually  !> 
pieces  of 


■it'   a 


>• 
n 

H 


a 


o      .     2  - 

■/:     =     Z  " 

t  a  ^  Z 

r  n  OS  3 
5s  Si  •—  =* 
c      .    o     « 

c  •? 
o     - 


7. 


X        -^ 


o 

c 
f- 

7. 

£ 


k 


dug  out,  it  contained  the  broken  tools  and  implements  and  the  rcfe 
of  his  kitchen.    The  domestic  utensils  used  by  him  during  the  prog".' 
of  the  M^ork  would  be  broken,  used  up,  and  cast  away  or  lost,  ami 
go  into  the  refuse  pile.    There  were  boues  of  animals  used  for  loo 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


S55 


usually  split  and  broken  for  the  extraction  of  marrow,  bono  points, 
[lii'ccs  of  rude  pottery  vessels  used  to  cook  or  carry  food  or  drink,  craces 


SI  ^"1  « 


E 


I 

a 

< 


i«   2  "^ 
-    -5    a 


■u      - 


S    3 


.i     a    "-I 

—    a    .. 

•-     73 


X 
Ed 

s 


I 


,   I 


k»l  I  liai'coiil  and  fi  'e  with  winch  the  workmen  had  cooked  their  food  or 
»' l»t  themselves  warm.    Of  tlie  tools  and  inii)lcn»ent8  lost  or  broken 


850 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1897. 


and  cast  away,  were  liiiit  picks,  Hint  flakes  and  points,  deer  antlers, 
and  ill  the  workshops  Avere  i)ie(;e8  of  the  knives,  hatchets,  arrow 
l)oints,  and  other  impleinents  broken  in  the  coarse  of  manufacturot— 
the  "failures''  of  the  workmen. 

The  tools  used  for  mining  were  sharp  picks  of  flint  similar  to  coics 
flgs.  7, 8,  9,  and  flakes  figs.  3,  4, 5,  G  (Plate  5),  probably  held  in  the  hand 
while  digging',  and  picks  of  deer  horn,  one  of  the  pabns  forming  tin- 
handle  and  a  prong  forming  the  pick,  such  as  were  found  at  (Irimt!* 
(Iraves  by  Canon  W.  Greenwell  (Plate  »').  There  was  no  evidence  in 
the  galleries  of  the  making  or  shari)ening  of  these  implements,  and  it 
was  believed  tljat  this  was  done  at  the  surface;  nor  v^^^re  there  cvi 
dence-.  of  the  means  of  ascent  and  descent,  nor  yet  that  of  lifting  out 
the  flint. 

The  entire  i>latean  has  been  leveled  during  all  historic  time.     Tin 
holes  or  funnel-shaped  excavations  which  had  formerly  existed  wen 


ess 


KiC.  5-.>. 

SKCTION  <)1'  ni'  IN  TlIK  IMIKHISTOUK'  FI-INT  MINKS. 

Kiilargi'.cl  view  of  llsjiiro,  sliowiiijr  iincu'iit  workiiiLt'*  mid  how  IIk  y  liavn  bcMMi  lillod. 

Spii'iincH,  Iiolgiiim. 

(Lcttor  expliuiafion  ol'stratii  as  in  lii;.  48.) 

Scale:  1  iixli  i(|unl8  i:i  IVet. 

iilled  ui>,  and  the  fields  had  been  cultivated  for  centuries.     There  N\a> 
nothiiig  about  its  appearance  to  indicate  its  wonderlul  condition,     flit 
owner,  the  farmer,  the  plowman,  and  the  hunter,  all  had  passed  ovi: 
its  surface  from  the  earliest  historic  time  without  any  knowledge 
what  lay  beneath  the  surface,  except  as  they  derived  it  from  the  chain 
finds  of  worked  flint  and  pottery  fragments.     Prior  to  the  discovery  i' 
prehistoric  man,  this  debris  told  no  story  and  conveyed  no  idea.    Afti' 
thediscovery  of  prehistoric  man,  and  when  wise  persons  became  obsn\ 
ant  and  sought  for  the  evidence  of  his  existence  in  the  chips,  flaki> 
and  nuclei,  broken  and  worked  in  every  degree  of  manufacture,  this  tii'l 
became  a\olumeof  evidence.     During  the  visit  of  the  Internati  ' 
Archa'ological  ('ongress  from  lirussels  in   1S7L*,  its  members  spi 
themselves  over  the  field  and  gathered  every  morsel  which  showed    v: 
dence  of  human  workmanshii)  with  much  the  same  assiduity  as  lii' 
miner  in  his  search  for  gold.    This  liehl  has  always  been  an  attract  ion  t 


■^ 


<£:j 


A'^ 


(CiJ 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    5. 


Fiys.  1-0.  Fmnt  Fi.akks. 

(Cat.  Nos.  10025C-10(VJn8,  U.S.N.M.     Thoiiins  Wilson.) 

Fiys.  7,  lO,  11.  Flint  Picks. 

(Cat.  No.s.  100255, 100200, 100262,  IT.S.N.iH.     Thoina.s  Wilson. 

Fig.  X.  Hammer.stonk. 

(Cat.  No.  100255,  U.S.N.M.    Thomas  Wilson.) 

Fig.  it.  Pakt  ok  CiurPKi)  Hatchet. 

(Cat.  No.  100264,  U.S.N.M.    TlioinMs  Wilson.) 


Plate  5. 


1 


•    'US    Natpra!  Muspum,  1897      Wjisnn 


Plate  6. 


</)  ~ 

S  ': 

z  ^ 

q:  - 

0  .T 

1  - 
a:  — 

UJ  = 


StiltUMltS  Ot' 

^luiliorities 

tlieowiiero 

list  lie  visitd 

liiji  extent. 

^■(•ar.s  JifttT 

|)rc>t'iiHioii  ii: 

its  siirfiice 

liiiiiMc  to  ci 

to  tilt'  iiiilw 

liiiiiiiiii  ind 

MVortsoftli 

tliey  coiisti! 

euithy  mat( 

Ifair  idea  of 

laimiier  stc 

( 'oniet  ai 

Jiiron  de  L 

uitliorwas 

lorie  AieliiJ 

ha  coiitiiiu 

^hops  supp 

1  (servers  tl 

feairied  to  «i 

lacturcd  in 

hops  liad  L 

111  each  six 

iu'ie  liad  1 

);iiid  ol"  wo 

single  da 

The  liatc 

icrajiers,  j)! 

j>eis,  ])roba 

^lannt'actni 

at  diets  AV( 

TIh'  stnu 

liaii  liy  i)e( 

Hi;  or  hail 

r«)rkslio])s 

1,1;  or  ham 

tluse,  and 

jnts,  whiel 

fhere  were 

ard,  as  th' 

Jiild.  in  stj 

lii(;li  the  1 


AKROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEAD8,  AND    KNIVES. 


857 


stiiilciits  of  iireliiMtoric  arc.hii'olo^y,  iind  liasboeii  viHited  by  the  loiiding 
iiiiiln»iitie8  of  that  Hcience  of  Europe.  There  lius  been  no  restriction  by 
Ik  (iwiierof  the  land  upon  tlie«Mrrying  away  of  as  many  pieces  of  Hint 
lis  t  lie  visitors  may  desire,  and  this  permission  has  been  used  to  a  surpris- 
iiiii  extent.  Vet  when  the  author  visited  this  fiehl  ten  and  thirteen 
years  afterwards,  pieces  of  worked  Hint  were  apparently  in  as  great 
proliiHion  as  in  the  iirst  instance.  The  search  of  a  single  afternoon  over 
its  surface  secured  such  a  number  of  these  specimens  that  he  was 
liinalile  to  earry  them,  and  a  peasant  was  employed  to  transport  them 
to  tlie  railway  station.  So  numerous  were  the  evidences  of  prehistoric 
|iiiiiian  industry,  that  despite  the  great  desires  and  long-continued 
jlVorts  of  the  farmer  to  rid  his  held  of  these  stones,  yet  in  many  places 
they  constituted,  for  a  depth  of  2  or  3  feet,  a  large  pro[)ortion  of  the 
[•ai  thy  material.  The  i)hotographic  plate  of  samples  (Plate  5)  gives  a 
Ifaii  idea  of  the  commoner  objects,  such  as  broken  hatchets,  cores,  pi<;k8, 
|iaiiiiiier  stones,  scrapers,  and  flakes. 

(  ornet  and  Briart  are  both  dead,  but  their  jdaces  have  been  taken  by 
|{ar(iii  (le  Lot'  and  M.  de  Munck,  who  have  continued  the  work,  and  the 
uitlioi'  was  fortunate  enough  to  have  heard,  at  the  International  Prehis- 
toric Archaological  Congress  in  Paris,  1880,  their, joint  paper  describing 
lie  continuation  of  their  investigation  and  the  discoveries  of  the  work- 
i\u)\Mi  supplied  by  flint  from  these  mines.  It  was  the  opinion  of  these 
1>1  (servers  that  the  material  had  been  divided  up  at  the  pit's  mouth  and 
kairied  to  ditferent  workshops  in  the  neighborhood,  there  to  be  manu- 
factured into  implements.  The  theory  was  advanced  that  these  work- 
liops  had  been  specialized  so  that  only  one  kind  of  implement  was  made 
11  each  shop  or  by  each  workman.  The  investigations  showed  that 
[liere  had  been  a  division  of  labor,  and  that  eadi  workman  or  each 
j>aiid  of  workmen  had  been  confined  practically  to  the  manufacture  of 

siugh^  class  of  implemeuts. 

The  liatchet  was  the  principal  implement,  yet  there  were  all  kinds  of 
Icrajiers,  j)icks,  arrowpoints  and  spearheads,  and  flakes  in  great  num- 
bers, probably  intended  for  use  as  knives.  These  were  in  all  stages  of 
lauut'acture,  from  the  rudest  chipping  to  the  tinished  (Plate  5).  The 
[atcliets  were  only  chipj)ed  to  proper  form  ready  for  polishing. 

Tlie  structure  of  flint  is  such  that  it  is  better  worked  by  chipping 

luui  liy  i)ecking.     Granite  and  kindred  material  is  wrought  by  peck- 

|i^  <»i'  hauimeriug,  but  flint  by  chipping.      In  European  prehistoric 

|orUshoi)s  most  of  the  rough  work  was  by  chipping  and  not  by  pecik- 

i«  or  hammering.    The  workshops  are  to  be  traced  by  the  chips  and 

'fuse,  and  closer  investigation  showed  them  probably  to  have  been 
luts,  whicii  may  also  have  served  as  habitations  for  the  workmen, 
fhere  were  depressions  in  the  surface,  and  the  ground  was  i)ounded 
jai<l,  as  though  it  had  been  for  a  floor.    These  observers  thought  they 

)ul(l,  in  some  cases,  discover  the  evidence  of  the  wooden  material  of 

liicli  the  hut  had  been  built.    The  workshops  all  occupied  high  and 


868 


KEPOUT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1H97. 


coiniiiaiMliii^'  poHitioiiH,  iiiiiny  of  \vhi<!li,  never  liiivin^  been  niltivnicil, 
were  unehiiiiKetl  from  the  times  of  aiiti<|iiity,  aiiil  so  funiisli  excellfiit 
eviileii'e  of  their  jHeliistoric  oc(!iii)atioii. 

It  waH  the  opinion  of  I'.aron  tie  liOi'  ami  M.  <le  Miinek  that  tlie  Hint 

oikshops  of  the  neigiiborliootl  htul  been  tin 


i 


<U 


th< 


lemcnts 
bnndation  of  an  extensive  (rommenre, 


had  l> 


I 


KLINP  IMI'I.KMKNI 


I'iK.  r.;i. 

UK  PECII.IAII  rUciDlCT  OK  A  I'lir.lIlSTl  illir  WdllK- 
Sllnl', 

(ininil  I'r(NMi;;iiy  (Iiidrt'-fl-r^oirc)  Kiaiicr. 


which  tliey  nad  neen  (iisinii 
ut«'(l  over  sonthern  lieljiinni  ami  northeasiern  France,  31.  de  Mnm  L 
had  found  l."»  Neolithie  stations,  extending-  over  4r»  communes,  all  in 
direct  relation  with  Spiennes,  creatiii},'  a  network  of  roads  which  liml 

remained  in  use  until  i leni  times. 

(hand  I'nssif/nif. — (irand  Pi-essif^ny,  in  the  department  of  Indrc ct 
Loire,  Frame,  a  few  hours'  ride  southwest  of  Tours,  is  the  center  of  a 

<listri(!t  rich  in  tliiit, 
which  was  much  ufil 
i/ed  <lurinjf  the  ^'co 
lithic  period. 

There  was  no  niiiio 
proper,  but  an  extt  ii 
sive  workshop  for  tin 
manufacture  of  Hint 
implements  (IMatc  7 
The  di'bris  still  en 
cumbers  the  groiiml 
for  miles  around  tn 
such  exent  as  to  iiii 
pede  cultivation,  mid 
furnishes  tlint  for  the  reparation  of  the  road  and  for  buildinj;"  purp()>t'\ 
Many  of  the  neij>hl)oriii;;'  houses  have  be«Hi  built  either  with  fouiuLi 
tions  or  lirst  stories  of  the  tlint  nodules.  The  parapet  of  the  bridfic 
on  which  we  pass  over  the  stream  into  the  town,  is  of  tlint.  The  coit> 
are  most  plentiful  and  are  called,  from  their  <!olor  and  shape,  "livrc^ 
du  beurre,''  pounds  of  l.Mitter  (Plato  7,  tif«',  'A).  They  have  been  sn 
wrought  as  to  enable  the  workmen  to  strike  off,  sometimes  one,  soine- 
tinu's  three.  Hakes  of  remarkable  length,  12  to  K!  in(!hes  (Plate  7,  fig.  I 
These  Hakes  nuiy  have  been  used  as  kidves,  but  they  were  nniny  tiiius 
worked  into  spear  or  lance  heads.  Here  also  was  a  division  of  labor, 
for  in  certain  workshops  these  Hakes  ah)ne  would  be  foun<l;  in  others, 
notably  the  hamlet  of  E))argne  (Phili[)pe  Salmon),  the  peculiar  Siiws 
or  scrapers  iiotche<l  in  the  end  were  to  be  procured  (fig.  ."»;i).  But  tin 
remarkable  thing  about  it  all  was  the  great  demand  in  prehistorir 
times  for  these  si)earheads  and  knives  and  the  extensive  commerce  tiny 
commanded.  Hccause  of  its  peculiar  yellow  or  waxen  color,  the  Hint 
of  (irand  Pressigny  is  easily  recognizable,  and  so  can  be  traced  in  it>  | 
migrations  through  27  departments  in  northern,  western,  and  centra! 
France,  and  even  into  some  of  the  lake  dwellings  of  Switzerland 
Specimens  of  it  have  been  found  iri  the  dolmens,  associated  with  sonu 


been  sii 


7,  fiii.  I . 
my  tiinos 

of  labor. 
in  otluM's. 
iliar  S!i\v> 
But  rill' 
reliistoi'ii 
lei'ce  tlit'v 
,  the  Hint 
iced  in  it? 
cl  central' 
itzerlaiid  I 
kvith  soint'a 


t 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   7. 


r 


1  2 


10  11 


i:)        14 


I'iji.  1.  \\'(»i{Ki:i)  Fl.iNi    r'AKi:. 

((^iit.  Nd.'.iil'.iuS   r.S.N.M.     (iriiiid  rrcssiLMiy  <  liidrc-ctLoirf),  Kiaiicc.    Tlioiiins  W'il-  m 

F'^.  2.   LAiKii:  Flint  Fi.aiu:. 

(<'iit.  No.  99818,  \  .S.X.il.     Lau;;ciio  Iliiuli  (DdnlDgiif),  France.      I'liomas  AVilsiin.l 

Fi>;.  .i.  Flint  Cojti.. 

(('   t.  No.  14ilO(JJ.  r.S.X.M.    (iraiiil  I're.-Jsi;:!...'  (Iiiilri'i'l-Loirt),  FioiH'e.     Tliomas'Wil  'in 

Fij;.  1.  LAiMii:  F'lint  F'lakk  Ca.'^t. 

(Cat.  No.  i:!U(!51,  U.S.N.M.    (I  land  I'n'ssii.ny  (Indiect-Loire),  France,     'llioinas  Wilnii 

Fid.  5.  M'oiiKKi)  Flint  Flam:,  1'<iint. 

(I  'at.  No.  JidUJIi.  U.S.N.-M.     Loire  Valley,  Frame,     (iaston  L.  I'eiiardent.) 

Figs.  t).  it.  Wi>i;kki>  Flint  Flakk,  I'oixt.s. 

(Cat.Nd.s,  ;!.')'.'(il,:!5'J02,  U.S.N.JI.     Lake  liienne,  Switzerland.     C.  L.  FViiaident.) 

Fig.  7.  LAitcii;  Flint  F'lakk  (l<niie). 

(Cat.  Nd.  liriltiO.  r.S.N.M.     Preiiilly  ( I  ndreet-Ldire),  France.     0.  L.  Fenardent.) 

Fig.  ^i.  Kri>i-:  I'i.int  Si'LAinir.AD. 

(Cat.  Nd.  99911,  U.S.N.M.     (irand  Pressij^iiy  (Indre-etLoire)   France.     Thoina.s  WiNuii 

Fiu.  10.  S.MALL  Flint  Flakk  (cutting  tool). 

(Cat.  Vd.  99907,  r.S.N.M.    (^iraud  I'ressigny  (Indre-et-Loire),  France.    Thomas  AVil-^nt 
Fid.  11.    KiUK    CHII'I'KI)    I.MrLI'.MKNT. 

(Cat.  No.  99917,  I'.S.N.M.     VenddUie  (  Loir-et-Clien,  France.     Tliduias  Wilson.) 

Fig.  IL'.  Flint  Ha.m.mkk.stonk. 

(Cat.  Nd.9!)87(i,  I'.S.N.M.     tirand  l're.<si,i;ny  ( Indre-et-Loire),  France.     Tlioma.-*  AV, -^i. 

Fig.  i:{.  Flint  Akhowi'oint. 

(Cat.  No.  i:i65S6.  U.S.N.M.     Abriizzo.  Italy.     Thomas  Wil.son.) 

Fig.  11.  Fi.iNi   Flakk  ok  Knikk. 

(('al.  No.  l:j1U>,  U.S.K.M..    lirand  I'ressigny  (ludre-el-Loire),  France,    (i.  L.  Feuarir"' 


■I 


I 


'^ 


-J    S.  Nj;M.n,i    MM„.mi,  1S97.     Wil.on, 


Plate  7. 


\Vil--n. 


Flint  Objects  from  Prehistoric  WoRr  shops. 

(iiMiiil  I'rt'ssi^rriv  i  Iniiri'-rl  I.. lii-i-  .  I'i:iiiri'.  Mini  nilici'  ImMlilirs  in  Kiii'ii|ic. 


I    I 


(if  rlio  ' 
tiiiiuid  i 
(.r  tlie  I 

riiiiTt'z 

\vlii<'h  1 
.M.  ("iiit 

ill  ISSil, 
ohjcct.s 
i    iiiiplcmc 
I    nicrs.   Co 


V 


M\l.  M 

•I.  \''i,'i't;ilil,.  I 

I'llc.l   VMth  ,1 

ll:il<i'8  and  ( 
iniiU'i-M  fdllu 
I't'llint;  /■;,  t 


mii!"rsf;ui 
<l<'tail  of  t 
'I'Ik'  llii.^  V 
I  !•'  I'lint  K: 

1  filter  flu>  o 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


850 


,il'  rlio  earlier  objects  of  bron/<',  sliowiiijj  that  while  these  iiiiplemonts 
!i('l()iij;e<l  to  the  Neolithic  iif;e,  from  their  beauty  and  renown  they  eon- 
tiiiiied  in  use  into  the  lironze  age. 

Miir  (h'-Banrz  {Aveyron),  France. — ^I.  1^.  Cartailhac,  of  Toulouse,  one 
(if  the  best  known  archa'oh)gists  in  h'rance,  and  M, 
Miurellin  Uoule.  geologist,  discovered  at  IMur  <le- 
r.iun/  (Aveyron),  central  France,  a  mine  of  Hint 
wliich  had  been  worked  in  prehistoric  times;  and 
M.  Cartailhac  made  a  large  plaster  representation 
tlicreof,  which  wasin  the  central  hall  of  tlu>  anthro- 
pdlofiical  section  of  the  World's  Fair  held  in  Taris 
ill  ISS'.t.  AloMfi'  with  it  were  displayed  the  ori<;inal 
objects  of  linmaii  workmanship,  such  as  tools, 
implements,  fragments,  flakes,  niu'lei,  and  ham- 
nieis.  found   in  these  mines  and  used  by  prehis- 


:M 


HjJ.  64. 
Cl^clliiN-  (IK  I'UKIIISTOUK;  FLINT  JUNK  nil  IMI'. 

Mui'-(l('-15aiTez  (Aveyron). 

MM,  \I.  l;,,ii|,.  ,i,i,i  i;.  CMiiHiili!!!',  I,!i  rr!iiHv|.nlii-i"ri,|ii.'.  p.  I:;-,  li-.  r.l. 
.1,  v(ijt't;ilili'  fiivtli;  li,\i\t  cxcaviitod  in  pnliirttoiic^  tiiiicH,  iiflcMwiirdM 
liUi'il  H  itii  (Itliris  coiitMiiiiiijr  iiiiliiiislKMl  iiiiil  liioUm  iiinilcniciil.s  iiiid 
lliilica  and  iliips;  (\  sulth  ri'an<Mn  Liidlcrii's  oiiciicd  li.v  ]iirlilsl(iric 
iiiiinTH  lulliiwiny;  tlic  si  rata  oi'  llint :  />,  stratnni  cnnlaininji  iindnli'.s  dI' 
"I  lliiil.   /,',  .solid  limcslono  rock;  /',  nalnral  or  ac  idcnial  lillin^. 


\t 


\\\- 


m. 


•*'i^ 


i'Hi;Hisi()iii(,'     i)i;i;iMiiiu\ 

IIAM.MKIt  A.N'l)  l-HK  (DM- 
IIINIlI). 

From  llini-  niino  at  Jfiir- 
dc  liaii'c/,  (A  v(  yron), 
I-'rani'i'.     J  nalundsi/.p. 

\/\    I'mme   l.reliistitn.ini',   |i,   l:i^, 


!i'  ie  jiiaii.  It  made  an  interesting  display  and  ga\<'ono  a  thorough 
iiiid'Tstanding  of  the  subject.  It  was  substantially  a  repetition  in 
(let ail  of  the  mine  at  lS|»iennes.  The  geologic  formation  was  Mioceiif. 
'file  liii,*^  was  laid  <lown  in  horizontal  strata  after  th«^  same  fashion  as 
iit  I'lint  llidge,  (Jhio.  As  at  Flint  Ridge,  the  prehistoric  nnin  here  dug 
a  series  of  jiits  or  wells  ]>assing  througli  the  various  strata,  not  always 
vertical,  but  at  an  angle,  r<',iecting  the  poorer  qualities  of  llint,  one 
alter  the  other,  until  he  should  arrive  at  the  most  desirable. 


8(10 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEFM,  1897. 


> 


M.  ( y.'utailhac'  shows  tlie  workiiiy*  of  these  mines.  He  says  gallei  its 
were  carried  in  all  directions  irregularly.  At  the  point  where  the  Hint 
was  most  i)lentiful  and  where  they  were  to  be  engaged  for  the  longest  * 
time,  they  left  certain  i)ortions  of  the  earth  to  serve  as  pillars  of  supixnt, 
as  is  done  in  coal  mines  at  the  present  day.  The  prehistor'c  miiuns 
took  great  precaution  against  accidents;  they  filled  all  cav.ties  jiikI 
interstices  after  they  had  taken  out  the  Hint,  to  the  end  that  then; 

should  be  no  caving,  hut 
there  were  no  traces  dt 
shoring  up  with  timbers. 

Notwithstanding  all  tlii> 
care,  J»oule  and  Cartailluu 
found  evidences  of  caviii-; 
for  examjde,  the  implc 
ments  of  deer  horn  wni 
found  crushed  by  the  fail 
iug  of  some  portion  of  the 
roof  which  had  not  been 
properly  supported  The 
strokes  of  these  picks  of 
the  workmen  were  plainly 
visible  on  the  walls  of  the 
galleries.  Occasionally  <iiii' 
could  find  the  points  stilliii 
crusted  in  the  rocks  wluii' 
they  had  broken  olf.  'i'iu' 
miners  had  kindled  fires  in 
„. ,  „  the  galleries  and  used  tliu 

J*  ij;.  So.  " 

.si;(  rii.N  ..I.'  ruKiiisTORu:  flint  MrNE.  li«'J»t  to  break  up  the  blocks 

Miiii(ioii(()iso),  Fraud-.  of  fiiutto   fa(;ilitate   tlicir 

DiseovtTt.'tl  in  IHli'J  by  Ciivier,  wlieri'iii  lin  lomiil  a  (k-er-lioin      extraction     and     traUSUiirt. 

Some  of  them  boreevideiat 
of  the  cords  and  strings 
which  had  been  used  in  <'arrying  them.  Tliese  prehistoric  mines  were 
brought  to  view  by  th<i  opening  of  a  limestone  cjuarry.  Themineisshowii 
in  fig.  54:,  and  one  of  the  deer-horn  picks  is  represented  in  fig.  55. 

]\fei(<lon{Oi,sc), France. — Fig.50  represents  a  similar  mine  from  Meudon 
reported  by  Cuvier,  and  ligured  by  him  and  Urogniart  in  1822.^  Tlie 
interest  to  him  was  the  deer  horn  found  therein;  tiie  interest  to  u-^i^ 
tliat  it  was  the  work  of  man  at  a  i>eriod  to  whicrh  Ouvier  had  leiuscil 
his  belief  upon  a-priori  tiieory. 

ChamphjnoJU'H  [Oisc),  France. — A  prehistoric  mine  of  Hint  was  di.^ 
covered  by  Fouju  and  Ilessin  in  Ocitober,  1S!K),  and  described  in  IS'.H. 


liifk. 


'  La  I'ranct)  inehistori(ine,  p.  138,  ligs.  50-52. 

-  Idem,  p.  131). 

■^  L'Anthropoliti^i.',  11,  lS!tl,  p.  Ur,. 


It    is   <'lt(' 

Will  ksiio] 
iiiiin-  mill 
■:  caiioli  ill 
i  int'liistor 
■  iiiiiportio 
:i  ilmrat  C 
I  111..;  ;iii|)le 
land   expo 
lis   given 
I  will  suHlci 
I  ( (iiidition 
I     (iriinc.s 
yinii.    Sup) 
/liicsi'  are 
^(|iiaiTies, 
idcr  tlic  ai 

ilillH'S      (1 

iiodcrii  til 
laiiic  of  IS 
ia\  t'  been  \ 
licds  of  1 
II  iillints 
■iits.  Th 
laiiuliictor 
laces  ill 
ides  iJraiK 
lade  at  Ic 
!'olk,atXor\ 
my,  Kiigli 
cs.  in  Fr 
'en  I.  Italy 
iiies  the  bi 
Hell  iiiipori 
iaiicc  cxpt 
■'Klucts  of 
IS  prohib 
1  Die  later 
Mild  has  f{ 
ads  the  wc 
id  laborer!;: 
ii  dohu  Ev 
•'li  of  whoi 
'•iity  or  tl 
^ts,  lor  mi 


AHROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


801 


L».2       T 

to  U-;  1- 
re 111  sell 

ivas  <lis- 
III  18111. 


It  is  cited  licrc  to  show  how  tlu'se  ilis(!overios  of  mines,  qnarriea,  niul 

\\niksli()))s  an'  beinjf  continutMl.     If  more  earnest  search  wen^  made, 

Line  mines  and  worksliops  Avonld  be  discovered.     It  has  come  to  be  a 

( ;iiii»ii  ill  ar(rha'olo<Tic  law,  recognized  in  France,  that  the  evidences  of 
■  int'liistoiic  man  are  to  be  fonnd,  not  in  proportion  as  they  exist,  but  in 
•  |ii(ii)(»rti()n  to  the  number  and  activity  of  the  seekers.  The  no<hiles  of 
I  ;Iiiii  ;it  Chainpij;noIles  were  in  the  chalk  and  were  mined  and  worked 
I  iiii.;  implements,  Twelve  pits  were  found,  of  which  nine  were  excavated 
I  Mild  exposed.  A  section 
|i>  liiveii  (fig.  57)  which 
I  will  suniciently  explain  its 

(oiulition. 
(irlmen    Graves,   Uran- 
\<liin.    Suffolk,   Ewiland. — 
iTliese  are  Hint  mines  or 
^»iu;ii'i'ies,    celebrated    un- 
Ider  tli(i  ancient  name  of 

i limes  (J raves  and  in 
iiKidc;'!!  times  under  the 
Iiaiiif  of  Urandon.    They 

|i;i\  e  ])eeii  worked  for  liun- 

lieds  of  years  to   make 

,11 11  Hints   and    strike-a- 

i-lits.    There  are  similar 

iiamifactories    in    many 

ilaies  in  Europe.  Be- 
sides l>randon,  Hints  are 

liado  at  Ichlington,  Suf- 

|olk,  at  Norwich  and  Salls- 

)iiry,  l^ngland;  at  Meus- 

»('^.   ill    France,   and    at 

A'lo,    Italy.     In    former 

iiiies  the  business  was  of 

[iH  ii  importance   that  iu 

Malice  exportation  of  the 
'oducts  of  certai?!  mines 

ras   proliibited   by    law. 

}\  the  Liter  days  the  de- 
land  has  fallen  away  so  as  to  have  become  iusigniflcant,  yet  Brandon 
ads  the  world.    The  strike-alights  are  continued  in  use  by  peasv'uts 

ml  laborers,  and  by  explorers  and  travelers  in  semicivilized  couutrie^. 

|ii  .lolm  Evans  visited  Brandon  in  180(5  and  Mr.  James  Wyatt  in  1870, 

eili  of  whom  have  described  the  mines.'     At  those  perio<ls  there  were 

iity  or  thirty  persons  engaged  in  the  business.     Tiie  raw  material 

ts,  lor  mining,  royalty,  cartage,  etc.,  about  $2.oO  a  ton,  and  mauu- 


Fig.  57. 

SKCTION'OI.'  A  PIT  Of  TIIK    PKKIIISTOUIC    FLIVT    MIN'K    JHIHAMl'- 

lONOI.LKS  (OISK),  FltANIE. 

L'Anthrnp..liii,'ii',  I[,  No.  4,  l"-'.'!,  p.  44S,  Hi;.  T. 

,1,  blocks  of  cliiilk  usimI  i'or  lilliiij;;  Jf,  argillacciiuH  earlli ;  (\ 
vegetable  earth;  O,  solid  cluilk  bed  with  Hint  iioiliiles  ;  I'., 
a  lino  of  (diarcoal;  F.  Hint  eliips,  debris  of  workslioj) ;  '/,  a 
liatcliet  chipped  for  polishing;  7/,  <leor-horn  pieks,  imple- 
ments, etc. 

Scale:  1  ineli  oiiuals  (i  feet. 


'Ancient  Stone  InipleiucntSj  p.  14;  Flint  Chips,  p.  578. 


8(;2 


KEPi'RT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1H1»7. 


u.  s  ^ 


fjuitiiied  Hints  sold  at  .il)out  Al  a  thousiind.  Tlie  ]tri<!e  the  autlior 
paid  foi'  stvike-aliglits  in  lloloj^na  was  1  cent  apitMie.  In  Paris  ilic 
Hint  was  arranjicd  with  steel  and  cotton  soaked  in  some  cheniical, 
possibly  saltjK'ter  or  chloride  of  potash,  for  tinder,  the  complete  article 
costing  GO  cents  (lig.  .IS).  The  gunllints  of  commerce  were  <livided  iiitd 
23  classes,  accordin};'  to  size  and  shape  as  they  were  recpiired  for  dilVer 
ent  arms.  In  tlie  palmy  days  of  the  tlint  makers  they  were  i)acKe(l 
for  export  in  half  barrels,  each  containing  L',(M)()  mnskt4,  .'i,()()0  ( ar 
bine,  or  l,()()()  [)istol  Hints,  the  weight  of  each  being  abont  tlie  same.  05 
to  70  i)oiii)ds.  Their  manufac^ture  reqnired  some  skill  and  Innulicralt, 
althongh  it  is  soon  ac([uired.  There  is  great  dili'eren<;c  reported  in  the 
rapidity  of  the  workmen. 

The  working  of  the  Hrandon  Hint  mines  has  continued  into  modern 
times  lor  the  manufacture  of  gunllints.  The  jtrocess  of  making  tlieiii 
has  been  described  at  length  in  various  woiks.'     it  will  l)e  suHiciently 


Via.  r,A. 

".SrUlKK-ALUIHl/'  SlKbL  A.N  L>  TIM  (lilt,   ISI.I)  ItV  KKK.NCll  I'KAS.V.NT.S, 

I'liriw,  l-'raiici'. 

c-.it.  N...  i'.'tM;'.i::,  r.s.N.M. 

understood  by  IMates  8-l(>,  which  show  the  principal  operations.     Sir 
John  Evans  says  skilled  workmen  at  lirandon  could  make  from  1<!,(I()0 1 
to  18,000  a  week,  and  that  the  average  weekly  output  was  from  L'00,000 
to 250,000  for  20  men.     In  JJees's  iMu^jclopedia,'  it  is  estimated  that  one  | 
a  minute  was  the  average  for  a  good  v    "kman.     That  would  make  the 
extreme  weekly  j)rodnct  of  20  men  but  72,000. 

The  U.  S.  National  Museum  i>ossesses  a  series  of  nodules,  erudch: 
an<l  i)artly  worked,  from  Brandon,  showing  the  entire  operation. 

The  (Trimes  Graves  quarry  was  investigated  by  Canon  (Ireenwell.nf 
Durham  Cathedral,  in  1870,  and  his  report  is  i)ublishcd  in  theTransac 
tions  of  the  Ethnological  Society  for  that  year  (p.  41!>). 

The  (juarry  (iovered  about  20  acres  and  consisted  of  shafts  or  pits 
l)artly  tilled,  now  forming  funnel-like  dei)ressions,  2i"»4  in  nund)er,  20  to 
(JO  feet  in  diameter,  dispersed  over  the  surface  but  sometimes  so  close 
together  as  to  break  into  one  another.  It  required  much  work  to 
reexcavate  them.      The  shafts  or  pits  chosen  by  him  were  about  H 


'  KvaiiH,  Ancieut  Wtono  Iiniilcnieiits,  p.  IS;  Sti-vcii.-*,   I'liiit  (^hips,  p.  578;    Ute« 
Encyrlopetlia,  iiitiile  "(iuullints,"  iiiul  .Skeitchly,  Manufacturit  ot"  Gunllints, 
-Article  ''Gundiuts." 


•/    ^■' 


m 


!     I. 


U.  S  Naiiona    Museud,,  I a97.-  Wilson. 


Plate  8. 


s.    Sit 

l(i,(lOfl 

12()O,00() 

that  one 

like  the 


crutU'i 


•/   •"'' 


'^m^fti 


i\\\ 


elK 


rial 

sac 

i  or 

pits 

er,  1 

iOto 

so  close 

Iwork  to 

Lbout  .">' 


U    S.  National  Must.'um,  1897       Wusnn 


Plate  9. 


**  '* 


«u 

m 

--^ 

a^^ 

• 

V                    -   • 

'-•'•' 

V.   ■■■  ^\ 

0 

i^^    .  "■  ^    '^ 

mgW''-'-' 

"fU 

^B^ll'c'^ 

s** 

^ 

\      >  ■ 

^^^F^^^^V^h' '  - ' 

« 

^.!: 

'  *■     ■        WriM 

V' 

\ 

Ml 

■ 

I 

I 

s 

1 

J 

C/5     ■= 


z      z    — 


^      t: 


U    S    N<i: 


v«        "V- 


^  > 


V;  • 


■1«^ 


fl4 


;,,(  U    S   Nii|..m.il  Mni'Mim,  I  H  J7.  -  Wdion 


Plate  10. 


1 


««1I 


I',-  v..  >l 


Fi  V 


V 


„f       V 


;>-s. 


V 


J' 


-,^^;*- , 


-•^^IPS'*^''*^*^ 


'^•) 


z     ' 

2       L'     _ 

o  ^    L-^ 

I-  •_   .- 
z      c    — 

I/)  5    ^ 

< 

_]  r 

^      / 

lij  ~ 

f  I 

0. 

a.  z 

<  ~ 

Z  Y 


=   /. 


»  --H 


jtcot  in  <liii 
I  aboil  I  V)  It' 


I 

I 


^^ 


tt  tlic  rinarr;) 
lit'  workmen 


AUl{0\VrM)I\TS,  SIM'.AIMIKADS,  AM)    KMVF.S. 


8(53 


\\vo\  ill  (li;iin«'t«M' !it  tlie  siirraco,  13  tVot  at  tlir  hottoni,  iiiul  ori}j:iiially 
aboiii  I')  left  deep.     Siiuilar  pits  or  runnel  sliaiiett  (U>i>i'e.s8iun8  aboiiial 


a 

-.1 

a 


?    2 


<       r. 

■y,     V.     ■= 

o     —     — 


■J 

a 


O 

o 


^t  tlic  (luarry  at  Flint  Kidge,  Licking  County,  Ohio.     As  at  Spiennes, 
lif  workmen  passed  through  a  stratum  of  Hint,  which  was  rejected  as 


HGA 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1897. 


of  an  inferior  quality,  and  tlie  pits  continued  until  they  reached  tl 
best  Hint  in  the  chalk.    The  tir.st  surface  of  earth  stratum  was  snu» 
IS  feet  thick,  \vhi(!h  might  account  for  the  inability  to  make  pot|M!i  • 
dioular  walls  or  pits  as  at  Spieunes.     As  at  Spicnnes,  they  drove  lion 
/ontal  galleries  into  the  chalk  which  here  were  about  S.\  feet  high.   A; 
Spiennes,  the  digging  tools  were  principally  flint  points  (Plate  a.  iij;\  1 
7, 8, !>)  and  Hakes;  here  they  were  red  deer  horn,  of  which  about  mi 
wtre  found  by  Canon  Greenwell  (folate  G).    The  points  of  these  wnv 
worn  as  ])icks,  and  the  bases  were  battered  by  use  as  ii^iminers.    Caimii 
Greenwell  says  the  nuirks  of  the  deer-horn  picks  made  by  digging  w tie 
yet  plaiidy  visible  in  the  cliiilk.    A  liatchet  of  basalt  n<td  been  iliux 
used  and  made  its  marks  at  Grimes  Graves.     The  author  saw  coik 
sponding  n-arks  in  the  hard  clay  in  the  Etruscan  tomb  (del  Colle  (Jas 
succina)  at  Chiusi,  and  nuide  a  drawing  of  them,  represented  in  lii:.  Vt, 
which  will  serve  as  an  illustration  of  those  at  Grimes  Graves  and  tisc 
where.     The  deer-horn  pick   handles  at  Grimes  Graves  were  woii: 
smootli  by  the  hands  of  the  workmen,  as  are  pick  handles  at  the  present 
day.    "'he  roof  of  one  of  the  passages  had  caved  during  the  abseiua 
of  the  workmen,  who  had  left  their  tools,  two  deer-horn  picks,  appai 
ently  at  the  close  of  the  day's  work  (Plate  (J).    Here  they  were  fctuiii 
by  Canon  Greenwell  during  his  excavations,  and  the  coating  of  chalk  t 
dust  on  one  of  them  retained  the  print  of  the  man's  hand.    "It  ,vas;ir 
most  impressive  sight,"  he  said,  "never  to  be  forgotten,  to  look,  alnr 
a  lapse  of  tliice  thousand  years  or  more,  upon  a  piece  of  unHnislmi 
work  with  the  tools  lying  about  as  though  the  workmen  had  Just  j;oiie 
to  dinner  or  quit  work  the  night  before."  ' 

Sir  John  Evans  enumerates  the  various  tools,  implements,  and  d<  hiis 
found  in  the  fillings  in  the  shafts  and  galleries  and  on  the  surfat c  in 
the  immediate  neighborhocd ;  cores,  chips,  and  Hakes  of  flint,  quartzite 
and  other  pebbles  used  as  hammers,  hatchets,  scrai)ers,  borers,  am! 
arrow  and  spear  heads,  some  of  them  more  or  less  rude,  some  brokm, 
and  in  all  stages  of  progressiva  manufacture. 

Prof.  W.  Bo.>d  Dawkins-  says  the  surface  was  covered  by  innunid 
fible  splinters  and  implements  in  every  stage  of  manufacture,  from  tin 
nodule  siK)ilt  by  an  unlucky  blow  to  the  article  nearly  finished  ami 
accidently  broken.  There  were  as  at  Flint  Hidge  (Plato  13),  littlr 
heaps  of  small  splinters  which  marked  the  jdaces  where  the  finer  wort 
was  carried  on.  In  some  of  these  the  two  halves  of  broken  implennn'-i 
were  found  Just  as  they  had  been  tossed  aside  by  the  workman  (i'liiti 
11,  fig.  7j  -Mate  14.) 

CLssbury,  iSkssc.i;  England. — These  are  extensive  fiint  mines  workcil 
as  were  the  others,  in  ancient  times.  They  were  first  investigatcil  n 
1.S69  by  General  Pitt- Rivers.'     His  plan  of  the  camp  and  mines  is  s1io\t; 


1 


'  Transactions  of  the  Kt^      logical  Society,  1870,  p.  437. 
-Early  Man  in  Eritain,  p  -'79. 
•'Arcliicologia,  XLII,  pp.  44,  54. 


ached  tlic  | 

was  sdiiiH 
:e  perpfii.  i 
rove  lion. 
liigli.    At 
ite  a,  li^s,  I 

about  SI) 
heso  We  IV 
8.  Caiioii 
!i'inf>'  Were 
)een  tliih 
law  conv. , 
JoUe  C;is. 
in  fi,y.  ."i!!, 

and  else 
ere  worii 
le  present 
0  abseiict?  k 
:s,  appar. 
ire  foiiiiii 
'  of  c'lialti 
'It  .viisaf 
30k,  lifter 
nHiiishhi 
just  gone    :i 

1(1  debris 
urfao'  ill 
quart/ite 
:'ers,  am! 

)  brokfii, 

iniuunci 
from  tile 
ilied  ami 
.3),  lntlr 
Iter  woii; 
[deiiKMiJM 
m  (I'liitf 

workcil 
gafcil  ii, 
is  sliDW 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    11 


! 


^ 


Figs.  1.  1.  Flint  Sckapkrs. 

(Ciif    No.  nitsa.'i   t".S  N.M.     Oorr.hcstiir   England.     Tlioinaa  Wilson  ) 

Fig.s.  2,  S.  KuoE  Flint  Picks. 

(Cat.  No.  139107.  C.S.N.M.      Prehistoric,  mines   at  (triincs  (iravi's,   Hrandon.  Sut! 
Eiipland.     Kilwanl  Lovctt.) 

Fijrs.  ."),  t),  s.  WonKKH  FLINT  Flakks  (tine). 

(Cat.  Xo.itOHTO,  U.S.N. M.    Dorchester,  Enjjlaiid.     Tlionia.s  Wilson.) 

Fig.  7.  RiDK  (JmiTKi)  Hatchet  ok  Chisp:l. 

(Cat.  No,   1,3!)()72,  r.S.N,AI       Preliisttoric   mines   at  (iriiiies  Graves,   liraudoii,  Sufe 
Knglauil.     Edward  Lovett.) 


J 


1 


randdii,  Sui: 


iiiidoii.  Siift. 


jl  U,  b,  Natiora'  Vl,.eum,  1897      Wnion 


Plate  1 1. 


Implements  frum  Flint  Mines. 


in  lij;.  tJO. 
and  !)>'  ex 
(lone  l)y  A 
of  his  exc 
iiiiiird  are 
ll;l\i-  <'xist 
tlic  saine.i 
slinw  whill 
troiini'dow 
tliriM'C  cil 


coiiditions, 
Fig.  ()1  is 
extent  iiiid 
tion  of  ;i  1)1 
jiidlcrios  k 
ji'iiileries,  i-i 
tlu'stratui 
also  the  ni 
Only  tin 
bury  bear 

.lournal  c 

l^'77-7^p.  11 

NAT 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEAKHEADS,  AXl)    KNIVES 


s(;5 


ill  li};.  <»0.  'I'lie  iiiiiu'S  wee  subsequently  iiive8ti,uate<l  more  in  detail 
ami  by  ex-'iivation  and  clearing  out  the  now  tilled  galleries.  This  was 
tloiic  by  'dr.  .1.  Park  Harrison.'  Fig.  <!1  is  a  reproduction  of  the  plan 
ol  lii>!  excavations.  It  represents  but  an  infinitesimal  portion  of  the 
iiiiiird  area.  !t  shows  but  six  i>its  or  shafts,  while  tig.  (>()  shows  them  to 
liiivf  cxisk'd  by  the  hundred.  These  ]»its  present  on  the  siiifaee  much 
rlic  sMiiie  .ipi)earance  as  those  at  Mint  Kidge.  The  exca\'ations  in  lig.  (Jl 
simw  what  has  been  suspected  long  before — that  tliese  i)its  are  <lee[), 
hiding  down  through  tiie  chalk  to  theb(»ttoiii  of  the  Hint  dej)osit,  and  were 
tliriice  carried   in   horizontal  yalleries  as  in  all  niiiiiiig  under  similar 


1'  If,'.  <iii. 

I'l.AN  dl''  I'ltr.lIlSKllilC  I'l.INT  MINES. 

A  to  /'an'  jiits  or  iiiincsliiif'ts. 
(Ms.slmrv.  Eii(;l.'iuil. 

Art-iin-ninnKi,  xi.ir,  i-i;',i. 

c()ii(liti(»iis,  digging  out  the  Hint  and  bringing  it  to  the  surface  for  use. 
Fi^.  <>1  is  introduced  to  demonstrate  this  fact,  and  also  to  show  the 
extent  and  magnitude  of  the  •  .ak  done  and  to  suggest  the  social  condi- 
tion of  a  ])eople  capable  thereof.  The  shaded  lines  show  the  walls  of  the 
jialh'iies  left  for  support,  while  rlie  white  between  shows  the  excaxated 
{i'lilierics,  rooms,  and  1  ill.--.  The  reexcavation  brought  to  liglit  not  cnily 
till'  stratum  of  tlint  tc  be  mined  but  showed  that  whicli  had  been  mined, 
also  the  mining  tools,  as  deer-horn  picks,  stone  hammers,  and  mauls. 

'  >iily  three  or  four  out  of  liie  thousands  of  implements  found  at  ( -iss- 
bu!  \  bear  traces  of  iiolishing,  and  these  were  broken. 

.i»urnal  of  the  Anthropolotjical   Institute   of  (Uiat    Mritaiii   ami   lri'l:iml.   \  II, 
1>!77-7X,  p..li:i. 

>'AT  MUS  97 ')0 


'i   ' 


866 


RKPOKT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSKIIM,   lH!t7. 


Ill  all  pn^historic  iiiincs  iind  \V(»rlvsho[)s  tliroii{ifii(»ut  10nroi)e  tools  iiml 
domestic  utensils,  Hint  or  liorn  |»icks,  (-hips,  ilsikes,  traces  of  cUarcdnl, 
hainiiieis,  i»artially  made  and  broken  liatclicts,  and  otluT  im]»lemei;is. 
as  sawed  horn  and  frayments  of  pottery,  are  I'ound  (Plates  5,  7,  11^, 


I'iK.  (ii. 

rolMlON  dl'  PI. A.N  111''  l'HKIil>riilil('  Kl.l.M'  MI.NH.S. 

(Kiiliiint'd  mill  ill  fiii'Mlrr  ililail  tliiiii  lli;.  60.) 
('i.s.sl)uri',  Siis.>iex,  KiiglMiid. 

.l"iir.  Anlhr..]!.  Iiisl.,  I..in.l"ii,  VII.  1^77   :-.  p.   11:1. 


and  are  evidences  of  linnian  o(('Ui)ation.  If  man  worked  in  one  nt 
these  plactes  for  any  length  of  time  he  used  hiw  tools  for  his  work,  and 
d<miestic  utensils  for  his  <'(»oking  and  living,  and  tliey  were  broken  m 
lost,  .and  so  found  their  way  into  tho.  dump  pile.     These  utensils  ha\e 


1      ('(Hlir  to    1)( 

J    vwv  pielii; 

III  IJees" 

ill  iimdcrn 

.    Anliflu', 

}  ' 

,;     (Ic|i;lltllieM 
I     IlldlV ct  b( 

ill   II   com 
;:   iiiiilniilitcd 
iiiiii  if  all 
wiicrc    ])ii 
Miirtillct 
Loiidiiiicri' 
et  Aiibei; 
(!('  CliJissi 
till'  latter  I 
Till-  full( 
.•special    pre 
fSciiK.'),    Cs 
(^)iii heron  (] 
lew  words 
assisted  at 

nil   I  lie  (.'XtV( 

of  llriltany 
,y('o<;iaphcr! 
point,  level 
water.  It  a 
width,  pass; 
It  wa.s  cove 
toward  the 
tile  inside  < 
Sfi'ccniiii^',  e 
and  wr(mgi 
sued  ('\ery 
tliousands  c 
It  was  a  ] 
scrajtcr.s  wa 
lar^-cr  than 
where  the  s 
man  of  nn(h 
inciit.s,  who 
woi  Ksliop  ii 
di.si-overed  ; 


AHROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


867 


10  ot 
and    » 
Ml  or 


(•(iiiic  to  1)0  oxpcctc'd  by  tlio  moderii  iiivestij,'atur,  and  arc  fMUiid  wlicr- 
(•\t  r  pioliistorio  man  (UMiiipied  the  locality  lor  any  Iciij^^th  of  lime. 

Ill  i.'oos's  Encyclopedia'  it  is  .said  that  the  best  Hint  found  in  l''rance 
in  iiKtdcrn  times  is  that  from  tiu^  departments  of  Cher,  TiOir-et-('hcr, 
Anil  (lie,  Vonne,  and  Oise.  M.  de  ^Mortillct  has  discovered  in  tlie 
il(|iiii tnicnt  of  Vienna  no  less  tiian  44  Neolithic  \V(»rksliops,  and  in 
Iiidicct  Loire  U.  M.  Philippe  Salmon  rci)orts  prehistoric  workshops 
in  1  I  coinMuines  in  the  department  of  Vonne.  'I'iiis  nnml)cr  wonld 
iiiiiidiihtcdly  be  much  increased  if  attention  were  jilven  to  the  search 
ami  if  all  found  were  reported.  Special  worksh.o])s  have  been  found 
wilt  re  paiticular  imi)lements  were  exclusively  manufactured.  De 
Moitillct  reports'  hatchets  chipped  for  polishinjij  from  Maricttes  at 
l.ondiiiicres  (Seine-Infcrieure),  Olendon  (Calvados),  I'ont  Othe  ( Vonne- 
ct  Aiibei;  perforators,  Xemours  (Seine-ct-Marne);  arrowheads,  (Jamp 
de  Cliassey  (Saone-et-Loire).  While  arrowheads  are  in  i)rofusion  in 
till'  latter  locality,  it  is  not  certain  that  they  were  manufactured  tlieie. 

The  f(dlo\viny  mines  have  been  found  wherein  scrapers  were  the 
>]it(ial  product:  Koche-au-Diable,  I'oliyny^  (Calvados),  Charenton 
(S('iiic),  Camp-liarbet,  Meudoii,  .lanvilh^,  Mouy  (Oise),  (ioalciu'c. 
(^•iiihcron  (Morbihan).  Of  the  latter  the  author  asks  indulgence  for  a 
lew  words  of  description,  as  he  was  present  with  M.  (iaillard  and 
assisted  at  the  discovery. 

Scniiivr  worl'tihop  at  Ootdotcc,  Qiiihcron  {Morhllum),  Vrancc. — It  was 
nil  I  lie  extreme  ponit  of  the  i)romontory  of  (i)uiberon,  on  the  west  coast 
ol  I'.iiitany,  lookinj;-  out  ui)on  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  but  whicdi  iOnj^lish 
ucnuiaphers  have  arbitrarily  called  the  Uay  of  liiscay — a  lii<;li  rocky 
point,  level  with  the  surrounding?  surface,  but  40  or  ,"»()  feet  above  tiie 
water.  It  was  severed  from  the  mainland  by  a  crevice  a  few  feet  in 
width,  passable  only  at  low  tide.  The  entire  nmss  was  of  j^ranite  rock. 
It  was  covered  with  a  layer  of  soil  which  was  nearly  bare  on  the  side 
tdward  the  ocean,  haviny  probably  been  denuded  by  the  wav^es,  but  on 
tile  inside  edye  was  3.^  feet  thick,  lieginniny  at  the  outside  edge, 
s(  rcciiiiiL;',  examining,  and  throwing  the  dirt  behind  ns,  bits  of  broken 
and  wrought  tlint  and  fragments  of  pottery  were  soon  found.  We 
^aved  everything.  Our  work  continued  across  the  point  until  we  had 
thousands  of  objects,  principally  scrai»ers  in  all  stages  of  mannt'.i^'ture. 
It  was  a  ])rehist<)ric  scraper  workshoj).  The  peculiarity  of  tht^se 
sirapcrs  was  their  dinnnutive  si/e;  nniny,  perfectly  tinishcd,  were  no 
laiucr  tlian  a  man's  thumb  nail.  At  the  edge  farthest  from  the  ocean, 
wlit-rc  tlie  soil  was  deepest,  we  unearthed  the  skeleton  of  a  workman,  a 
mail  of  middle  age,  he  who  probably  had  made  these  prehistoric  iin])le- 
jiiifiits,  who  had  here  lived  and  here  died,  and  had  been  buried  in  his 
Wdiksliop  and  habitation,  which  was  from  that  time  deseitcd.  and  now 
j<lis< ovcred  and  unearthed  by  us. 


'  Article  "Flint." 

-Lo  Piohlstorifjiu-  Anticiuitc  do  rHoiiiiU"',  j;*.  \'M), 


868 


REPOKT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  l«!t7. 


In  inldition  to  tlu^  skiOeton  the  fbllowin<;  objects  were  found:  Tliicc 
liolislicd-ston*!  Iijitclic'ts  of  dioritc,  entire;  11  liatclu'ts,  fragments,  uiiHn 
ished;  7  ])eiidiints  of  stone;  .">  beads,  tale;  .'5  <'liisels,  liatchet  ( ?)  of  dio 
rite;  5  Hakes,  Hint;  (5  chamfered  ])oh'shers,  scliistose  diorite,  nniciue;  1 
brifinet,  "strike-a-lijiht,"  iron  pyrite;'  4  sinkers,  scrajjers  in  all  sta;;cs 
of  jtrogress,  many  of  them  fiiushed,  and  liammers  of  various  kinds  nnd 
styles.  There  were  divers  tools,  ornaments,  domesti*'  objects,  etc..  inii 
nc^cessarily  connected  with  scrapers  or  their  manufacture,  'i'lu'v  w  i  ic 
the  objects  used  by  the  workmen  while  eiifjas'ed  in  their  duty. 

The  author  took  for  his  share  such  objects  as  ho  desired,  and  has  li;i(l    j 
l»hoto,urai)hed  a  sei-ies  of  them  (Plate  1^').     ()l)sei'V(^  tliat  on  the  left  arc 
the  linished  and  on  the  rij^ht  the  unlinished  scrapers. 

IIMTKI)  STATHS. 

Flint  l\i<l(ii\  l/ichbuj  ('nunifi,  Ohio. — This  is  probably  the  most  exten    I 
si\e  and  the  best  known  of  all  i)rehistorie  Hint  quarries  in  the  United 
States.     It  is  on  a  hij;h.  level  plateau  on  the  road,  eiiuidistant  between 
Newark,  Lickinj;'  County,  and  Zanesville,  ^luskinjynm  County,  Oiiio. 
\y\\\g  partly  in  both  counties  (Tlate  ].'{).     Its  ridjie  is  about  8  miles 
east  and  west  and  2.]  north  and  south.     The  outline  of  tlu^  plateau 
is  exceedinj>ly  irrej;iilar.     The  surface  of  the  country  has  been  yreatly  \ 
erode<l,  the  streams  haviny  cut  down  about  .'500  feet  below  the  original  f 
level,  wasliinji'  <leep  ravines,  which  run  up  into  the  jdateau  with  stceii 
banks,  leaving  high,  Jutting  points  of  land.     The  covering  earth  of  tlic 
plateau  is  alluvial — elay,  shale,  etc. — and  lies  directly  oti  the  stratum 
of  Hint.     The  stratum  of  tlint  dii)s  to  the  southeast,  as  do  nearly  all  I 
formations  in   eastern   Ohio,  while  the  surface  of  tiie   plateau  holds 
about  the  same  level.    The  top  of  the  tlint  stratum  at  the  western  end 
is  .'{  or  4  feet  beneath  the  surface;  at  the  eastern  it  is  8  or  10  feet,  and 
the  hiyer  itself  is  from  4  to  7  feet  in  thickness  tliioughout  the  plateau. 

Mr.  (lerard  Fowke  describes  the  geology  of  I'^Iint  liidge  as  follows :- 

In  tlu!  ^enlojriciil  scale  this  Hint  is  coutimious  with  the  ferrii^iiiniis  liiiicstoMc  nf 
soiitheasterii  Ohio,  and  is  hij^hly  lossilil'eroiis  in  some  places.  In  the  niiisiMuii  ol'  the 
State  I'uiversity  is  a  very  lino  nautilus  embedded  iu  a  piece  of  Imhrstoiie  I'roui  iIiIj 
pl.icc.  OtliiT  smaller  fossils  occur  abundantly  both  in  this  and  the  more  solid  lliiit. 
particularly  I'lmnliua  cylindriru,  a  snuiU  Ibraminil'er  t'oiind  in  j^reat  numbers  iuEurnpe 
at  a  eorrespouding  horizon.  Aery  freijueutly,  liowever,  the  fossil,  beini;'  calcareoii- 
iu  its  nature,  has  disa])itear(Ml.  and  only  tlu^  matrix  remains.  ^^ 

I'nderneatli  the  tlint  lies  the  rutnam  Hill  limeat()ne  of  tlie  <  >hio  survey,  so  miiini  ^ 
from  a  high  hill  oi)posite  Zanesville,  where  it  is  well  shown.     The  upper  part  of  tlii~ 
limestone  is  shelly,  sometimes  closely  apju-oaching  a  thin  sandstone  in  its  ai)iii';n- 
auce,  and  of  a  yellow  cast;  farther  down  it  becomes  nH»re  solid  and  takes  on  a  lilnf 
color. 

The  tlint,  from  its  great  resistance  to  "we.'ithering  ;igencies,  forms  the  cap  rode  nf 
the,  whole  ridge,  the  superincumbent  nuiterial  being  for  the  most  jtart  either  chiy  "i 


F.     ■  •  u  b  r 


'  Similai-  to  tig.  223,  Evans,  Ancient  Stone  Implements. 
-Smithsonian  Keport,  IsM,  pp.  H'tG,  857. 


> 


U    5   Na'nr.d'  Muafurr,  1837,     Wilson. 


Plate  12. 


[IS  had 
'I'l  ail' 


exteii 

Jnili'd 

itwccii 

Ohio. 

>  miles 


StolH'    III 

I  (iT  till' 
om  I  his 
id  lliiit, 
Kiinipe 
cnruou- 

1)  IlMllll'li    ' 

if  tlii-    '■ 
ii]i|i(':n- 

II  11  111  111' 

roik  lit 
clMViir 


•«♦  • 


a«%i 


»  » 


%. 


fit  ^ 


%   w 


♦  «Pi#    %  ^ ^ 


.a 


f 


■#''«'W' 


w^  B 


;«ll 
■V,..;* 


.1 


Cache  of  Scrapers. 

I  ;ii;ili'Tii-c.  liiiiiiiny 

('Ml,  N(j>.  iiMKiiii,  iiiiutt;.  iiiiiic.s.  iiHiv;;i.  (■  s.N.M. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


|Z8 

mm 


2.5 
2.2 


^    LS.    12.0 


•UUL. 


am » 

I 


11.25  III  1.4 


1.6 


V 


HiotDgrapiiic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


:&  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S«0 

(716)872-4503 


vV 


^ 


Report  of  U    b.  National  Museum    1897.— Wilson 


ly^ 


K 

■  — 

Map  of  Flint  Ridqe,  Ohio,  showing oBginal  Flint  C 

0.  Pitt  fl^orkshups. 


Plate  13. 


>Hio,  SHOWING tiBciNAL  Flint  Quarries  and  Workshops. 

0.  Pi8  ^forksUops. 


Vv 


'idil  res  111 
cxi.stt'd  a 
vaui.i  scri 
inu'  this  I 
colli  Vw.  a' 
III'  ciiiinel 
slmus  till 
that  i.s  fdi 
tnir  is  nil 

Mr.  F( 

At  the 
8tructiiic> 
liail  licci! 
sliows  .slia 
till'  transl 
tartlu'r  eai 
wiMtlicrin 
aiiil  liliio. 

At  tlio 
uris  ri'poi 
Morili  it  i^ 
ties  are  fc 
casti'in  en 
iiiiciitly  fo 
a  lion's  I';; 

Tlie  Hi 
It  may  li 
from  3  01 
iirea  8  by 
scattered 
area  was 
.1  depth  c 

Tlie  pri 
It  witli  g 
tollowing 

The  cla 
on  the  le) 
naturally 
point  res 
<'atetl  ace 
-'0  feet  u 
tiatthey 
froiii  the 
haviiij"^  re 
veritable 
! been  used 

The  tlin 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND   KNIVES. 


869 


sciil  resulting  from  tlie  (lisintCKratioii  of  th«<!  sliales  ami  Handstones  which  foriuorly 
existed  at  this  hori/on.  The  natural  jilact!  of  tho  Kittaiiniii}r  coal  of  the  Peimsyl- 
viiiiiii  series  is  15  to  20  feet  above  the  level  of  tiio  Hint,  bnt  it  runs  out  before  reach- 
iiiir  tliis  far  west,  at  least  there  is  no  trace  of  it  h<Te.  These  beds  of  bitnniiiKiiis 
cold  Ho  at  dirterent  leveds  in  tlie  hills;  104  feet  below  the  flint  is  a  workal>Ie  seam 
of  riiiiiiel  coal.  A  section  of  tlie  formation  in  the  eastcni  pare  of  Licking  Connty 
sliiiws  the  same  alternation  of  sandstone,  shale,  clay,  coal,  limestone,  and  iron  ore 
that  is  found  in  all  coal  regions,  so  that  a  detailed  statement  ol"  Its  jjieological  strnc- 
tnii'  is  unnecessary. 

Mr.  Fowke  desrribe.s  tlie  variations  of  the  Hint  as  loHows:' 

At  tlioextrenu!  western  end  it  is  of  a  gray,  whitish  color,  cellular  or  j)oroii8  in 
strmtureaud  commonly  called  liulirstonc.  and  in  the  early  occupation  by  white  man 
li.iil  heen  (|narried  for  use  as  millstones,  liy  the  oxidation  of  the  included  iron  it 
sliows  shades  of  yellow  brown  along  the  line  of  fracture.  Half  a  mile  east  aiii)ears 
the  translucent  and  bluish  variety ;  still  tlie  buhrstono  predominates.  Two  miles 
fartlier  east,  while  the  bed  rock  retains  th  )  bluish  cast,  the  surface  specimens  by 
weathering  show  every  color  known  to  Hint — white,  black,  bvown,  yellow,  green, 
and  liliio. 

At  the  intersc'  on  of  tho  crossroads,  the  Clay  Lick  Station  road,  the  well  dig- 
i,'(i.s  report  the  flint  as  translucjnt  and  light-blue.  A  few  hundred  yards  to  the 
iKirlii  it  is  nearly  white;  the  same  distance  south  it  is  nearly  black.  These  varie- 
ties are  found  in  other  parts  of  the  plateau  and  iinally  flnishes  at  the  extreme 
eastern  end  with  the  same  buhrstoue  that  it  commenced.  In  the  crevices  are  fre- 
i|iieiitly  found  quart/  erybtals.  They  are  of  every  si/e  from  niicro8copi(!  to  that  of 
a  lion's  egg,  and  of  every  color  from  limpidity  to  almost  black. 

Tito  Hint  was  found  to  be  in  a  continuous  stratum,  not  in  nodules. 
It  may  have  bad  fractures  and  faults,  but  was  practically  a  solid  uiass 
from  3  or  4  to  7  feet  thick  (in  one  place  it  was  only  29  inches),  with  an 
iirea  8  by  2.^  miles.  The  centrol  portion  only  was  worked,  excei)t  some 
scattered  diggings  on  the  east  in  ^ruskingum  ^^ounty.  The  worked 
area  was  about  2  miles  square,  and  was  covered  with  clay  and  soil  to 
a  depth  of  from  4  to  8  or  10  feet. 

Tlio  prehistoric  mining  is  believed  by  Mr.  Fowke,  who  has  examined 
it  with  great  detail  and  thoroughness,  to  have  been  conducted  in  the 
tollowing  manner: 

The  clay  and  soil  covering  was  removed  by  digging  and  carrying  up 
'111  the  level.  This  digging,  continued  down  to  the  layer  of  good  Hint, 
naturally  made  a  pit  with  sloping  sides  like  an  inverted  cone,  with  its 
lioiiit  resting  on  the  flint  layer;  the  point  would  be  more  or  less  trun- 
cated jiccording  to  the  width  of  the  excavation,  which  was  from  13  or 
-0  I'eet  up  to  CO  or  80  feet.  In  some  places  these  pits  were  so  close 
tiat  they  ran  together  and  the  earlier  was  partially  filled  with  the  debris 
trom  the  later.  Many  have  been  filled  with  soil,  leaves,  etc.,  and, 
li.iviiig  retained  the  rain  water,  are  now  filled  with  miKik  and  become 
veritable  marshes;  in  others  the  water  is  more  or  less  pure  and  has 
been  used  for  watering  cattle. 

Tile  Hint  being  laid  bare  in  the  manner  indicated  over  a  greater  or 


'Sr-ilthsonian  Report,  1884,  p.  857. 


870 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


less  area,  Mr.  Fowke's  belief  is  that  tlie  preliistoric  niiin  was  uiialdt'  to 
quarry  or  break  pieces  or  blocks  of  tliiit  suitable  for  use  otf  the  solid 
layer  at  his  feet,  and  tliat  he  proceeded  by  the  use  of  tire  and  w  atci 
alternately  to  erode  a  hole  or  pit  tlirough  the  flint.  Arrived  in  this 
way  at  tlie  bottom  of  the  layer  of  tiint,  he  then  broke  out  from  the  fuce 
of  the  Hint  wall  and  threw  away  such  pieces  as  had  been  att'ected  hy 
the  lire,  until  {jood  flint  was  procured,  which  was  taken  out  for  use. 
The  ])rocess  was  continue<l  until  the  quarrying  was  interfered  witli  In 
the  superincumbent  earth.  Why  this  was  not  exca\ated  wider  5ii<l  tiic 
quarrying  continued  against  the  face  of  the  rock,  instead  of  wliat 
seems  to  have  been  the  practice,  opening  a  new  pit  through  the  day. 
and  a  new  hole  thnmgli  the  (lint,  has  not  been  explained;  but  that  lie 
conducted  his  operations  in  the  latter  manner  and  not  the  foimoi 
seems  established.    Mr.  Fowke  says:' 

In  Coshocton  County,  near  Warsaw,  nro  bkihc  siiniliir  jiits  wliic'h  liave  boon  reopened 
by  residents  of  the  locality.  In  thorn  wcto  found  two  layers  of  Hint,  the  HjiiHr  ;i 
dark  variety,  the  lower  a  clear,  translucent  kind  of  chalcedony.  This  lower  Hint 
seems  to  have  been  the  kijid  sought.  Traces  of  fire  were  plainly  visible  in  the  pit^. 
from  which  tho  inference  is  natural  that  fires  were  built  upon  the  rock,  and  thai, 
while  heated,  water  was  thrown  on  it.  'the  stone  could  thus  bo  broken  into  pieces. 
In  the  bottom  of  the  pits  wete  found  bowlders  of  granite,  syenite,  and  other  glncial 
rock,  which  plainly  showed  that  they  had  been  used  as  hannners.  No  d(Uilit  a  .xiiiii- 
lar  plan  was  followed  at  tho  riilge. 

Similar  hammers  were  found  at  Flint  Kidge,  ami  there  is  in  the  I'.iS. 
National  IMuseum  a  series  of  a  hundred  or  more,  varying  in  weight  from 
C  ounces  to  20  pounds.  The  smaller  hammers  were  found  distributed 
over  the  surface  at  the  workshops  where  the  raw  material  was  cai  ried 
to  be  worked  into  implements.  Mr.  Fowke  is  of  the  opinion  that  then 
were  at  Flint  Ridge  two  kinds  of  workshops,  one  for  the  ruder  work  of 
blocking  out  the  implements,  and  the  other  for  the  finishing;  and  lie 
assigns  this  division  of  labor  to  eight  localities  for  each,  all  on  the 
plateau  of  the  ridge.  Without  expressing  an  o[>inion  as  to  the  correct 
ness  of  this  division  of  workshops,  the  author  can  testify  that  some 
localities  of  the  neighborhood  were  strewn  with  ruder  and  heavier 
material,  while  otiiers  had  a  profusion  of  small  and  flne  cliips,  flakes. 
and  debris,  evidently  the  product  of  the  finer  finishing  work.  Tlie 
latter  localities  were  mostly  on  the  high  bluffs  or  points  of  land  over 
looking  the  valleys  below,  and  from  which  position  one  could  see  far 
over  the  adjoining  country.  On  these  points  the  flint  chii)s,  flakes,  etc., 
were  in  such  profusion  .as,  in  some  cases,  to  prevent  the  grass  forniiiif: 
a  sod.  The  author  chose  one  of  these  spots  and  dug  it  out  10  by  U 
inches  and  14  inches  deep  to  the  bottom  of  all  flint  debris.  He  then 
washed  out  the  earth.  The  flints  were  7  inches  deep  and  the  earth " 
inches,  half  and  half.  The  flints  from  this  hole  were  brought  to  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum.    The  accompanying  plates  (14  and  15)  sliowi 


\l 


I  Smithsonian  Report,  1884,  p.  864. 


Ri>n"rt  "f  U.  S   Natior.a:  Mus.um    1HJ7       //■i».)r. 


Plate  14. 


IS  earned 


le  corroct 


* 


Rpp..1.,<  U    S   N.t.iM    Mu..u>tv   18i7,  -W.  iiin. 


Plate  1 


I 
o 


$  ^ 


5 
O 

a: 


r 
O 

I- 
z 


Tlie  n 

holiiiul 

acioiiipl 

liist()i'i(! 

Siivngo  < 

Kii-lish 

won!  is 

iiiid  was 

courciiri 

supply, 

I     t'iirly  hi 

]         In  loi 

!     iiictliod 

iiiteiitio 

lliit  or  fl 

%        Kepoi 

<'onveiii 

ill  \\)\H 

Impk 


■5 


AKICOWPOINIS,  SPKAKHKADS,   AM*    KNIVES.  871 

tlio  niunbor,  kiiid,  coiulitioii,  iiiul  iippoiiriiiici'.     A    roiint  showed  an 

follows: 

lilt.   II:  I'erftnf  nrntwIioadH 51 

l.i!iil'-shap«'il,  jicilfot V 

lii'ii t-slia|to«l,  iiiii)ei'fo('t 16 

25 

CoioH,  linoly  wron^lit !'» 

Undo  liiinpH  of  lliiit HI 

lilt,,  ir.,  tliliriH:  Html  liiirnt  «'liiy,  Hiiiiill 2 

ivadilos,  not  oC  Hint,  sni.ill l.S 

Hits  of  wimmI,  Hniall ."> 

ChipH  iin«l  HptillH,  Hint  !{,  1  !!• 

3.  ir.il 

Total  contents  i.f  liolo  lOb.v  12  l.y  II  inches .S,2J>1 

Tliis  quiirry  was  the  h»rj;est  in  tliat  portion  of  tlie  United  States. 
Tlic  investigations  sliow  it  to  luive  been  used  duriiiff  the  later  prohis- 
t()ri(^  a};e8  and  that  it  was  tlio  center  of  an  extensive  eoininoree.  The 
|it'(iiliiir  appearance,  varieyated  coh)r,  brilliancy,  etc.,  of  its  products 
ciiiiltled  their  inigration  or  commerce  in  prehistoric  times  to  be  traced 
iiiid  the  objects  to  be  recognized  whenever  found. 

TlMMcwerc  many  mines  and  quarries  in  the  territory  now  the  United 
Stiitcs  which  furnished  material  for  aboriginal  stone  imidements. 
Soiiic  of  them  may  have  continued  to  be  used  by  the  savages  in  more 
modern  times,  but  most  of  them  are  entirely  prehistoric.  It  is  needless 
to  (U'scribe  them,  but  the  reports  of  their  discoveries  have  been  col- 
Itcted  and  are  published  for  the  convenience  of  students.  They  form 
[tai  t  of  Appendix  A  (p.  901). 

CACHES. 

Tlie  only  method  possible  for  the  savage  to  preserve  property  left 
holiind  him  on  his  departure  was  to  secrete  it,  ami  this  was  usually 
iiccomplishert  by  burying  it.  This  custom  prevailed  among  the  pre- 
Itistoiic  i)eoples  of  Europe  as  well  as  of  America.  By  what  name  the 
saviige  (railed  this  deposit  is  not  known,  or  if  known  is  not  used.  In 
Kiiiilish  it  has  been  called  dejwsit,  hoard,  etc.,  but  the  most  popular 
\\(ti(l  is  the  French  one  of  cache.  It  signifies  concealment  or  hiding, 
and  was  first  employed  in  America  by  the  early  French  Canadians,  the 
counnis  du  bois,  being  applied  to  a  concealed  or  deposited  hoard  or 
supply,  usually  of  provisions,  in  which  sense  it  is  used  in  many  of  the 
•  ill  ly  histories  and  travels  in  Canada  and  the  lake  regions. 

In  forming  a  cache  or  hoard  of  implements,  no  general  or  uniform 
iiiitliod  was  followed,  but  they  have  been  so  deposited  as  to  show 
intentional  placement.  Usually  they  are  in  a  circle,  and  may  be  laid 
liat  or  on  edge,  sometimes  on  end. 

Reports  of  caches  have  been  made  by  their  discoverers,  and  for  the 
convenience  of  the  student  these  have  been  collected  and  are  published 
in  Appendix  B  (p  970). 

Implements  of  the  leaf-shaped  class  have  been  found  en  cachCj  or 


872 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1807. 


buried  in  th«  earth,  iiiul  liavc  been  (;allc(l  by  Hotnu  persoim,  "ciiolie 
iiDplemuntH.'*  M.  <le  Mortillut  iiaines  them  jjeiierally  Solutn'-en,  attcr 
Sohitre,  the  representative  Htation  of  his  third  epoch  of  the  Paleoliihic 
period,  but  speciJically  heeinphiyH  the  nanie  "feuille  de  hiurier"  (hiiiitl 
leaf).  In  the  chisHitication  of  arro\vi)ointH  and  Hpoarheadn  (see  p.  s'Kj 
that  form  is  annigned  to  Divinion  I,  Ohiss  A.  Caclies,  as  will  be  seen  by 
the  list  (Appendix  H,  p.  970),  are  not  exelusively  of  these  implements; 
therefore  the  term  eache  implements  is  not  sutliciently  delinite  aud 
should  not  be  employed.  Caches  have  been  found  of  the  large  <rhi|>|io(l 
fliuts,  "spades"  or  "agricultural  implenicnts,"  arrowi)oints  aiul  sptar 
heads  of  ditt'erent  types,  grooved  axes,  polished-stone  hat(!hets,  scraiKis, 
and  other  implements. 

Implements  similar  in  material  and  identical  in  form  with  urrowpoints 
and  spearheads  have  been  found  tliroughout  the  western  and  soutli 
western  United  States,  but  which,  from  tlieir  large  size,  could  haidly 
have  served  for  arrows  or  sj)ear8.  An  implement  one  to  three  indies 
long  we  recogni/e  as  an  arrowpoint,  one  four  to  six  inches  long  as  a 
spearhead;  but  what  shall  we  say  as  to  one  a  foot  or  fifteen  inclies 
long  ?  The  IJ.  S.  National  Museum  possesses  many  of  these  specimens. 
They  can  not  be  ignored,  and  so  have  been  assembled  and  reported  in 
Appendix  C  (p.  982). 

V.    MATERIAL  OF  ARROWPOINTS  AND  SPEARHEADS. 

Composition  and  structure — No  practicitl  difference  between  thejUiU  uf 
Europe  and  that  of  the  United  States — Microscopic  examinations. 

It  has  been  shown  that  flint  was  the  favorite  material  in  prehistoric 
times  for  the  manufacture  of  arrowpoints  aud  spearheads  and,  indeed, 
for  all  chippedstone  implements,  and  was  used  by  prehistoric  man 
wherever  obtainable.  Flint,  as  is  well  known,  is  a  variety  of  quartz; 
the  principal  difference  so  far  as  concerns  the  chemical  constituents 
arising  from  the  impurities.  Quartz,  also  much  used  in  i)rehistoric 
times  in  the  manufacture  of  arrowpoints,  is  pure  silica.  It  is  SiO,,= 
silicon  46.G7,  oxygen  ih).Z',i.  Its  hardness  is  7  in  the  scale  of  10,  and 
specific  gravity  2.0  to  2.7.  James  I).  Dana'  divides  quartz  into  two 
varieties,  vitreous  and  cryptocrystalliue.  He  divides  the  latter  into 
the  chalcedonic  and  jaspery  varieties.  The  vitreous  is  distinguisliod 
by  its  glassy  fracture,  and  the  chalcedonic  has  a  subvitreous  or  waxy 
luster  aud  is  translucent.  These  owe  their  peculiarities  either  to  crys 
tallization,  mode  of  fabrication,  or  impurities.  The  common  impurities 
of  quartz,  Dana  says,  are  oxides  of  iron,  clay,  chlorite,  or  other  miner 
als  which  produce  opacity. 

Of  the  first  variety,  the  rock  crystal  is  the  representative.  It  is  pure 
pellucid  quartz.  But  such  varieties  as  rose  quartz,  smoky  quart/, 
false  topaz,  and  amethyst  are  produced  in  one  or  more  of  the  ways 


d 


'  Manual  of  Geology,  1876,  p.  52.     Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Lithology,  If  H<'^  ,  .  I'St. 


AKKOWPOINTS,  SPKAUHEADS,  AM)    KNIVKS. 


873 


nu'iitioiUMl.  The  clialcedonic  vari(>ty  iiicludcs  the  tlini  and  more  beau 
tiiiil  tliiileedony,  a^^ate,  carneliaii,  onyx,  etc.,  hh  woll  ti'^  tlic  grouser  and 
baser  variety  to  wliicli  belonjf  flint,  honiHtone,  chert,  etc.  Tlie  jaHpery 
variety  containH  aluniinouH  matter,  and  iti^'  color,  yellow  or  red,  is  due 
to  iron  oxides.  The  bloodstone  and  basanite  (lydian  stone)  belong 
to  tliis. 

I'lint,  free  from  impiirities,  has  the  same  chemical  comjiosition  as 
«|iiart/,  silicon  combined  with  oxygen — silica. 

I  (ilVcrenccs  may  arise  in  cryHtalli/ation.  Flint  is  of  cryptocryHtalline 
stiiicturc.  Its  color  nmy  be  gray,  shading  through  yellow,  green,  blue, 
ami  smoky  black,  or  with  tints  of  red,  yellow,  and  brown,  into  chalce- 
dony. Its  fracture  is  conchoidal,  not  splintery,  internal  surface  dull, 
scarcely  ever  glistening.  Alone  it  is  infusible  before  the  blowpipe, 
but  loses  its  color  and  becomes  o|)a<iue.  It  is  homogenous,  has  no 
cleavage,  splits  in  any  direction,  therefore  is  easy  to  chip,  yet  is  hard 
and  tough  and  makes  a  keen  (fitting  edge  which  does  >:<it  crumble.  It 
was  tiie  material  best  suited  to  the  cutting  implements  of  the  ]>rehis- 
toric  man  and  was  preferred  by  him  accordingly. 

It  is  deemed  useless  to  nnike  analyses,  because  the  only  <litferences 
would  be  the  riumber  and  amount  of  impurities,  and  these  might  difl'er 
with  every  locality  if  not  with  every  specimen. 

I>'ees"s  Encyclopedia'  gives  analyses  of  i>arti«*ular  si)ecimens  as 
follows: 


CotlHtitllPlltR. 

HUica ' 

TJnif : 

Alumina i 

Oxidoof  iron | 

LOSH 

Total ! 


Klaprotli.     Vaijuelin.      Wtiigleli. 


OH.  00 
0.50    j. 
0.25  J 
0.25  /| 
1.00     I 


97.00 


1.00     / 
2.  00      . . 


80. 00 

2.00 

18.00 


loo 


100 


100 


These  are  ancient  analyses  and  are  only  given  as  samples.  Their 
correctness  is  not  veritied.-  ' 

It  lias  been  stated  many  times  by  archipologic  students  and  teachers 
tiiat  there  was  no  true  flint  in  the  United  States.  But  this  is  due  to  a 
<litk'rence  of  defluition  rather  than  of  material.  The  flint  of  Europe, 
(leclaved  to  be  true  tiiut,  is  represented  as  a  concretionary  deposit  of 

Article  "Flint." 

I'lio  attention  of  the  student  of  this  iiud  related  subjects  is  directed  to  some  of 
the  standard  works:  NUIhou,  "The  Stone  Ago,"  1843-1867;  Stevens,  "Flint  Chips," 
I'STO;  Kvaus,  "Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  Great  Britain,"  1872, 1899;  S.  J.  Mackie, 
'•(ieolojrist,"  1861,  IV,  pp.  26-29;  T.  McKenny  Hughes,  J'roceedings  Soc.  Antiq., 
I'Oniloii,  2d  ser.,  IV,  p.  94;  Geological  and  Natural  History  Repertory,  II,  May  1, 
istis.  No.  34,  p.  126;  S.  .1.  Ma<kie,  idem.,  Ill,  p.  205,  T.  Baines,  idem,,  pp.  258-262; 
r.  Mf'Kenny  Hughes,  British  Association,  1872,  p.  189;  Henry  Chriet.\ ,  Trans.  Ethnol. 
f?0( .,  new  ser.,  Ill,  1865,  p.  362;  Ueli(iuii.^  A<iuitanicue,  Pt.  1,  pp.  202-205. 


K74 


ItEI'Oirr   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   l«y7. 


,'.7  i 

Si 


silica.,  of  (!rypt()(!rystalline  structure,  made  in  a  be<l  or  layer  of  soft 
chalk  in  tlie  fornj  of  nodnles.  lint  it  is  not  neciessary,  in  order  ti»  he 
flint,  tliat  it  be  in  the  form  of  nodules  nor  that  they  be  deposited  in 
chalk;  for  the  fdnt  of  Kurope  has  been  found  in  hard  lin)estonein  Itotli 
nodules  and  strata.  Tliat  found  in  the  Jura  Alps  is  deposited  in  stratii 
in  l-ard  limestone  and  not  in  chalk.  That  at  Spicnnes  was  deposit(>(l  in 
the  clay  both  in  strata  and  nodules.  That  used  in  the  Mentone  ciivcs, 
of  wliich  there  weie  wagon  loads,  and  that  along  the  Iliviera,  is  in 
nodnles  and  in  limestone.  The  Hint  mine  at  M ur  de-Barrez  (AveyKui 
(Hg.  r>4),  opened  by  I\IM.  (vartailhac  and  lioule,  and  the  mine  at  Mcudon 
(Oise)  (tig.  56),  discovered  by  Cuvicr  in  1822,  confirms  this  viev/.  These 
and  other  deposits,  representing  wi«lely  separated  districts  in  Kusiicc 
and  others  throughout  Europe,  show  a  general  condition  of  flint  depos 
ited  in  strata  as  well  as  in  nodnles,  and  in  limestone  and  clay  as  well 
as  in  chalk.  Tliese  i)eculiarities  of  formation  are  paralleled  in  inaiiy 
localities  of  the  United  States.  The  diflerences  in  the  deposit,  iiiid 
consequently  in  the  formation  of  flint,  are  shown  in  many  idacts 
throughout  Enrope.  Some  of  them  have  been  des(!ribed,  and  if  it  wiis 
necessary  many  other  localities  could  be  mentioned. 

The  same  is  true  of  flint  in  the  I'nited  States,  whether  it  be  line 
under  the  name  of  chalcedony,  or  co.arse  under  the  names  of  chert  and 
hornst:)ne.    James  1).  Dana  says:' 

Flint  occurs  in  nodnles  in  chalk:  not.  nnfreqnently  the  nctdnlos  aro  in  part  rlinl- 
cedonie.  liornstone  ditt'ora  from  (lint  in  heinj;  more*  brittle;  it  is  often  found  in 
liiiH'Stone.  (Jhert  is  an  impure  hornstone.  I^inicBtonos  containinjr  hornstoiu'  or 
(•h»!rt  are  often  called  chorty  limestoncH. 

Flint  Ridge,  Ohio  (Plate  13)  is  a  locality  noted  for  its  ledge  doposit 
of  flint,  while  the  Hint  disks  from  Ohio  and  Illinois  (Plates  (J2, 03)  show 
deposits  to  have  been  in  nodules.  Flint  disks  of  the  same  gciiciiil 
shape  and  of  corresponding  material  have  been  found  in  several  ol"  the 
western  States.  A  cache  at  Beardstown,  Cass  County,  Illinois,  con 
tained  1,500  implements,  arranged  in  horizontal  layers,  separated  hv 
thin  strata  of  clay.  Another  deposit,  of  3,500  specimens,  was  found  in 
Frederick sville,  Schuyler  (  ounty,  Illinois.  The  largest  of  such  nod  iilt  > 
in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  from  a  deposit  in  Union  County. 
Illinois,  is  of  ovoi^^.  form  and  measures  7^  inches  in  length  by  Gi  indies 
in  width. 

The  following  excerpts  from  the  report  on  the  Pentamerous  limestone 
of  the  Clinton  group,  by  Prof.  James  Ilall,'^  shows  that  flint  exists  liotli 
in  strata  and  in  nodules  in  the  indicated  horizon  and  locality: 

On  the  fSenesee  River  this  rock  ontcrops  on  either  side.  In  many  places  in  \\  iyik 
and  Monroe  counties  it  contains  nodules  of  hornstone  which  sometimes  assume  tin' 
form  of  chalcedony.  This  matter  increases  so  much  in  Orleans  and  Niagara  conn i;i- 
th.at  it  forms  thin  layers  alternating  with  the  limestone.  Associated  with  this  1  liiit 
are  found  silicitied  fragments  of  shells  and  crinoidal  joints.    South  of  Modcmi  iliin. 


'Manual  of  Mineralogy  and  Lithology,  IXSfi,  p. 237. 
HJeology  of  the  Fourth  l)istri(!t  of  New  York,  I't.  IV,  1813. 


ARKOWPOINTS,  SPKAHHEADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


.S75 


im'i:ni;ir  layeiH  of  impure  limestono  with  luiicli   lioriiNtone.     Same  at  Lockport, 

,.,i>t\v:inl  (p. 63). 

The  lirst  iiiiiuTal  is  borii.stouo  of  the  Pentameroiis  mass.  This  often  passes  into 
tniDsliiociit  varieties  and  forms  little  cavities  lined  with  chalcedony  (p.  ($7). 

Tliick-bedded  dark  or  bluish-jjray  limestone  with  irregular  cavities  and  often 
liilii  uiis  <oinTetions  of  hornstone.     This  is  persistent  over  a  larjje  extent  of  conntry 

(p.><T). 

Ciiiniferous  liinesfonn.  This  rock  is  distin<rnishod  from  the  limestone  lielow  by 
llic  iiiiscnce  ot  hornstone  in  layers  or  nodub^s,  etr.  In  Seneca  County  it  is  in  rej^n- 
lar  miirHcs  from  (>  to  18  inch*>s  thick,  usually  separated  by  layers  of  hornstone  and 
sdimtiiiies  enibraoin^  liattened  nodules  of  the  same,  wliieli  have  a  surface  as  if  from 

tiie  (lystalliziitic/n  of  some  mineral  in  the  space  bcitweeu  the  two  rocks. 

^  t'  #  #  jf  * 

III  other  localities  these  l.iyers  of  hornstone  increase  in  number  and  thickness 
iiliiiii->l  to  the  exclusion  of  cab^-vreoiis  matter,  wbicii  from  weathering  leaves  the  horn- 
stdiK  in  Jagged  and  irregular  projecting  ptdnts,  and  is  locally  called  "chawed  rock" 

(p.  i(;2j. 

Oil  the  west,  side  of  the  Genesee  its  cherty  charaetors  are  better  develo]»ed  than 
t'lx'whi  re.  Between  Caledonia  and  Leroy  there  are  hundreds  of  acres  literally 
]i:i\  I'd  witl)  boi'ustouo  in  small  angular  fragments  or  larger  maascs  united  by  carbon- 
ate of  lima  (p.  158). 


Tlic  hornstone  sometimes  passes  into  chalcedony  (p.  Ifi8). 

I);ina'  says: 

The  hornstone  of  the  Corniferoiis  limestone  is  full  of  microscopic  plants,  orproto- 
liliytcs,  from  l-r)0(lth  to  1-riOOOth  of  an  inch  in  diameter;  and  with  them  are  sponge- 
sjiiciiles  and  teeth  of  mollusks. 

The  Cretaci'ous  limestones  in  Texas  »  »  »  contain  hornstone  distributed 
thr()ii;;h  them,  like  the  flint  through  the  (!halk  of  England. 

Tlie  impurities  in  flint  marked  by  ditterent  colors  may  bo  peculiar  to 
certain  localities.  By  them  the  products  of  ditterent  mines  have  been 
tr;icod  through  their  sometimes  long  voyages  in  the  hands  of  their 
prcliistoric  owner.s.  The  color  of  the  flint  from  (hand  Pressigny,  near 
Tours,  France,  is  that  of  beeswax;  that  from  Meiidon,  near  Paris,  4s 
nearly  white;  that  from  Si>ieune8,  Belgium,  is  light-gray;  that  from 
Italy,  especially  from  the  southern  part,  has  the  lu.strous  brown  of 
jasper  and  chalcedony.  Of  that  from  England,  Grimes  Graves  is  light- 
j:ray.  similar  in  appearance  to  that  of  Si)iennes;  Brandon  is  cjuite 
black;  Oissbury  is  dark-brown,  almost  black,  weathering  out  into 
chalky  whiteness. 

Of  the  Hint  from  the  United  States,  that  from  Illinois  is  light-gray, 
wcatlicring  out  to  chalky- white,  while  that  from  Flint  Kidge  (which 
(Iocs  not  weather  white)  passes  through  the  entire  range  of  color  from 
tlic  waxy  luster  of  brilliant  chalcedony  to  the  dull  opacity  of  degraded 
dicrt. 


'  Manual  of  Geology,  1876,  pp.  LT)?  and  455. 


87G 


REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1897. 


The  cryptocrystalline  variety  of  quartz  comprises  a  considerable 
list  of  minerals :  Opal,  agate,  chalcedony,  flint,  chert,  hornstone,  begin. 
ning  with  the  finest  and  purest  and  graduating  down  according  to  tlie 
relative  impurities  and  diflFerences  in  mode  of  combination.  Cluinges 
in  color  run  through  the  entire  spectrum,  and  are  due  principally  to 
the  presence  of  metallic  oxides.  Iron  is  chargeable  with  most  of  them, 
but  green  is  credited  by  Dana  to  nickel,  and  purple  to  manganese.  If 
there  were  no  impurities  or  foreign  matter  in  it,  the  flint  would  be 
nearly  clear-white. 

MICROSCOPIC  EXAMINATION  OF  FLINT. 

The  author  has  shown  that  the  rock  called  flint  is  found  alike  in 
xinierica  and  Europe;  that  it  occurs  in  the  two  countries  in  both 
nodules  and  strata,  and  in  both  is  found  in  limestone  as  well  ii.s  in 
chalk.  He  proposes  to  continue  the  examination  by  comparing  the 
structure  of  the  rock  in  the  two  countries,  and  to  that  end  has  caused 
to  be  made  thin  sections  of  the  flint  from  several  of  the  mines  iuid 
quarries  nientioned,  and  these  subjected  to  microscopic  inspection  and 
description  by  Dr.  G.  P.  Merrill,  head  curator  of  the  department  of 
geology  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  These  sections  have  been 
enlarged  by  the  aid  of  the  microscoi)e,  and  are  shown  in  the  pbo 
tographic  plates  ( 16  to  22)  duly  identified,  with  the  name,  number,  and 
locality.  Accompanying  them  are  Dr.  Merrill's  descriptions,  while 
Plates  2'i  and  24  show  the  original  specimens  from  which  the  thin  sections 
were  taken,  appropriately  marked  for  identification  and  comparison. 

We  have  now  shown  that  the  chemical  constituents,  the  kind  of 
deposit,  nodules  and  strata,  in  limestone  and  chalk,  general  appearance, 
mode  of  mining  and  of  use  were  practically  the  same  during  prehistoric 
times  in  America  and  in  Europe.  If  the  microscopic  examinations 
show  the  rock  from  both  countries  to  be  of  the  same  cryptocrys 
talline  structure,  the  principal,  if  not  the  sole  difference  being  in  the 
degree  of  purity  (or,  rather,  impurity),  the  author  ventures  to  suggest 
that  there  is  nothirig  gained  by  making  a  distinction  of  names  between 
the  flint  of  Europe  and  that  of  the  United  States,  and  that  the  distinc- 
tion, if  made,  is  so  finely  drawn  as  to  be  impracticable  for  use  by  the 
archiL'ologists  who  deal  with  the  material. 

These  microscopic  sections  have  been  presented  so  that  their  struc- 
ture can  be  compared  and  their  similarity  demonstrated: 

Plate  16,  fig.  1,  represents  a  specimen  of  flint  from  Brandon,'  iijr.  3 
is  from  Grimes  Graves,  and  fig.  3  from  Dorchester,  all  from  England. 

Plate  17,  fig.  1,  is  from  Havelse,  Denmark;  tig.  2  is  from  Mouy, 
Meudon,  France,  while  fig.  3  is  from  Spiennes,  Belgium. 

Plate  18,  fig.  1,  is  from  Grand  Pressigny,  Prance;  figs.  2  and  S  are 
from  Flint  liidge.  Licking  County,  Ohio. 


'  Specimen  I'lg.  1,  on  Plate  16  (flint  from  Hraudou),  is  moclorn. 
historic,  at  least  ancient,  Hpccimens, 


All  others  arr  (ire- 


liii-. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    16. 

Microscopic  thin  Sections  of  Flint. 

Fiy.  1.  Ki.iNT.'  All  extroinely  fine-jufrainetl  .ag<j;regat«' of  chalcedoiiic  ])articlo8.  The 
structure  is  cryptocrystjilliue,  ho  fine  that  the  optical  properties  of  tlie 
iniUvidual  particles  can  not  be  (leterrnined.  Tlironghont  this  crypto- 
crystallino  base  or  jfroiindmass  are  scattered  nnincroiis  small  colorless 
polarizing  particles  and  occasional  segregation  areas  of  the  cbalceliinic 
material  in  a  coarser  or  more  granular  condition.  Heyond  this,  the 
microscope  shows  only  minute  amorphous  yellowish  and  black  p.irtidfs 
which  are  presumably  ferruginous  and  carbonaceous  matter.  Oi;,';inic 
remains  (sponge,  spicula,  and  diatoms)  were  not  specially  songht  I'm,  lnit 
we  find  an  occasional  form  in  outline  suggestive  of  a  chalcedonic  rastof 
the  shell  of  a  foraminifera.  Section  nearly  colorless. 
(Cat.  Xo.  139i:!0,  U.S.N.M.    Brandon,  England.    Plato  24,  tig.  7.) 

Fig.  2.  Flint.     Substantially  the  same  as  Cat.  No.  139130,  with  the  exception  that 
the  section  shows  a  greater  numbt^r  of  the  spherical  areas  of  radiMtiu;; 
particles  of  chalcedonic  cjuartz.     No  forms  observed  that  can  be  ideiiiiried 
with  certainty  as  foraminifera. 
(Cat.  No.  139112,  U.S.N.M.    Grimes  Graves,  Kngland.    Plato  23,  tig.  1.) 

Fig.  3.  Flint.  For  all  the  microscope  discloses,  this  might  be  a  section  from  speci- 
men Cat.  No.  139112,  from  Grimes  Graves.  This  specimen  was  found  bv 
the  author  in  a  prehistoric  workshop  at  Dorchester,  Dorsetshire,  England, 
and  came  from  one  of  the  neighboring  Hint  mines. 

(Cat.  No.  99866,  U.S.N.M.    Dorchester,  England.    Plate  23,  tig.  7.) 

'  Mineralngical  descriptions  by  Dr.  (J.  P.  Merrill,  tT.  S.  National  Museum. 


i 


"  i;hv-y-' 


m- 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897.     Wilson, 


Plate  16. 


Microscopic  thin  sections  of  flint, 

Englard. 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   17. 


Microscopic  Thin  Sections  of  Flint. 

Fi;;.  1.  Flint.'     In  (^vciy  Wiiy  essentially  similar  to  Cat.  No.  139130.      The  si  mei.'a- 
tioii  areas  show  the  tlialcedonic   jtarticles   more  distinctly   in   tin    Ian- 
shaped  or  radiatinjj;  lornis  charactori-stic  of  the  mineral. 
(Cat.  N'o.  101(157,  U.S.X.M.     Hav.lsc.  Doniuark.    Plate  24,  rig.O.) 

Fig.  2.  Flint.  Slightly  loss  uniform  in  structure  than  Cat.  No.  9986(5,  Imi  oiher- 
wise  essentially  the  same.  These  gregatimiB  of  coarser  particles  are  in 
the  form  of  irrejjiilar  strings  and  spots,  rather  than  in  oval  areas  as  m  tlie 
otlier  specimens. 

<Cat,  No.  100138,  U.S.N. M.    Camp  IJarbet,  Mouy,  Meuiloii.   France,    riatu  2;t,  li;.'>.  it.  10.) 

Fig.  3.  S(  KAPKRs.  Groundmass  of  this  rock  is  essentially  similar  to  that  of  ^p(■(;i• 
mens  Cat.  Nos.  1.39130, 1010.57,  from  Urandou,  England,  and  Ilavelse,  Den- 
mark, respectively.  An  occasional  grain  of  quartz  may  be  distinguishable, 
but  the  only  ditVerenco  of  note  is  a  large  amount  of  black  aniorphoiif 
impurities  with  which  the  rock  is  injected.  The  chalcedonic  forms  noli'i' 
in  Cat.  No.  1391.30  as  suggestive  of  Ibraminifera  are  more  abundant  .iiulsn 
plainly  d'.'fined  as  to  leave  no  doubt  regarding  their  nature. 
(Cat.  Xo.  100250,  U.S.N.M.    Spienncs,  Belgium.    Tlato  23,  lig.3.) 


'  ^lineralogioal  (Icsrripticm.s  l>y  llr.  (l.  V.  Merrill,  T.  S.  National  MiLsi'iim. 


Rep.f.  J  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1837  —Wilson 


Plate  |7. 


MICROSCOPIC  THIN  SECTIONS  OF  FLINT. 
Denmark,   France,   and   Belgium. 


I'C  i 


J  .  «w 

M 

1 1 

iiii'i 

li 

( 

H    :i 


1.         ^:, 


I 


m 


R»portfjfU,  S   NdfionalMuj«um,l8'37    -Wilson. 


Plate  19, 


MICROSCOPIC  THIN  SECTIONS  OF  FLINT. 
France  and   United   States. 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE    18. 

Microscopic  Thin  Sections  of  Flint. 


Fi^'.  t.  Fm.nt.'  ThiH  Hpccimon  (Utl'orH  from  (at.  No.  100259,  or  Plate  17,  flR.  3,  first,  in 
<'oarHeue8.s  of  tuxtiiro,  and  Hocond,  in  Hhowing  an  abundant  Hprinltlin^;  of 
L'rystalline  granules  of  <|uai*/..  The  Klido  is  luado  up  of  irrojjiilarly  oval 
areas  of  chalccdonio  jiarticU;-!,  soin  <  <nioH  rondored  almost  opa<ino  by  for- 
niKinous  and  caibonacoous  .n>pnrit!>s,  tho  interstices  being  occupied  by 
tho  material  dilToring  only  in  dfgroe  of  purity,  tlin  carbonacooiiH  niatt«>r 
being  ctmtinod  mainly  to  thti  oval  areas,  tlie  appoarance  being  as  though 
tiin  interstitial  deposit  was  made  sul)seiiuently  and  under  more  favorable 
conditions  (as  regards  purity). 
(Cut.  No.  99008,  U.S.N. M.    (Irand  rrussigiiy  (Indre-et- Loire),  Francf.    Plate  24,  fig.  8.) 

l'i«.  1'.  Pink  klixt.  This,  like  tliose  from  Kuropc,  ia  mainly  a  compact  cryjito- 
crystalline  mass  of  chaicedouic  silica,  with  segregation  areas  of  the  same 
miiterial  showing  the  characteristic  sphcrnlitic  and  fan-shapod  orrange- 
mcnt  of  tho  particles.  In  a  . w  instances  the  slide  shows  small  areas  of 
granular  cry.stallino  quart/.  lerocit  is  injected  with  iron  oxide  suflicient 
to  give  it  a  reddish  or  yollowinh  tinge,  and  the  foraminifera  remains  noted 
in  the  European  specimens  ar<)  ({uite  lacking. 
(Cat.  No.  98.'}44,  U.S.N.M.    Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County,  Ohio.     Plate  24,  (lit.  «•) 

Fi^'.  H.  Hi.ACK  FLINT.  This  slide  differs  from  the  last  (Cat.  No.  9834 1 )  mainly  in  being 
of  finer  texture  and  in  carrying  an  abundance  of  muddy  and  opaque  car- 
bonaceous matter  which  ia  not  distributed  uniformly  through  tho  mass  of 
the  rock,  but  occurs  rather  in  blotches  and  streaks.  Tho  slide  sliows 
further  numerous  irregular  sharply  angular  areas  with  curvilinear  out- 
lines so  tilled  with  impurities  as  to  be  of  a  dirty-brown  color,  and  which 
are  wholly  without  action  on  polarized  light,  indicative  of  silica  in  an 
opalescent  form.  There  arc  numerous  elongated  cylindrical  bodices  which 
arc  without  action  on  polarized  light,  wliich  are  suggestive  of  something 
of  an  organic,  nature. 
(Cat.  No.  98344a,  U.S.N.M.     Flint  Ridgo,  Licking  County,  Ohio.    riuti<  24,  tig.  4.) 


'  .Mincrnlogical  descriptions  by  Dr.  G.  V.  Merrill,  U.  S.  National  MiLseiini. 


Report  of  U.  b.  National  Museum,  1897,— Wilson, 


Platf  19 


MICROSCOPIC  THIN  SECTIONS  OF  FLINT. 
United  States. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    19. 


« 


Microscopic  Thin  Sections  of  Flint. 

I  ijr.  1.  AViUTE  I  i.i.vT,'  This  sectiou  shows  a  ground  of  cbalcodoiiic  particles  inter- 
spersed with  numerous  irregular  areas  filled  with  an  outer  zone  of  chalce- 
donic  material  and  interstitially  with  calcito.  The  striu'tnre  niayheeom- 
pared  with  amygdaloids  of  voJeanu'  rocks.  It  shows  a  single  shred  of 
ferruginous  mica. 
((.'at.  Xo  59726,  IT.S.X.M.     Pike  County,  Illinoi.s.     Pl.ite  2:t  da.  '>.) 

Fii^.  L'.  Hr  ACK  ILINT  DISK.  This  slide  differs  from  anything  we  have  had,  in  that, 
while  it  is  composed  mainly  of  chaleedonic  silica,  it  has,  under  the  micro- 
scope, an  almost  granular  aspect,  and  carries,  moreover,  a  large  amount  of 
calcite.  There  is  very  little  true  quartz,  the  larger  granules  and  crypto- 
crystalline  portions  showing  the  optical  properties  of  chalcedony.  The 
most  marked  characteristics  of  the  rock  is  the  abundar.'^c  of  calcite  as 
above  noted,  and  which  occurs  in  the  form  of  aggn^gate  and  minute  irregu- 
lar particles  as  fine  as  dust,  distributed  throughout  the  entire  mass  of  the 
rock,  and  also  in  wtdl-defined  rhomboidal  crystals.  Nothing  of  organic 
forms  IS  recognizable.  Qualitative  test  shows  the  jircsence  of  lime, 
alumina,  and  iron,  as  well  as  silica. 
(Cat,  No.  15350,  U.S.N.M.     Cass  County,  IlliiKiis.     Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder.     Plato  24,  lif;.  5.) 

Fig.  ;{.  CnEiJT.     A  dense  brownish  aggregate  of  chalcedony  and  calcite.  with  many 
elongated  rounded  and  oval  areas  now  occupied  by  calcite  crystals,  but 
which  are  suggestive  in  outline  of  Fusulina. 
(Cat.  No.  26582,  U.S.N. M.    Kansas.) 


'  Minoralogical  descriptions  by  Dr.  G.  P.  Merrill,  U.  S.  National  Musouiu. 


AliROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


S77 


I'liiif  19,  t\g.  1,  is  from  IMkc  County,  lUiiuMs;  tij--.  li  is  one  of  the 
lilatk  liint  disks  from  (Jass  County,  Illinois,  an«l  tig;.  .">  is  chert  from 
Kansas. 

I'latc  -0,  hg.  1,  is  from  Illinois;  fig.  2  from  near  the  Chain  Bridge, 
Distritt  of  Columbia. 

Till'  author  respectfully  submits  that  these  microsc«>i)ic  investigations 
(Iciiiuiistrate  that  the  tlint  of  America  and  that  of  ['Europe  both  have 
the  same  structure,  that  both  are  cryptoerystalline,  that  the  ditferenees 
arc  more  of  purity  thau  aught  else,  and  that  if  one  is  entitled  to  be 
(•allfd  Hint  the  other  is  also. 

Other  materials,  as  well  as  all  variations  of  Hint,  were  used  by  the 
pi'cliistoric  man  for  his  im[)lements,  and  as  a  contribution  to  tiie  general 
siihjtH't  thin  sections  were  also  made  of  such  specimens  as  were  con- 
vi'iiicnt  and  satisfactory,  and  submitted  to  microscopic  examination  by 
Dr.  Merrill: 

i'latt>  -0,  fig.  .'J,  is  argillite  from  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

Plate  21,  llg.  1,  is  oolitic  chert  from  Cape  May,  New  Jersey;  fig.  2, 
jjray  chert  froni  Miss«)uri,  and  fig.  3,  quartzite  from  Pots<lam,  New 
Vorlv. 

Plate  22,  fig.  1,  is  (piartz  porphyry  from  Norfolk,  Coiinectiitut;  fig.  2, 
iioiii  Cliain  Bridge,  District  of  Columbia;  and  fig.  3,  diabase,  from 
Spartanburg,  South  Carolina. 

Plates  23  and  24  represent  the  specimens  from  whicli  the  foregoing 
microscopic  thin  sections  were  nuule. 

VI.  MANUFACTURE  OF  ARROWPOINTS  AND  SPEARHEADS, 


This  subject  has  been  treated  in  many  essays  and  addresse.s.  The 
A  iiiropologi(!al  Society  of  Washington  City,  under  the  supervision  of 
Dr.  Otis  T.  Mason,  devoted  an  evening  during  the  season  of  181H  to 
tlic  subject  of  arrows  an«l  arrowpoints.  Siiort  addresses  were  delivered, 
papers  read,  and  the  proceedings  published.'  Dr.  Ilobnes,  Mr.  Gill, 
and  ,Mr.  Cashing  spoke  on  the  manufacture;  the  author  on  ancient 
t'oriiis;  Dr.  Hough  on  arrow  feathering  and  pointing;  Colonel  Flint  on 
iiKtdcrn  archery;  Dr.  llott'uian  on  poisoned  arrows,  and  Capt.  John  (i. 
l)()inke,  IJ.  S.  A.,  on  the  arrow  among  tiie  Indians. 

Attempts  at  making  stone  arrowpoints  have  resulted  in  some  jjersons 
attaining  a  degree  of  proficiency  whicli,  being  in  the  interest  of  the 
science,  is  laudable;  Messrs.  W.  If.  Holmes,  Frank  H.  Cashing,  and 
De  Lancy  Gill  are  experts  in  the  making  of  stone  arrowpoints,  and  the 
latter  gave  an  exhibition  of  his  skill  before  the  Anthropological  Society 
of  Washington  in  1801.  Unhappily,  a  few  persons  have  prosecuted  it 
for  iiiun  and  with  intent  to  defraud,  representing  their  objects  as  of 
geimiue  antiipiity ;  when  so  done  it  is  no  better  than  forgery  and  should 
be  i»unished  as  a  crime. 


'  The  Atnericaii  Anthropologist,  IV,  pp.  45-74. 


tL 


87H 


KEI'OkT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1897. 


At  the  I'aris  Exjufsitioii  of  1<S.S1>  Dr.  Cai)itan  displayed  a  aeries  of 
stone  iiiipleineiitsiii  all  stages  of  progress  and  a])proaehing  completion, 
together  with  the  tools  used  in  their  manufacture.  The  i)ossible  iiictliod 
of  making  stone  implements  was  discussed  at  tiie  tenth  session  ol  the 
International  Congress  of  Prehistoric  Arclueology  of  Paris  in  is.sil. 
M.  A.  de  Mortillet  showed,  with  illustrations,  the  cracking  and  chii)iiin(r 
of  Hint  by  the  heat  of  tiie  sun,  exposure  to  the  air,  by  lire,  by  iktciks- 
sion,  and  pressure.  Dr.  Oai)itan  gave  a  practical  demonstration  of  the 
methods  employed.  Hc^  used  the  hammer,  with  and  without  the  inter- 
vention of  a  punch,  by  stroke,  free  hand,  and  on  the  anvil.  The  nucleus 
was  the  debris,  while  the  Hake  wjis  the  desired  produiit.  Tlu*  Hake, 
larger  or  smaller,  once  obtained,  was  subjeetetJ  to  se(!ondary  chip]iiiiL;, 

by  which  it  was  made  into 
the  arrowpoint,  spearliead, 
or  knife,  acicording  to  tiie 
intention  of  the  maker  and 
the  possibilities  of  th.e  mate 
rial.  This  was  done  by  per- 
cussion or  striking  with  a 
hammer  either  with  or  witli- 
out  the  intervention  of  a 
punch,  while  the  object  is 
held  in  the  hand  or  on  tlie 
knee;  by  i»ressure  with  a 
llaker,  and  (for  other  imple- 
ments than  arrow  or  speai 
heads)  by  hammering  or 
pecking,  and  by  grinding 
or  polishing.' 

Sir  John  Evans  interested 
the  International  Congress 
of  Prehistoric  Archa'ology, 
held  in  Norwich,  England, 
in  1808,  by  making  in  its 
presence  tiint  implements,  both  by  pressure  and  percussion.  At  the 
meeting  of  the  Uritish  Association  in  Aberdeen  he  showed  specimens  of 
the  Hint  knapper's  work  obtained  by  his  son,  Mr.  Arthur  J.  Evans,  in 
the  town  of  Joannina,  in  the  province  of  Epirus,  8(mthern  Albania. 
Mr.  Arthur  J,  Evans  had  met  the  old  worknum  in  the  streets  engaged  in 
making  the  strike-alights  for  nuirket,  and  after  seeing  him  work,  get 
ti"*"  samples  of  his  wares  and  materials,  being  shown  the  limestone 
piateau  from  which  he  obtained  the  flint  nodules,  Mr.  Evans  purchased 
the  entire  outfit,  flint,  tools,  and  all,  and  they  were  exhibited  before  the 
association.    Afterwards  the  paper  was  read  before  the  Anthropolog- 


MADB 


Figs.  62,  63. 

IRON    KLAKINO    HAMMKR    AND    A     ''STKIKB-A-LIOHT ' 
WITH  IT. 

Albania,  Greece. 

Collected  by  .Mr,  Arthur  .1.  KvatiM,    .loiir.  Aiithrop,   Inst.,  XVI,  pi.  1,  ti^ti,  l-:i, 
Niittiritl  size. 


'  Report  of  International  Congress,  American  NaturaliBt,  XXV,  November,  IS'.M, 
p.  1032. 


KPfWi 


Repo 


'U    S' 


^'\ 


n. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    20. 
Microscopic  thin  Sections  of  Flint  and  other  Rock. 

V\^.  1.  Ulack  rMNT.i  ICssontially  tlic  same  combination  as  Cat.  No.  153.")0.  irom 
iniiioin. 

( W.  X .     I'lates  l!l,  (ij;.  '1 ;  24,  Hf{.  r..) 

Fig.  2.  .\i{(iH,i,rn;.  Scbistoso  aggregate  of  (jnartz  particle;*  and  much  nndetti  unli- 
able gray  matter  wliieh  might  readily  jtass  ibr  partially  metaiiiorplio^ed 
.irgillitic  material  of  a  sedimantary  rock. 

(Ciit.Xo.  IMOIO.  r.S.N.M.    DiHtntt  of  Ci)liiiiil>la,  vicinity  of  Chain  BriU};e.    Plate  24,  lis.li.) 

Fig.  3.  AK(;ii.litk  ?  Tlie  groundmasB  of  thi.s  rock  is  made  up  of  a  gray  materiiil  hIiow- 
ing  between  a  crossed  nicol.  No  di.stinct  crystalline  forms,  bnt  breakiii!;  np 
as  tiie  stages  revolve  into  irregular  areas  polarizing  faintly  in  liglit  mid 
dark  colors.  The  properties  are  too  obscure  to  be  of  determiuative  value. 
Tiiroughout  this  gronndmass  are  scattered  numerous  irregular  ari  a>»  of 
i|uartz,  of  fehlspars  which  have  crystallized  in  xitii,  and  small  shriiUdt 
greenish  mica.  I  am  unable  to  satisfy  myself  regarding  the  petrographic 
nature  of  the  rock,  and  can  on!v  suggest  that  it  may  be  an  argillai  tons 
sedimentary  which  has  undergone  a  certain  amount  of  dynamic  mcta- 
morphisui. 

(Cat.  No. 9y.'Ci>,  U.S.N.M.    Trenton,  New  Jersey.) 


■  Miueralogiual  deacriptious  by  Dr.  (i.  P.  Murrlll,  U.  S.  National  Museum. 


ofU,  S    National  Muoi-uin    1897.-- Wilscin 


Plate  20. 


3r)0,  iroin 


letcniiiii- 
or|)ho>e(l 


iai  hIiow- 
tikilii;  li]i 

iylil  iiiid 
vc  v;iliic, 

an-.n  of 
shredsot 
ogruphic 

ill.'HCOll.'* 

if  lueta- 


i    I- 


MICROSCOPIC  THIN  SECTIONS  OF  FLINT  AND  OTHER  ROCKS. 

United  States. 


■m 


I     >■ 


I 


J 

I 


■!j  ! 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   21. 

Microscopic  Thin  Sections  of  Flint  and  Other  Rocks. 

Via.  !•  Oolitic  <'IIKut.  This  is  iiiado  up  of  roiuuled  concretionary  niasscH  of  i  h  ilce- 
(Ionic  Hilicaludd  together  by  an  interstitial  cement,  which  is  Lirjjely  iiiuutz 
in  a  finely  <{rainilar  condition,  but  in  part  (^liah-edony.  The  oolitic  Imhii^ 
are  rendered  very  impure  by  incloBures  of  dust-like  particles  aiul  IiI.k  k, 
ojiaqnc  particles  of  iron  ore,  whih-  the  interstitial  material  is  coiiiimra- 
tively  o(»lorlesH. 

(Ciii>t>  Miiy,  New  Jerncy.) 

Fig.  -.  (iUAY  ciiKUT.  This  section  shows  a  mass  of  irregular  rounded  oval,  ^n  ally 
elonj^atcd  and  sometimes  angular,  areas  with  <'ur\  ilinoar  outlines,  nf  a 
dirty-brownish  color,  and  which  are  sometimes  wholly  without  iictidn  on 
polarized  light  and  sometimes  show  tho  cryptocrystalline  structure  rhai- 
teristic  of  chalcedony.  These  areas  are  interspersed  with  silica  in  tlic  ripiui 
of  colorless  chalcedony  and  granular  quartz. 

(Cut.  No.  71007,  I'.S.N.M.    Clark  or  Lewis  County,  Mi.sHoiiri.     I'latf  23,  Ug.  0.) 

Fig.  3.  (^lAinziTK.  An  indurated  siliceous  sandstone,  cimsisting  of  well-roiiiHlcd 
grains  of  colorless  i|nart/  l)oand  into  a  compact  mass  by  a  secondary  diNpo- 
sitiou  of  interstitial  silica.  This  secondary  silica  has  so  oriented  iisilf 
with  regard  to  the  original  sand  grains  as  to  convert  the  rock  inio  an 
aggregate  of  imperfectly  outlined  quartz  crystal.-*,  of  which  the  orij,'iMal 
sand  grains  form  the  nuclei. 
(Cat.  No.  202C«l,  U.S.N.M.    Potsdam,  New  York.) 


Mineralo;;ieal  (toscriptiuus  by  I>r.  <}    ?.  Merrill.  IT.  S.  Xatioual  Musonin. 


R,p    t  of  U.  S.  National  Muicum,  18)7.  -Wilkon. 


^-isr- 


Plate  21 


MicRoscopr:  thin  sections  of  flint  and  other  rocks. 

United  States. 


Raport  of  U.  S.  National  Museum.  1897. — Wilson. 


Plate  22, 


f:,.i. 


MICROSCOPIC  THIN  SECTIONS  OF  ROCKS,  USED  FOR  AJORIGINAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

United  States, 


Plate  22. 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE   22. 

Microscopic  Thin  Sections  of  Rocks,  Used  for  Aboriginal  Implements. 

Y'i<i.l.  Quartz  pokpiiyry.  Adensefelsite  gronndmass,  bearinjj  abninlant  ([Uartzes 
ill  both  rounded  and  angular  forms,  often  deeply  corroded  and  more  rarely 
well-defined  phenocrysts.  The  structure  is  common  to  the  quart/  porphy- 
ries, but  shows  no  appreciable  How  structure.  In  asingle  instance  is  ".oted 
a  brilliantly  polarizing  aggregate  of  the  manganese  epidote.  piedraontite. 
(Cat.  Xo.  27861,  T .S.X.M.    Norfolk,  Connoctiout.) 

Fij;.  2.  Arcilmtk  ?.     Schistose,  semi-metamorphic  rofk,  the  optical  properties  of 
which  are  too  obscure  for  satisfactory  determination. 

(((!.  U.)  Cliaiii  Bridge,  Virginia,  or  Di.striit  of  Columbia.) 

FiJ,^3.  DiAUASK    This  shows  a  wholly  crystalline  aggregate  of  el  ugated  feldspar 
and  augite  with  the  characteristic  ophitic  structure  of  diabase. 
(Cat.  Xo.  16708,  U.S.N.M.    Spartanburg,  South  Carolina.) 


hT>8^3 


Mineralogical  <lescriptiou8  by  Prof.  G.  I'.  Merrill,  V.  S.  National  ^luseum. 


11    I 


Report  of   U    S    Nat  "na!  Mus(  um,   I  8S7,  -  Wilson. 


Plate  23. 


Specimens  of  Rock  from  which  thin  Sections  were  made. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    23. 


Fig.  1.  JiiiDK  Flint  Implement. 

(Cat.  'So.  139112,  T.S.N.M.    Prehistorir  iiiiii«s,  Grituea  (iravrs,  Hraiidon,  Sntlolk,  Eng- 
laTid.    Edward  Lovett.) 

Fii;.  2.  Flint  Flake. 

(Cat.  Jso.  139078,  TT.S.N.M.     Prehistoric  mines,  Cissbnry,  Sussex,  England.     Edward 
Lovctt.) 

Fig.  'A.  Worked  Flake,  Scraper. 

(Cat.  Tso.  100259,  U.S.N.M.     Prehistoric,  mine,  Spiennes,  Belginm.     Thomas  Wilson.) 

Fig.  4.  Rude  Flint  Implement. 

(Cat.  Xo.  98346,  U.S.N.M.    Prehistoric  mine  or  (piarry,  Flint  Kidge,  Licking  County, 
Oliio.    Gerard  Fowkc.) 

Fig.  n.  Leak-shaped  Implement  of  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  59726,  U.S.N.M.    Monnd.  Pike  County,  Illinois.    Kcv.  T.  1).  Weems.) 

Fig.  6.  LEAF-.SIIAPED  Implement  ov  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  71607.  T^S.N.M.     Clark  County,  Missouri.    P.  W.  Norris.) 

Fig.  7.  Worked  Flint  Flake  (neolithic). 

(Cat.  No.  99866,  r.S.N.M.    Dorchester,  England.    Thomas  Wilson.) 

Fig.  8.  Fragment  of  Small  Flint  Implement. 

(Cat.  No.  lOlOSH,  U.S.N.M.     Kitchen-Midden,   Havclsc,  near   Copenhagen,  Denmark. 
Tlionias  Wilson.) 

Figs.  9,  10.  Worked  Flint  Flakes. 

(Cat.  No.  100138,  U.;:  N.M.    Camp  Barlu't,  Mouy,  near  Paris  (Seine-et-Oi«e),  France, 
Thomas  Wilson.) 

Fig.  11.  Flint  Nlcleus. 

(Cat.  No.  100139,  U.S.N.M.    Camp  Barhet,  France.     Thomas  Wilson.) 

Figs.  12,  13,  15.  Flint  Scrapers. 

(Cat.  Nos.  100103,  100097,  100110,  €   <.N.M.    Camp  Barbct,  France.    Thomas  Wilson.) 

Fig.  14.  Flint  Hammer.stone. 

(Cat.  No.  100086,  U.S.N.M.    Camp  Barbet,  France.    Thomas  Wilson.) 


wM 

jp 

^Bi 

m 

'  n 

*» 

m  -n 


Roont  of  U    S   National  Mi.oiim,  1897      Wilsor,. 


Hlate  :4. 


J^ 


.  -  ^  T'.  >r'  ««^-.'       "^ 


^ifeH^,, 


>"* 


itiW 


^ 


^  ^  # 


Specimens  of  Rock  from  which  thin  Sections  were  made. 


HiHiytt 


liil'AlnJ  '• 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    24. 


Fij;.  1.  Bui)E  Flint  Implement. 

(Cat.  No.  08;t40,  II.S.N.M.    I'rehistorii^  mine  or  quarry,  Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County, 
Olii  1.    Gerard  Fowke.) 

Fiji  2.  Leak-shaped  Implement  of  QrAUTZ-PORPHYRv. 

(Cat.  No.  139026,  U.S.N.M.    Muney  Valley,  went  lirauch  of  Susquehanna  Klv^r,  Penn- 
sylvania.   J.  M.  M.  Gernerd.) 

Fi^.  ;^.  Leaf-shaped  I.mplement  OF  Aroillite  (?).  ~ 

(Cat.  No.  139010,  U.S.N.M.    District  of  Colunibin,  in  vicinity  of  Chain  Bridge.    Ernest 
Shoemaker.) 

Fig.  I.  Flint  Core. 

(Cat.  No.  98344a,  U.S.N.M.    I'rehistoric  mine  or  i|narry,  Flint  Ridge,  Licking  County, 
Ohio.    Gerard  Fowke.) 

Fig.  5.  Chipped  Flint  Disk. 

(Cat.  No.  15350,  U.S.N.M.    Cass  County,  Illinois.    Dr.  J.  F.  Suyder.) 
Fig.  fi.  Flint  Core. 

(Cat.  No.  98344,  U.S.N.M.    Prehistoric  mine  or  quarry,  Flint  lUdge,  Licking  County, 
Ohio.    Gerard  Fowke.) 

Fig.  7.  Modern  Gunflint. 

(Cat.  No.  139130,  U.S.N.M.    Brandon,  England.    Edward  Lovett.) 
Fig.  8.  Large  Worked  Flint  Flake. 

(Cat.  No.  99908,  U.S.N.M.    Grand  Pressigny  (Indre-et-Loire),  France.    Thomas  Wilson.) 
Fig.  9.  Fragment  of  Flint  Flake. 

(Cat. No.  101057,  U.S.N.M.    Havelc,  Denmark.    Thomas  Wilson.) 

Figs,  10-12.  Fragments  of  small  Flint  Implements. 

(Cat.  No.  101058,  U.S.N.M.     Kitchen-Midden,  Haveise,  near  Copenhagen,  Denmark. 
Thomas  Wilson.) 


A  -I 
mif  tlii 
lii'iiiiil, 
III'  ;i    111 
illr  i< 
vci\     » 

I 'si  11'^' 
Willi 

tcnty, 
til.-   Il: 
i{iiiii'il 
swill 
till'  liai 


ARROVVI'OINTH,  HI'KARHKADS,  AND    KNIVK8. 


H7!) 


Viti.  01. 

KUNT  rilUK  Will!  IIH  Kl.  \     i;S  I.V  I'l.ACB  AM  HritrOK. 
Kvifcim  All'  I 'lit  Muiii-  liiiiiliiiiiciiU,  (I,  l*<,  11^.  '.'. 


iciil  IiiHtitutc,  [iondoii,  uihI  piibliHlied,  and  tli«  ohJectH  wore  llj;«nod.' 
Tlir  iiuthor  has  tiikeii  tliC!  liberty  of  iisin^  tlic  t);;iire  of  tlic  liaiinnur 
M]\\  OIK)  of  tliu  tliiit  Mtrilvu-a  lights  iiiudo  with  it  (ligH.  (>2,  (>.'{). 
Mr.  Kvims  d('s<!rilH)«  th«)  haiiiiii«>r  as*— 

A  iiihII  fl<iii<rat«(l  mtctiiHi  itrHi|Uai'i',  rmic  y  hi-ittttii  iron  lt:ii,  Hhoiit^.)  hirlutHlnii^  Ity 
Hill' iliinl  of  ail  iiK-li 
liiiiiiil.  liittxl  liy  iiioiiim 
III'  ;i  IiuIk  ill  thu  niid- 
illc  ill  wliat;  suoiitud  a 
vii.\  MloiHl<'r  liaiullo. 
IMii.;  thi8  iiiMtruiiiciit 
with  inarvuloiis  *lu\- 
tcnty,  lid  t'liippvd  out 
tin  iliiku  into  tliii  ro- 
i|iiiii-il  hIii)])i)  by  Hliort, 
swilt  nitli"  Htrnk«8  of 
till'  liainiiu'r  (p.  (i5). 

iNifei'oncc  is 
iiiiiiic.  to  Platus 
S-10,  wliere  tlio 
inothMn  Kiiglish 
Hint  knapper's 
liiitiimer  is  shown 
ill  all  its  varieties, 
Nillson-  gives  liin  personal  experience  in  the  art  of  Hint  ehipping. 
I'iie  methods  of  treating  the  nodnle  or  bhtck  of  tlint  by  the  use  of  the 
liiiiMUier  (1)  in  preparing  the  nucleus,  and  (13)  in  striking  otV  the  Hakes, 
liiive  been  shown  in  Plates  S-IO  and  tigs.  (i2-(»r),  and  «lescribed  in  the 
niakiny  of  gunllints  at  iSrandon  mine  an<l  the  nuclei  at  (irand  I'ressigny 

(Plate  7,  tig.   1).     By  these  de- 
scriptions,   combined    with    the 
figure  of  a  nucleus  or  core  with 
the  Hakes  «nce  struck  otl'  and 
then  replaced,  the  operation  will 
be  understood  and  the  descrip- 
tions need  not  be  rei>eated.     Fig. 
04   shows  one  of  these  nodules 
from  the  lirandon  quarry  which 
has    been    chipped   into    Hakes, 
ready  lo  be  cut  up  into  guntliuts 
or  arrow  points.    These   Hakes,  having   been  struck  otl",  are,  in  the 
eiij;raviug,  replaced  so  as  to  show  the  process.     Fig.  05  is  a  section 
ol'  a  tiint  nucleus,  with  several  flakes  in  process  of  being  struck  ofif. 

Plate  25  shows  the  cores,  flakes,  and  the  finished  arrowheads  of 
obsidian  as  they  are  found  in  America.  This  material  is  of  vol- 
canic origin  and   it  is   usually   attributed   to  the   Rocky   Mountain 


FiK.  05. 

SKlTION    nV    KMNT    NVCLKl'S,  SllOWINii    HOW    KI.AKKS 
AKK  HTIiUCK  OFF. 


'  Proceedings,  XVI,  p.  65,  pi.  i. 
-The  StoiKt  Ago  of  ScaiuUliavia,  p.  7, 


880 


KKPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,    1«97. 


;!<)! 


Mi 
Mi  ^ 


f 


r^'l 


ranges,  though  by  coininen;e  specimens  liave  traveled  great  distancos. 
Prof.  W.  K.  Moorehead  found  about  a  thousand  large  and  well 
wrought  obsidian  spearheads  and  arrowpoints  in  the  great  mound  on 
Hopewell  farm,'  Koss  County,  Ohio,  which  he  has  cited  in  The  Am i- 
(luariau.'^ 

The  specimens  shown  in  Plate  25,  figs.  1  to  4,  are  cores  of  great  si/e 
and  beauty.  The  flakes  have  never  been  replaced  as  in  the  case  of  f  Ik* 
Iirandon  roru  Just  shown,  but  one  can  easily  see  that  the  mode  of  niaini 
facture  was  the  same.  They  vore  struck  off  by  a  blow,  and  tiie  (mhi 
choid  of  percussion  is  always  to  be  seen  on  both  the  Hake  and  the  coic. 
Tlie  arrowpomts  and  spearheads,  le.af-shaped  and  stemmed,  are  sampli  s 
of  those  of  obsidian  from  the  Tacific  coast.  Their  chipping  sliows 
delicate  workmanship. 


HAMMBRSTONBS. 

Fij;.  86.— White  .jappery  flint.  Fi^.  67.— Qiiartzite  pitted. 

OL.o.  New  York. 

Cat.  No.  17311,  U.S.N'.M.     ij  natiinil  size.  Cut.  . Sep.  6605,  U  .i.N.M.     ^^  natural  slie. 

The  principal  tool  used  by  prehistoric  m  m  was  the  stone  hammer 
(fig.  00-7).  Thousands  of  the.se  have  been  found,  and  their  distribii 
tion  extends  over  nearly  the  entire  prehistoric  world.  They  were  hard, 
so  as  to  stand  the  blows  without  breaking.  Any  sort  of  stone  wliicli 
possessed  the  refpiisite  condition  of  hardness  and  was  of  suitable  size 
would  serve  the  purpose.  Bowlders  of  (luartzite  were  not  infrequently 
used  and  the  ]>eriphery  or  prominent  ends  or  corners  frequently  show 
the  battered  or  pecked  surface,  the  evidence  of  use.  Many  of  these 
quarfzite  bowlders  have  a  cup  marking  on  the  one  o-  i»e  other  of  the 
flattened  sides,  the  preci.se  purposes  of  which  have  never  been  sat- 
isfactorily determined.  It  has  bee:  contended  by  some  that  they  were 
indentations  for  the  t!uimb  and  fingers,  to  assist  in  holding  the  hammer 
in  the  hand,  but  this  theory  has  not  been  accepte('. 


'Clark's   Work;   8(Hiit'i-  iiiul    D;i\is,  Siiiithsoniun   ('ontributions  to   Knowk'dgc. 
No.  1,  i».  2(i,  ))!.  x, 
'^October,  IH\)7,  p.  255,  lig.  xlvii;.  Noveiulter,  181»7,  p.  '2{)\,  figs.  1,  liv,  Iv. 


flistancos. 
and   well 
mouiMl  oil 

The  Ami. 


ffreat  si/c 
r;ase  oft  he 
e  ofniaiiii 
i  the  (;()i|. 
cl  the  coio. 
resainphs 
iiiff  shows 


hammer 
distribii- 
ere  hard, 
ne  wliich 
:able  size 
equeutly 
itly  show 
of  tliese 
er  of  the 
>een  sat- 
hey  were 
hammer 


Qowledgc, 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  25. 


lu       11       12       n 


17  IK  19 


'<  b 

7  8 

14  15 

i!i  r2 


23         24         2".       26       27       28       2!t       ;!0       HI 


^1 

I  I 


fXs.  l-ii.  OnsiniAX  Cohp:s. 

(Cat.  Xos.  !W772, 9H771.  98768, 1'.S.N.M.    Cliolula,  M.'xico.     ^\'.  \V.  Blake.) 

g.  4.  ohsikiax  Coim:. 

(Cat.  Xo.  1049.  tl.S.X.M.     Mouiiil  nc-ur   Vera  tiniz,  Mexico.     Lieuteuant    Van   Wvck 

V.  S.  X.) 

igs. ").»').  Ohsidiax  Corks. 

(Cat.  No.H.  il877ti.  98709.  r.S.N.M.     Mexico.     AV.  W.  Ulakc.) 

gs.  7, 8,  .SiMAi.i,  Flakks  oi'  Ohsidiax. 

(Cat.  K'o.  211025,  U.S.X.M.    Mounds  near  Conlova,  Mexico     Dr.  Hujjo  Finck.) 

g.  y.    LKAI'-SIIArED    I.MI'I.K.MKNT   OF   OBSIDIAN. 

(Cat.  Xo.  i:)n;i97,  r.S.X'.M.    Klamath  Indian  licservation,  Oregon.     C.  IC.  Smith.) 

Ig.  10.    LKAI'-SIIAPFJ>   iMrLKMKNT  OK   OiiSlDIAX  (biokeu). 

(Cat.  Xo.  9347,  U.S.X.?!.     Coidova.  Mexico.     Dr.  Hugo  Finck.) 

g.  11.  WoKKKD  Flakk  ok  Ousidiax  (scnipci' ?). 

(Cat.  Xo.  98765,  r.,S.X..M.    Mexico.    W.  W.  lUake.) 

igs.  12-15.  Fi.AKKs  OK  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xo.  9;;.")9,  r.S.X.M.     Cordova,  iloxico.     Dr.  lluiro  Fin<'k.) 

g.  16.  Akkowi'oixt  OK  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xo.!)8777.  f.S.X.M.     Mexico.     W.  W  .  Hlake.) 

ig.  17.  Ahuowi'oint  of  Obsidian. 

((Jat.  Xo.9355,  C.S.X.M.     ('ordo\  a,  Mexico      Dr.  Hugo  r'inck.) 

g.  IS.  Aubowi'oint  ok  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xo.  987SI2.  I'.S.X.M.    Tezcnco,  Mexico.     \V.  \V.  I'.lake.) 

gs.  19, 20.  Aiiijowpoixi.-  OK  Obsidian. 

(Cat.XoH.  9354,9;),'):!.  r.S.X^'.M.     Cordova,  Mexico.     Dr.  Hugo  Finck.) 

g.  21.  Leak-siiai'KD  Imim.k.mkxt  ok  (Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xo.  93,')2,  I'.S.X.M.    Cordova,  Mexico.     Dr.  Hugo  Kinck.) 

g.  22.  AiUiowi'oiNT  OK  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xo.  139398.  I'.S.X.M.     Klaiuath  Didian  Reservation,  Oregon.     ('.  IC.  Sniitli.i 

gs.  23,  24.  Ahhowi'oixts  ok  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  Xos.  98781.  9878'i,  F.S.X.M.     Mexico.     W.  W.Hlako.) 

gs.  25-27.  Ohsidiax  Aukow  points. 

(Cat.  Xo.  149391,  U.S.X.M.     liiittes,  4  inili  s  west  of  Upper  (Jallinus,  Xew  Mexico,     ],i  ut. 
Ir.M.  Wheeler.) 

g.  28.  Leak-shaped  Lmplemknt  of  Obsidian. 

((."at.  No.  14.XI27,  U.S.X.M.     "  Eiiuiis  beds  "  near  Silver  Lake,  Oregon.     Pfof.  E.  D.  Cul.cl 

Ig.  2!t.    WOHKKD    Kl.AKK   OK   OBSIDIAN. 

(Cat.  Xo.  35176,  U.S.X.M.     Island  of  Crete,     (i.  L.  Feiiardoiit.) 

g.  30.  Ohsidiax  Coke. 

(Cat.  Xo.  35169.  U.S.X.M.     Island  of  Crete.     U.  L.  Feuardent.) 

g.  31.  Fi.iXT  Coke. 

(Cat.  Xo.  100953,  U.S.X.M.     Lund,  Sweden.     Thoinas  Wilson.) 


R,;     -mI  U.  S.  Natinrai  M'jseuni,   1897— WHson. 


Plate  25. 


It   Villi   WM-k. 

•k.) 
luitli.) 


iniMi 


exiro,     1,;  ut. 


I'.E.  D.  Coi..'.) 


Obsidian  Cores,  Flakes,  and  finished  Arrowpoints. 

rriiiii|ially  tiniii  Nurlli  Aiin'iii-a. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEAUHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


S81 


Tlit^  lU'iiicipal  kind  of  liummei-  used,  especially  iii  Europe  uud  at  Flint 
Kid^e  in  Ohio,  and  in  all  other  places  where  there  is  a  stratum  of  tlint, 
is  ii  1  nde  and  irregular  piece  of  flint  from  the  ledge.  Its  sharp  corners 
and  edges  served  better  the  purpose  of  a  hammer,  enabling  the  work- 
men to  strike  a  more  precise  blow  and  with  a  smaller  point  of  impact. 


Fi^.  69. 

ESKIMO  APlOW  FLAKERS,  POINT  OP  BEINDERR  HORN,  HANDLK  (>!••  IVORY. 
Evuni'i  Ancient  Stout)  [tiipltiuitiiits,  p.  ;{>.  ti;:,  !<. 

As  one  corner  or  edge  became  worn,  the  hammer  was  turned  in  the  hand 
to  present  another,  until  at  last  the  corners  were  all  worn  off  and  the 
tool  became  practically  a  globe,  when  it  is  believed  to  have  been  unlit 
ior  further  use  and  was  discarded. 


Fig.  71. 

ESKIMO  ARROW  FLAKBRS,  POINTS  OK  REINDEER  HORN,  HANDLES  OP  WOOD  AND  IVORY. 

I  Mate  5,  flg.  11,  represents  a  hammerstone  from  Spieunes,  P>elgium, 
and  Plate  7,  tig.  11,  one  from  Grand  Pressiguy,  France.     In  working 
NAT  MUS  97 56 


m 


882 


UEPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1«97. 


flint  in  modurii  times  stcol  Ijiiniiners  are  eniployeil.  (See  Plates  S-io^ 
ligs.  02,  m.) 

Mr.  J.  I).  McGuire  lias  publislied  the  result  of  some  experiments  on 
the  hanuiierstone.' 

In  the  inventory  of  tools  the  flaker  must  not  be  overlooked.  jMaiiy 
of  these  have  been  found.  Tlie  Eskimos  use  those  of  ivory  fastened 
to  a  handle  (liys.  <>.S-71).  These  were  used  for  ehipi»ing  by  pressure. 
The  real  prehistoric  flakers  have  been  found.  They  were  simply  pieces 
of  bone  or  horn,  usually  the  point  of  a  deer  horn,  with  sullicient  leiij;tii 
to  insure  a  firm  grij*.  Tlie  workman,  havinj;'  chipped  his  piece  to  itroper 
form  by  percussion,  desiring  to  bring  it  to  an  edge,  took  it  in  one  liaiid, 
the  flaker  in  the  other,  aiid  by  placing  its  jmint  against  the  portion  to 
be  removed,  with  a  pressure  in  the  right  direction  and  an  artistic  or 


Fis.  72. 


W^M^^&E=^3S^M2}ji 


Fig.  73. 


Fig.  74. 
KUAKEK.S  OF  ANTLER  OB  BONE  IN  HANliLE.S  OV  WOOD. 

Fi)5.  72.— Nevada  ludian.s. 

SiiiitllMoiiiuii  ('ontribut'iiiis,  XXII;  Uau,  Artliu-'iloffy,  ]i.  '.»fi,  ti(^.  :W0. 

Figs.  73,  74 Uupa  Indians. 

Siiiithsimiuii  liepurt,  1>n6,  Hay  ColK-i-titiii,  ]il,  \XI,  tii:K.  yv,  '.Ml. 


mecdianical  twist  of  the  wrist,  he  started  a  small  Hake  of  greater  or 
less  breadth,  thickness,  and  length. 

Figs.  72-74  are  arrow  flakers,  the  former  used  by  the  Indians  of 
Nevada,'  while  the  h^ttei-  are  from  the  Point  liai'row  Eskimos,  Alaskn. 
collected  by  Col.  P.  H.  Kay,  and  described  by  Dr.  O.  T.  Mason.' 

The  art  of  the  prehistoric  Hint  chipper  rec^uires  a  high  order  of 
mechanical  dexterity.  Some  of  the  specimens  show  marvelously  (hie 
work — fhikes  so  thin,  wide,  long,  and  regular  as*  to  extort  our  woudei 
and  admiration.     (Figs.  92,  151,  from  a  mound  near  Naples,  Illinois.) 

The  flaking  tools  of  Europe  have  never  been  satisfactorily  determined. 
In  the  present  condition  the  number  of  fine'y  Haiced  objects  is  enor- 
mously out  of  ]»roportion  with  the  number  of  flakers,  found.     Of  those 


'  Ainericuu  AntliropologLst,  IV,  pji.  301-12,  18t»l. 

■' Charles  h'au,  Aicha-ol.  Coll.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mas.,  ]>.  1(5,  fif^   340. 

■'  Hay  Collection,  Smithsonian  Ri.-port,  188U,  i^l.  xxi,  ligt .  92,  9G. 


.AUIiOWPolNTS,   SI'HARIIKADS,   AND    KNIVES. 


SS3 


-:h 


^' 


% 


iiiiplciiients  found  whicli  mijiiit  luivo  served  Ibr  this  piu'ijosc,  tlm  iimn- 
ht'in'coj^iiized  Jiiid  admitted  as  such  is  iMnnparatively  few.  Some  are 
, if  bone,  some  of  horn,  and  otliers  (strange  ti>  America)  are  of  Hint. 
Dr.  ( 'apitan,  in  tlie  displijy  of  tlie  lOcole  d'Antliropologie  at  the  Paris 
Exposition  in  18S1>,  showed  a  bone  Ihiker,  and  he  described  and  flgurtal 
it  ill  rlio  report  of  that  display  made  to  the  minister  of  jmblic  instruc- 
ri(,ii.  In  the  autlior's  l<iUro])eaii  colkM^tioii  are  several  implements  of 
liitrii  w  hich  probably  served  the  same  ])urpose.  They  are  doubtless 
10  lie  found  in  every  collection.  They 
me  sliort,  roun<l,  with  a  blunt  point  like 
one's  little  linger.  This  tool  is  usually 
i)t'  (leer  horn  in  its  natural  condition, 
loiij;  enough  to  have  been  held  in  the 
liand,  but  is  sometimes  cut  short,  with  a 
possible  tang  as  for  insertion  in  a  handle. 
Bone  i)oints  are  in  every  collection  and 
are  well  known  to  every  prehistoric  ar- 
cli;i  ologist;  but  they  are  sharply  pointed 
as  ii  for  awls  or  perforators  of  skin  or  tex- 
tile labriijs.  The  foregoing  is  a  different 
implement  and  could  never  have  served 
as  an  awl.  One  could  no  more  punch  a 
hole  through  a  ])iece  of  skin  with  one  of 
tiiese  than  he  could  with  the  point  of  his 
linger,  which  it  so  much  resembles.  The 
author  is  of  the  opinion  that  they  nuiy 
have  served  as  tiakers.  Tools  similar  in 
tonii  are  found  of  Hint.  Sir  John  Kvaus 
calls  them  fabricators  er  llaking  tools' 
(li.ns.  7o,  70).  In  France  they  have  been 
called  eerasoirs,  but  M.  de  Mortillet  pre- 
fers the  name  retouelioir,  and  says^  that 
their  extremities  are  smoothed  by  use. 
They  served  to  flake  by  pressure  (re- 
touch) the  flint  implements.  This  opera- 
tion had  the  effect  of  smoothing  the  ends 
of  the  involved  implement.  In  Le  Musee 
I'nliistorique  (Plate  XLV',  figs.  411-41S)  are  several  of  these  intple- 
meiits,  chiefly  from  the  interior  of  France.  Sir  riolin  Evans'  discusses 
these  implements,  but  confesses  his  suggestions  are  by  no  means  con- 
clusive, and  closes  with  the  hope  that  future  disco veiies  may  throw 
more  light  on  the  subject.  He  flgures  and  describes  several  from 
Euj^land,  and  says  they  are  well  known,  and  in  Yorkshire  are  called 


I'i«n.  75,7t). 

FLINT  KI,AK1:Ks(  0  WITH  SMOOTH  UODNIJEIJ 
ENDS,  WORN  HV  USE. 

Yorkshire,  Enjjlaiul. 

KvmiM,  AticuMit  Stone  liniilL'tiifiitM,  p.  litl",  tij;.  ;i-l»J. 


'Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  3G7. 

-  L'llonimo  I'rebiMtoriqiie.  p.  517. 

■' Auoiout  iStouo  Implemeuta,  pp.  'M1-A1\. 


884 


REPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1«97. 


"  liiiyiir  Hints."  Llis  lig.  .'U»»  (p.. JOT)  is  IVoui  Yoiksiiiie,  and  is  lunfi 
reproditceil  as  flgvs.  75,  70.  His  descriiitioii  of  it  is  that  it  is  solid,  ym 
metrically  chipped,  of  };niy  ilint,  and  is  curved  at  one  extremity,  w  itli 
a  view  of  ada[>ting  it  for  being  better  held  in  the  hand.  The  (mI^'cs 
originally  chi])pcd  sharj),  have  been  slightly  rounded  by  griiKiinir. 
apparently  with  the  same  motive.  The  angles  at  the  curved  en.l  have 
been  smoothed,  but  the  other  end  is  completely  rounded  and  inc 
sents  tlie  worn,  half-polished  appearance  characteristic  of  these  tmils, 
They  vary  much  in  the  amount  of  workmanship  tiiey  display,  simmc 
being  mere  flakes  with  the  edges  rounded  by  chipi)ing,  and  othei  ^  as 
carefully  wrought  into  form  as  any  hat<;het  or  chisel.  They  vai y  in 
length  from  2  to  1  inches.  The  rougher  kinds  are  usually  clunis\  in 
tlieir  xu'oportions,  as  if  strength  was  an  object,  and  they  not  intic- 
(juently  show  a  certain  amount  of  abrasion  at  each  end. 

Many  early  explorers  have  witnessed  the  operation  of  arrowpojiit 
making  among  the  North  Ameri(!an  Indians  Jind  have  descri'icd 
it  in  greater  or  less  detail.  These  reports  liave  been  collected  lui 
the  convenience  of  the  student  and  teacher  and  are  published  as 
Appendix  D  (p.  985).  . 


VII.     SCRAPERS,    GRINDERS,    AND    STRAIGHTENERS    USED     IN 
MAKING  ARROW  AND  SPEAR  SHAFTS. 


These  implements  play  a  T>iM't  in  the  science  of  prehistoric  arclnr 
ology  of  an  importance  quite  out  of  proportion  with  their  appear 
ance. 

Spear  and  lance  shafts,  to  be  elective  i  weapons,  must  be  straiuht 
and  smooth.  If  rough  or  crooked,  their  efll'ectiveness  is  much  reducitl. 
True,  the  most  primitive  spear  nuide  of  a  sapling,  the  i)oint  haid 
ened  by  fire  and  left  rough  with  knots  and  branches,  might  bo  a 
dangerous  weapon  in  a  hand  to  hand  contest;  but  it  would  be  more 
easily  handled  and  more  effective  if  made  straight  and  smooth.  I'or 
a  javelin  or  arrow  intended  to  be  cast  or  thrown,  either  by  the  hand 
or  with  a  bow,  it  is  imperative  that  the  shaft  should  be  straight  and 
smooth. 

jMany  of  the  arrow  shafts  of  antiquity  were  of  reed  or  cane,  i)erliai)s 
because  reed  and  cane  were  more  plenteous  and  more  easily  adapted. 
They  were  the  right  size,  could  be  made  the  right  length,  were  lijilit, 
straight,  smooth,  and  required  but  slight  prei)aration  for  use.  Still, 
these  would  require  some  straightening  and  smoothing,  and  to  that 
end  tools  were  required. 

In  Europe  the  arrow-shaft  scraper  was  used  more  than  the  arrow 
shaft  polisher  or  grinder;  in  America  it  seems  to  have  been  tlie 
reverse.  In  Europe,  while  polishers  were  used  for  many  purposes, 
they  seem  not  to  have  been  much  used  on  arrov^  shafts. 

The  arrow-shaft  scraper  (Plate  26)  is  a  tool  for  that  special  purpose. 
It  is  of  Hint  chipped  to  a  concave  edge.    The  specimen  from  England 


1(1  is  h('i(! 
solid,  ..yiii. 
iiiity,  V,  itl, 
riie  eii;.'(.H, 

grilKlillfr. 

I  011,1  have 

suid  pie. 

liese  1(11  lis. 

[ilay,  sDiiic 

otlier>  as 

>y  vary  in 

cluiiis)  ill 

not  ill  Ire- 


irrowiioiiit 

described 

[lecte<l   liir 

jlished  as 


SED    IN 

ric  arciia-- 
r   appear- 

le  strai,ulit 
1  reduced, 
nut  bard- 
igbt  be  a 
1  be  more 
3otb.  I' or 
'  tbe  liiiiid 
'aigbt  and 

B,  perliai)s 
7  adapted, 
rere  li;iiit, 
.86.  Still, 
id  to  that 


be  arrow 
been  tlie 
purposes, 


1  purpose. 

I  England 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  26, 


I  if;.  1.  From  Yorkshire  Wolds,  Enj^land. 

(Kviius,  Ancit'iit  ntonn  implements,  etc.,  p.  287,  flg.  226.) 
Fig.  2.  From  Chicago,  Illinois. 

(Carl  Dils.) 
Fig.  3.  From  Indiana. 

(Cat.  Xo.  32367,  U.S.N.M.     Uov.  F.  M.  Symmes  and  James  Jones.) 
Fig.  4.  From  Tennessee. 

(Cat.  Xo.  58720,  U.S.N.M.    James  ^I.  Null.) 
Fig.  5.  From  Indiana. 

(Cat.  Xo.  140746,  U.S.N.M.     H.  Rust.) 
Fig.  6.  From  Chicago,  Illinois. 

(Carl  Dilg.) 
Fig.  7.  From  Clarksville,  Hamilton  County,  Indiana. 

(Cat.  No.  140743,  U.S.N.M.    H.Rust.) 
Fig.  8.  From  California. 

(Cat.  No.  30508.  U.S.N.M.    S.  Bowers.) 
Fig.  9.  From  Ohio. 

(Cat.No.  139958,  U.S.N.M.     Thomas  Wilson.) 


Ripon    f  U.  S.  National  Muiaum,  1897 — Wilaon, 


Plate  26. 


Concave  Arrowshaft  Scrapers  of  Flint. 
Kngland  tiiid  United  States. 


I 


Report  of  U.  S,  Nat'onal  Museum.  1  897.— Wilson. 


Plate  2, 


Wm  -v: 


.St-K; 


r^'>i*; 


Arrowshaft  Grinders. 

Loose  livitty  saiidstoue. 

C'herokci'.  Iowa. 
Cat.  No.  UOHiKt.  U..S.X..M. 


AUKOWPOTNTS,   SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


88.5 


(tig.  1)  comes  from  Yorksljire  Wolds,  ami   is   taken   from   Sir  Jolm 
Evans's  Ancient  Stone  Implements, '  where  it  says: 

in, lis  of  this  kind  are  well  adapted  for  h(  rai»iiiif  into  r(!<^iiliii-  Hliajx*  tho  stems  of 
Mni)"v>i  or  the  Hliafts  of  spears,  or  for  fashioniui;  lioue  pins. 

Till'  round  ended  scraper,  supposed  to  have  serv(Ml  for  scrapinj; 
skins,  had  a  common  form  in  Europe  (Plate  12)  and  America.  They 
limy  liave  been  used  for  scraiiiiij?  arrow  shafts  in  either  or  both  coiin- 
nics.  but  of  this  we  have  no  evidence  save  their  ])lenteousness  and  the 
possibility  of  such  use.  Eskimos  continued  the  use  ol'  the  round- 
tiidcd  scraper,  inserted  in  either  wooden  or  ivory  handles,  until  mod- 
ern it  not  until  present  times. 
Tlicy  have  been  fi<;ured  and 
(les(  ribod  by  Sir  John  Lub- 
l)o(];.-Sir  .Tohn  Evans, '  and 
Dr.  ().  T.  Mason. ^ 

I  iiit  the  scrapers  with  acon- 
cavc  edge,  for  scraping'  ar- 
rows, are  rarely  found  in  pre- 
liisioric  collections,  nor  are 
tlu  y  reported  among"  the  In- 
dians of  North  America.  The 
r.  S.  National  Museum  pos- 
sesses some,  but  not  many. 
Tiny  seem  not  to  have  been 
recngnized  or  cared  for  and 
wci  e  not  gathered  by  collec- 
tors. Figs.  1-8  in  Plate  2(J 
are  seven  specimens  inseried  as  examples  of  thirty  or  Ibity  from  the 
Oliio  and  IVIississippi  valleys.'' 

I>r.  Charles  linu,  in  an  unpublished  manuscript,  divided  somearrow- 
Diaidiig  implements  into  arrow-shaft  grinders  ami  straighteners,  thougli 
lie  admits  that  both  might  iiave  been  used  for  smoothing  the  shafts. 

Mg.  77  rei)resents  an  arrow-sliaft  grinder,  with  a  straight  groove  of 
suitable  size,  of  compact  chlorite  slate  from  Cape  Cod,  Massachusetts 
(Cat.  No.  178r)8,  U.S.N.M.).  As  the  stone  is  not  at  all  gritty,  the  proc- 
ess must  have  been  performed  with  the  assistanceof  sand  and  water. 

I'late  27  contains  specimens  of  what  are  snjjposed  to  have  been  arrow- 
slialt  grinders.  They  are  coarse  sandstone,  exceedingly  g^ritty.  and 
wimhl  serve  the  purpose  well.  The  top  is  lounding  or  oval,  the  sides 
paralh'l.  while  the  bottom  is  tlat,  with  a  groove  in  it,  as  sliown  in  the 
specimen.  The  size  is  indicated  by  tlie  scale.  They  are  fiom  ('herokee, 
Inwa.     Similar  ones  lun'e  been  foiind  in  other  localities. 

Somewhat  allied  to  the  arrow-shaft  grinders  are  the  arrow-shaft 
straighteners — more  or  less  carefully  ])reparcd   stones,  generally   of 


Fig.  77. 

AHROW-SHAFT  ORINDKK,  CIII.ORITK  SLATE. 

Capo  Cod,  ila.ssacliiisotts. 

C.-it.  N.i.  17--H1.  U.S.N.M.     I.  I,  .liiriil  Km: 


■  Page  287,  fif,'.  226. 

=  Prehistoric  Times,  4th  ed.,  p.  513,  figs.  214-21(5. 

■'  An('i«!iit  Stone  Iiiii)l(^mei  ts,  p.  2<iH,  >\^.  20:i. 

■<  Keport  If.  S.  National  Museum,  lSSi»,  ])p.  ri.''>.']-."'>H!>,  pl^i    i.xi-xnii. 

'^'Kobert  Munto,  Fvehistoric  Problems,  1897,  p.  329,  liga.  117, 118. 


88r; 


RKPOin'   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1897. 


obloiifjf  form  and  exhibitin}>:  on  the  upjier  face  a  fifroove,  or  soinctiines 
two  or  three  parallel  grooves,  for  receiving  the  arrow  shafts  (tij;.  78). 
The  grooves  are  mostly  smooth  and  sliining  from  long  nsagc.  Mr. 
Paul  Schumacher  found  a  number  of  these  implements  in  soutliern  Cali- 
fornia graves,  and  he  desmhes 
their  application.'  The  stones 
Avere  heated  and  the  crooked 
shafts  rubbed  back  and  forth  in 
the  grooves  uiuler  pressure  until 
they  became  straight.  As  tlie 
stones  had  to  withstand  a  consid- 
erable  degree  of  heat,  sci  pen- 
tine,  a  material  i)ossessin<;  tliat 
(puility,  was  generally  chosen, 
Straighteners  of  the  ruder  kind 
were  made  in  Calif(n'nia  of  fiaj: 
ments  of  soapstone  vessels.  The  Apaches  and  other  western  tribes  used 
until  lately  very  neat  straighteners  of  serpentine,  often  provided  \\  itli 
two  grooves.  Tiie  author,  however,  was  informed  that  they  did  not  Ik  at 
the  stone,  but  heated  the  shafts,  and  then  pressed  them  back  and  Intli 
in  the  grooves.  Some  of  the  California  specimens  have  been  crackled  ])y 
the  heat  to  which  they  were  exposed.  From  the  uniform  ])olish  of  tlie 
grooves,  it  maybe  inferred  that  such  stones  were  also  used  for  smootli 
ing  the  shafts.  Similar  utensils,  apparently  for  the  same  use,  are  in  llic 
Museum     collection, 


Fig.  78. 

SEIIPRNTINR  ARROW  -SHAFT  STKAIOHTENKR  WITH 
'IIIUKK  SMOOTH  (illOnVES,  OHNA.MKNTAI,  lUUKnil.AU 
INCISED  LINKS. 

Siiiitii  niirliiini  County,  Calil'oriiin. 

Cat.  \...  Vli'.'l.'i,  r.S.N.M.      ;^,  n.'iliiriil  Kiz... 


Fiir.  Til. 


■?^  4  '"1-. ' "  '"■*'* 


ranging  in  locality 
from  Massachusetts 
to  California. 

The  Eskimos  used 
a  different  tool  for 
straightening  their 
arrow  shafts.    It  was 
a  piece  of 
bone,   or 
freriuent- 
ly  ivory, 
h  e  a  v  y 
and  sol  id, 
with  an 

enlargement  at  the  upi)erend  through  which  was  a  perforation  usually 
of  lo/.enge  shape.  Tlie  arrow  shaft  was  put  through  t'.'is  hole,  and 
thc!  instrument,  used  as  a  wrencih,  bent  the  shaft  as  was  retinircd  to 
make  it  straight.  Dr.  IJoas  figures oiu^of  them''  (tig.  70),  and  European 
l)rehistoric  arclncologists  have  fr«M|uontly  done  the  same. ' 


Fig.  80. 

AUKOWSHAFT  PTItAIOIlTF.NF.liS  (IF   WclOl)    MR   IVOKV. 

Fifi.  Tit,  (JiMitnil  E^kiinii. 

('.Ill  Ann.  Ki-ja.  Ilur.  Kltiiu.l.,  I^'.|  ;,,  liu-.  n  I,  i'.  f.-J.'.. 
Fiu'.  M».  llu|>H  lii.liaiis,    Sinillisniiiiiii  Ui-["'ri,  l'>!t:i,  pi.  xx\i\.  lij:.  1. 


'  Arrhiv.  i'iir  Autliropolofric,  I.\,  p.  2I!>. 

-  C'eiilral  Esldino,  Sixth  Ann.  I»*cpt.  Hiir.  Ktliiiol..  ISSI-S.").  p.  r>-2r>,  il 

■'IJoyd  DawkiuH,  Early  Man  iu  IJritiiin,  p.  2H8,  li^.  91.'. 


171. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


887 


Dr.  Hoffman,  in  his  articlo  entitled  "The  (Iraphic.  Art  of  the 
Eskimo,'"  figures  a  lialf  dozen  of  tliese  similar  in  some  regards  to  those 
already  shown.  They  are  from  Cape  Nome,  Sledge  Island,  Diomede, 
and  (Jape  Darby,  all  on  the  Alaskan  coast.  He  introduces  these  in  the 
attt'inpt  to  correlate  them  and  similar  specimens  of  lOskimoan  art  with 
thut  of  the  Paleolithic  period  as  manifested  in  the  specimens  from  the 
cavcuns  of  Dordogne,  France,  a  proposition  to  which  the  author  does 
tiot  agree. 

I'ig.  80  is  an  arrow-shaft  straightener  used  by  the  Hupa  Indians  of 
California.  It  is  a  piece  of  yew,  10  inches  long,  spindle-shaped,  and 
having  an  oblong  hole  through  the  middle.  The  arrow  shaft  is  <lrawn 
through  the  hole  and  straightened  by  pressure  on  the  ends  of  the  tool.^ 


VIII.  CLASSIFICATION  OF  ARROWPOINTS  AND  SPEARHEADS. 

/,  leaf-nhaped;  IT,  triangular ;  III,  stemmed:  IV,  pcvulhtr  forms. 

Dr.  Eau  had  prepared  a  paper  entitled  "The  Typical  Forms  of  North 
American  Prehistoric  lielics  of  S.one  and  (Copper  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum,"  but  he  died  be  ore  it  was  conspleted.  It  has  always 
b(M'n  the  author's  intention  to  complete  ar.d  publish  chis  paper.  That 
portion  of  the  text  relating  to  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  is  as  follows: 

ARROW  AND  SPEAKHEAD  SUAPin)  OU.TKCTS. 

rh(\v  coustitiite  tbo  most  nnnierous  class  of  chipped-stoiie  articles  in  the  United 
Stiites.  Collectors  arc  very  ajit  to  designate  ln(lis<riniinately  all  objects  of  dart- 
head-like  Ibrm.  as  arrow  or  s])ear  points,  without  considering  that  many  of  these 
specimens  may  have  been  (piite  ditl'erently  cini»Ioyed  by  tbo  aborigines.  Thus  several 
Wiistern  tribes  used,  witbin  recent  times,  <^liipped-llint  bhub's  identical  in  shape  with 

those  tliat  are  usually  (jailed  arrow  1  spear  heails,  as  knives,  lastening  them  in 

siiort  wooden  handles  by  moans  of  a  black  resinous  substaiieo  or  asplialtum. 

riie  stone-tipited  arrows  <iuite  recently  made  by  various  Indian  tribes  are  mostly 
provided  with  slender  points,  often  less  than  an  inch  in  IcMigtb,  and  seldom  oxceed- 
iiiii  an  inch  and  tbree-(|uarters,  as  exemplilied  by  many  specimens  of  modc^rii  arrow.s 
ill  the  National  Museum.  If  this  fact  be  deemed  conclusive,  it  would  follow  that 
the  real  Indian  arrowhead  was  comparatively  small,  ami  tliat  the  larger  specimens 
ilnssed  as  arrowpoints,  and  not  a  few  of  the  so-called  spearheads,  were  originally 
set  in  handles  and  were  used  as  knives  and  daggers.  However,  it  is  not  improbable 
tliiit  in  fornmr  times  larger  arrowheads  were  in  use  among  tlu;  natives. 

Ill  many  cases,  furtlier,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  the  real  eharaeter  of  leaf- 
shaped  or  triangular  olijects  of  cliipp(Hl  stone,  as  Wwy  may  liave  served  as  ariow- 
he.ids,  or  eitlier  as  scrapers  ov  cMitflng  tools  in  which  the  convex  or  straight  base 
toniied  the  working  edge.  Certain  chipped  spearhead  shaped  specimens  with  a 
shiirp  straight  or  convex  base  may  have  been  cutting  imjihinents  <>r  chisels.  Arrow- 
heads of  a  slender  form  pass  over  almost  impeiceittibly  into  perforators,  insomuch 
liiat  it  is  often  impossible  to  make  a  distinction  bet'veen  them. 

In  view  of  these  uncertainties,  the  writer  has  brought  the  arrow  and  spear  point 
shaped  objects  under  one  bead,  which  is  the  more  excusable  as,  generally  speaking, 
si/.u  is  the  only  distinguishing  feature. 


'  Hoport  IT.  S.  National  Museum,  lSfl5,  ]>.  Tfi;",  ]>ls.  7,  H. 

•Otis  T.  Mason,  North  American  Bows,  Arrows,  and  (Quivers,  Smithsonian  Report, 
lf<'J3,  pi.  X.KXIX,  fig.  1. 


888 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


The  attempt  ia  here  made  to  segregate  and  classify  arrowpDints, 
spearheads,  and  knives.  In  l<juroj)e  they  liave  always  been  deiinini- 
nated  arrowpoints  or  spearheads,  determinable  only  by  their  size;  in  tlie 
United  States,  by  comparison  with  those  ot  the  Indian  of  historic  tiint', 
we  liave  been  able  to  draAv  the  line  of  demarcation  possibly  with  greater 
accnracy.  We  have  also  discovered,  through  ti:e  i)rehistoric  as  well  as 
the  historic  Indians,  that  these  implements  may  have  been  use*!  as 
knives;  therefore,  in  the  headings,  they  have  been  denominated  by  all 
three  names— arrowpoints,  spearheads,  and  knives. 

No  racial  or  tribal  classification  is  liere  attempted  from  these  iin])le 
ments.  If  classified  according  to  material,  and  afterwards  divided 
geographically,  they  ought  to  tell  of  the  difierence  in  the  various 
peoples  using  them,  if  any  such  existed.  This  work  the  author  has  yet 
before  him. 

We  have  already  seen  that  the  m.iterial  employed  would  be  tliat 
which  would  serve  the  i>urpose  best  and  was  nearest  and  most  easily 
obtained.  The  elements  of  commerce  and  ease  of  transportation  must 
be  regarded  in  ascertaining  the  locality  of  the  material.  To  correctly 
determine  this,  we  must  consider  the  known  facts  as  to  distance,  (nial 
ity,  weight,  antl  value  of  material  transported. 

The  present  classification  is  based  on  the  form  and  size  of  the  iinjtle 
ment.  In  order  that  the  series  contemplated  by  the  present  classification 
shall  be  as  complete  as  possible,  those  from  Europe  which  belong  to  tlio 
earlier  epochs  are  included.  The  weapons  of  the  Paleolithic  period— 
the  Ohelleen  implements,  the  Mousterien  spear  points,  the  Solutrccn 
leaf-shaped  and  one-shouldered  points,  and  the  Madelainien  points  and 
harpoons — have  been  already  described,  and  we  have  concluded  that  t  hey 
may  have  served  as  spears,  lances,  javelins,  or  harpoons,  but  not  arrow- 
points  or  knives.  The  leaf  shaped  implements  used  as  spear  and  liai- 
poon  heads  in  the  Paleolithic  period  continued  into  the  succeeding 
prehistoric  periods,  and  were  then  used  as  arrowpoints  as  well  as  lor 
spears  or  harpoons.  This  does  not  clash  with  the  theory  that  arrows 
were  not  used  during  the  Paleolithic  period. 

A  classification  of  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  has  been  attempted 
by  but  few  archaeologists.  Sir  John  Evans,'  General  Pittllivers,^  Sir 
W.  11.  Wikle,^  and  Di-.  Ch.arles  Pan  are  the  principal  ones  vho  have 
essayed  a  classification,  but  in  their  descriptions  they  scarcely  employed 
their  own.  The  first  two  gentlemen  made  four  classes.  Some  of  the 
classifications  were  arranged  according  to  ]>robable  successive  develoj)- 
ment,  thus:  leaf-shaped,  lozenge-shaped,  tanged  or  stemmed,  and  tii 
angular.  Sir  W.  P.  Wilde  (and  Sir  John  Lubbock  follows  him)  arranjied 
them  thus:  triangular,  indented  base,  stemmed,  baibed,  and  leaf 
shaped.    Dr.  Edwin  A.  Barber^  as  follows:  leaf-shaped,  triangular. 


'  Ancient  Stone  Tnn>lenient8  of  Great  IJritain,  pp.  328-364. 
-Priuiitivo  Warfare,  Jour.  R.  U.  Servieo  Inst. 
^Catalo;;uo  of  Anti<]nities,  Royal  Irish  Acad.,  pp.  19, 21, 23. 
-'Aniericnu  Naturaliat,  XI,  p.  2G5. 


AUROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


sso 


iiidt'iittMl  at  the  base,  stemmed,  barbed,  beveled,  diamond-8hape<l,  awl- 
shaped,  and  those  having  the  8ha])e  of  a  serpent's  head.  Dr.  Abbott' 
docs  not  make  any  formal  classification,  but  uses  as  descriptive  terms: 
barlted,  triangular,  leaf-shaped,  lo7.enge  shaped,  notched  base,  serrated, 
stemmed,  barbed  triangular,  triple  notched-based,  nnsymmetrical.  J)r. 
Kan  originally  made  a  cl.assification  of  132  subdivisions,  but  in  the  paper 
l»ri'liiired  just  before  his  death,  he  made  another,  as  follows: 

Convex  or  Htraij^bt-sided  (rsirely  concave-sided)  with  convex,  Htraifjht,  or  cunciivo 
linsr. 

Notched  at  the  Hides  near  the  base,  which  in  convex,  Htraight,  or  concave,  raicly 
poiiitiMl. 

Stemmed;  expanding  stem  with  <ronvex,  straight,  or  concave  hano. 

Sti'innied;  parallel-sided  stem  with  convex,  strjiight,  or  concave  base. 

Stemmed;  contracting  straight-sided  stem  with  convex,  straight,  or  concave  base. 

Stemmed;  contracting  broad  stem  with  rounded  or  pointed  termination. 

.Stemmed;  tapering  stem. 

Dinbed  and  stcinmed. 

l.iaf-shaiied  iinjtlemeuts;  rounded  at  one  end,  pointed  at  the  other;  pointed  at 
liotli  ends;  lounded  itt  both  ends. 

Tlie  making  in  my  department  during  the  year  1801-92,  of  the  100 
series  of  100  casts  each  of  typical  implements  of  the  United  States,  for 
ctlucational  purposes,  afforded  the  opportunity,  if  it  did  not  create  the 
necessity,  for  a  comprehensive  classification.  To  send  out  a  series  of 
anowpoints  or  spearheads  without  (ilassiflcation  or  luime  would  be  a 
waste  of  time  and  labor;  while,  if  made  of  plaster,  they  would  be  so 
fiajiile  as  to  be  a  waste  of  money  as  well.  Therefore  I  prepared  series 
of  these  implements,  classified  them  by  type,  arranged  them  by  size, 
and  had  them  iihotographed  and  engraved,  each  class  by  itself  so  they 
niiglit  be  understood  almost  as  well  as  from  an  inspection  of  the 
oriiiinals.  It  was  found  necessary  to  employ  many  specimens  to  make 
a  proper  display.  Many  of  these  objects  in  the  same  division  are 
similar  in  form,  appearance,  and  material,  the  main  diflerence  being  in 
tlieir  size.  But  this  ditference  of  size  may  change  the  character,  use, 
and  name  of  the  weapon,  and  it  may,  according  to  size,  become  an 
agricultural  implement  used  for  digging  in  the  earth  ,  a  spe..r,  dagger, 
l)()niard,  scalping  or  fish  knife,  or  an  arrowpoint  or  lancet.  All  these 
sizes  of  implements  with  uses  and  names  are  known  to  students 
of  prehistoric  archa-ology  and  collectors  of  antiijuities.  This  differ- 
ence in  size  is  a  reason  for  giving  many  cuts  of  the  same  lorni  of  imple- 
ments but  of  different  sizes.  A  large  implement,  if  reduced  in  size, 
ic|)resents  to  the  eye  of  the  beholder  ;>  small  one.  He  has  seen  both 
the  large  and  the  small  one,  is  acquainted  vith  both,  and  when  he  sees 
a  cut  of  given  size  whicli  is  a  correct  representation  of  a  small  imple 
meut,  he  will  involuntarily  associate  it  with  the  real  implement  (jf  small 
>'ize.  The  author  has  seen  an  engraving  of  one  of  these  large  digging 
implements,  the  original  of  which  was  10^  inches  hmg  and  5  inches 


Primitive  Industry. 


m 


800 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


wide.  The  drawing  was  reduced  to  one-third,  and  the  engravinj;  {ine- 
half  from  tlie  drawing.  Thus  this  large  and  formidable  implement  wiiis 
re])resented  by  a  figure  2'^  inches  by  Ave  sixths  of  an  inch,  which  is  but 
the  size  of  a  common  arrow  or  spear  head.  No  rule  or  scale  can  j^ive 
it  its  true  a]>pearance  in  the  eyes  of  the  m.ajority  of  readers.  Those 
engravings  are  intended  to  serve  as  a  classification  of  these  impleiiiciits 
by  whicli  their  names,  and  i)ossibly  their  functions,  may  be  known,  ;iii(l 
by  which  archicologists  throughout  the  country,  and  i)erhap8  the  world. 
may  be  better  enabled  to  understand  and  describe  them.  When  we 
consider  that  it  is  beyond  the  power  of  mere  words  to  describe  a  form, 
and  that  a  figure,  cut,  or  representation  of  it  must  be  or  must  have  been 
made  at  some  time  in  order  to  communicate  knowledge  of  a  form  to  any 
person  who  has  not  previously  seen  it,  the  author  trusts  he  will  l)e 
justified  in  the  classification  and  the  engravings  by  which  it  is  sought 
to  be  represented. 

The  names  of  the  different  parts  of  stone  arrowpoints  and  spear- 
heads or  knives  are:  blade,  point,  stem,  base,  edge,  shoulder,  barb, 
notch. 

The  failure  of  many  archa'ologists  (and  it  is  not  confined  entirely  to 
them)  to  make  a  distinction  between  the  words  "side"  and  "edge"  has 
led  to  a  confusion  in  description.  "  Border,"  "  rim,"  "  margin  "  are,  or  may 
be,  synonymous  with  "edge,"  but  "side,"  although  much  used  in  this 
sense,  is  almost  always  erroneously  used.  We  say  the  "  side"  of  a  table 
when  we  mean  the  edge,  the  border,  the  margin,  that  part  farthest  lioni 
the  center  or  middle.  Applying  it  to  a  plank  or  sword  or  arrowpoint  or 
spearhead,  we  should  say  "edge."  "Edge"  is  particularly  approi)iiate 
for  swords  and  arrowpoints  and  spearheads,  as  it  applies  specially  to 
the  "sharp  and  thin  cutting  border  or  extremity  of  an  instrument.*' 

The  author  has  sought  to  make  his  classification  as  simple  as  possil)le. 
Minute  or  complex  divisicms  will  never  be  adopted  in  popular  usafie. 
They  will  be  difl"cult  to  understand  and  are  impracticable  in  that  tlicy 
can  not  be  easily  remembered  or  readily  applied. 

In  the  iiuthor's  classification  the  prim.ary  divisicms  of  arrowpoints, 
spearlieads,  or  knives  are  as  follows: 

IHrinion  /,  leaf-shaped.  —  In  this  cla«sitk'iitioii  the  h'iif-sliaped  is  placed  at  tho  lioad 
as  heiiijx  the  oldest  inipleiiieiit  of  its  kind.  This  division  includes  all  kinds:  elli|iti- 
cal,  oviil,  oblong,  or  lanccolatts  foniis  hearing  an.y  relation  to  the  shape  of  a  Icif. 
and  without  stem,  shoulder,  or  liarlt. 

Class  A  is  jtointed  at  both  ends,  the  widest  place  one-third  or  one-fourth  from  tlir 
base. 

Chiss  M  is  more  oval,  less  pointed,  with  base  coucave,  straight,  or  convex. 

Class  C  is  long  and  narrow,  sharp  points,  parallel  edges,  and  bases  coucave,  straight. 
or  convex.     These  belong  to  the  Pacitic  coast. 

Division  IT,  ivlanijtdar. — This  division  includes  all  specimens  which,  according  ti) 
geometrical  nomenclature,  are  in  the  form  of  a  tiiaugle,  whetliiT  th<!  bases  or  e(l;;i'> 
))(!  convex,  straight,  or  concave.  They  are  without  stems  anil  consefiuentl.v  with- 
out shoulders,  though  in  soin<'  specimens  the  extreme  concavity  of  the  base  prodiucs 
barbs  when  the  arrow  shaft  is  attached. 


ATIROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  ANO   KNIVES 


801 


;h  from  ilic 


Virieion  III,  stemmed, — This  division  iiicludcH  all  viirieties  of  Htt'ins,  whether 
straight,  pointed,  or  expanding,  round  or  Hat,  exocjit  those  witli  certain  pecnliari- 
tii's  and  inclndod  in  Division  IV;  and  whether  the  bases  or  edges  are  convex, 
«ti';ii,i;ht,  or  concave. 

(  liiss  A  is  lo/enge-shaped,  not  shouldered  nor  barbed. 

(  l.is.s  M  is  shonhlered,  bnt  not  barbed. 

(lass  ('  is  slionldered  and  barbed. 

Those  cover  the  commoner  forms  of  arrowpointa  and  .spearheads 
tliioiiyliont  the  worhl.  But  tliere  are  certain  other  forms  wliich  may 
he  tew  in  number  or  restricted  in  locality  and  scarcely  entitled  to  divi- 
sions by  themselves,  yet  are  found  in  sufllicient  numbers  and  have  such 
(lellnite  characteristics  that  they  can  not  be  ignored.  These  the  author 
has  assigned  to  a  general  class  under  the  head  of  "peculiar  forms." 

Division  H',  peculiar  forms. — This  division  includes  all  forms  not  Itelonging  to  the 
otiier  divisions,  and  provides  for  those  having  pe<'uliaritie8,  or  the  specimens  of 
wliieh  are  restricted  in  nunib»!r  and  locality. 

Class  A,  beveled  edges. 

Class  M,  serrated  edges. 

Cliiss  C,  bifurcated  steins. 

Cl.iHS  D,  long  barbs,  square  at  en<l8.  Peculiar  to  England,  Ireland,  and  Georgia, 
I  nitcd  States. 

Class  E,  triangular  in  section.     T'ecnliar  to  the  province  of  Chiriiiui,  Panama. 

Class  F,  broad<!st  at  entting  <nd,  tranchant  transversal.  Peculiar  to  western 
Ktirope. 

Class  G,  polished  slate.  Peculiar  in  North  America  to  th«)  Eskimo  country  and 
to  New  England  and  New  York. 

Class  11,  asymmetric. 

Cl.'iss  I,  curious  forms. 

Class  K,  perforators. 

DIVISION  1— EEAE-SIIAPED. 

The  author  essayed  botanical  and  geometrical  terms  in  this  descrip- 
tion, but  found  them  unsatisftictory.  The  implements  have  such  vari- 
ety of  form,  each  slightly  dilferent  from  the  other,  that  specific  terms 
were  scarcely  ev^er  applicable.  They  are  lanceolate,  as  already  men- 
tioned; leaf-sluiped,  but  as  leaves  have  many  different  forms,  so  have 
tiiese  implements,  and  "leaf-shaped"  is  rather  generic  than  specific. 
Ho  essayed  the  geometrical  terms  of  ovate,  oblong,  truncated,  elliptical, 
lenticular,  but  found  he  c<mld  only  use  tlieni  in  descriptions  of  indi- 
vidual specimens. 

Dr.  Eau,  in  his  unpublished  i)aper,  speaking  of  leaf-shaped  imple- 
ments, said: 

These  are  numerous  and  of  great  variety  in  form  and  size,  insomuch  that  a  minute 
ilassilication  would  be  ditlicult.  However,  they  can  be  divided  in  a  general  way 
into  three  classes,  in  accordance  wiiii  their  being  rounded  atoms  end  and  pointed  at 
tlif  other,  or  pointed  at  both  ends,  or  rounded  at  both  ends.  They  vary  in  length 
from  less  than  an  inch  to  more  than  13  inches,  and  there  is  in  the  Natioinil  Museum 
u  east  of  a  sword-lik(!  Hint  blade  measuring  more  than  21  inches  in  length,  which 
by  its  form  pertains  to  the  class  here  treated.  Tln^  original,  from  a  mound  in  Ten- 
uessee,  is  in  the  possession  of  Dr.  .loseph  Jones,  of  New  Orleans. 


S!>2 


RKPORT  OP  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  18!)7. 


It 


.*^/ 


"^^VV,,  / 


4(' 


r'^Vw 


Fig.  .Si  represents  a  dajjger  from  Madiaon  rouiity,  Kentucky.     Ii  is 
dark-brown,  much  weathered,  siiid  diftUmlt  to  determine  its  mutci iil, 

probably  flinty  chert  or  h(»rnst()ii(.. 
While  not  the  classic  leaf-sluiped  im 
])1ement  which  might  have  been  iti 
serted  in  a  shaft  and  served  as  a  spcm . 
but  partaking  more  of  the  cliaractci oi 
aswordorlongdaggertobeheld  in  Mic 
hand  with  awrappingof  8kin,as  slnnvn 
in  specimen  from  Ilupa  Valley,  (  al 
ifornia  (tig.  78,  Plate  41,  Cat.  NO. 
12G530,  U.S.N.M.),  yet  it  is  a  typ.'  (.(' 
many  specimens  in  North  America.  A 
similar  specimen  in  the  U.  S.  National 
Museum  is  ('at.  No.  88122,  from  Arkan- 
sas, collected  by  Mr.  Edward  Paliiitr, 
of  chalcedonic  flint,  12  inches  loiij;,  i' 
inches  wide,  and  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  thick.  It  is  sharply  pointed  at 
both  ends  and  its  fine  chipping  lias 
served  to  make  its  edges  slight  iy 
serrated. 

The  specimen.  Cat.  No.  99823  (I'.S. 
N.M.),  the  first  one  on  Plate  32,  is  a 
piece  of  beautiful  work  in  flint  chip 
ping.  The  flakes  taken  oft'  have  Ikcii 
long,  thin,  and  fine,  and  ran  from  the 
edge  to  the  center,  and  have  given  to 
it  a  keeij,  sharp  edge.  The  speciiiicii 
is  of  oolitic  chert,  12^  inches  long,  '-^ 


w: 


Ft!  \i 


N 

X 
H 
O 

A 

•«! 

O 
Ed 
H 

3 

Al 

f"" 

s: 

H 

a 


3     H 


^^1,% 


i>' 


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a 

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Id 
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0. 
10 

Q 
Ed 

0. 
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00 
i. 

< 


§  H   .• 


inches  wide,  and  three-fourths  of  an 


AWM 


inch  thick. 

Otlier  specimens  are  represented  in 
figs.  82  and  83.  They  ave  not,  ami 
never  were,  intended  for  arrowpoints 
or  spearheads,  but  rather  as  swords  or 
possibly  ceremonial  objects;  but  as 
they  are  leaf-shaped,  and  from  their 
great  length  and  beauty,  with  the  di  Hi 
culty  of  their  manufacture,  they  have 
been  admitted  to  a  place  in  this  paper. 
Fig.  82  is  from  an  ancient  earthwoi  k 
on  the  Big  Harpeth  River,  near  Frank 
lin, Tennessee.  Fig. 83isfrom amound 
in  Oregon. 

General  Thruston '  figures  and  (h" 
scribes  many  of  these  long  and  finely  chipped  specimens  from  Tennessee. 


'f 


-7 


i'<  p'  \ 


I  Antiquities  of  Teunessee,  i»i).  219-252,  pis.  xi,  xiva. 


ARnoWPOINTK,  HPKARIIEADS,  AND    KN1V1>;. 


81)3 


V 


ii'^'M 


|)r.  Uau  says  of  tbJH  <;1ums: 

SiiiJ  <■  are  broiul  in  proportion  to  their  length,  otIiurH  are  very  H]«ntler.    Tlio  mode 

„l  ii|>{ilii'iitioii  of  tliC8«t  vuriuiisly  Hliiipcil  linploniontH  in  iloiibtful  in 

iiKist  ■  as(!H,  Jnit  Homo  uiil  in  judj^inH;  of  tlio  iiso  of  coitain  Icuf-sbiipcd 

lilaiit^  isalVordcil  by  the  fact  thatHJniilar  i>n<'8bav«'bt'«nNeouMlniftod 

or  ban(lb;<l  in  actnal  enipb>yni«iil  anion^  inodorn 

indiun  tribrs.     It  in  dilllciilt   to  draw  a  lin«t  ot 

,/ v5^k  dcniaication  botwoen  rude    and   l('af-shai)ed  iiu- 

plonients,  coiiHiderini;  that  the  fornirr  very  often 

approacli  tholeaf  form,  not  only  in  North  Anierita, 

Init  also  in  other  <|nartors  of  tlio  jjlobti   where 

man  liad  to  omph>y  stono  in  faflhioning  his  toids 

anil  wi'a])onH. 

TIlis  last  remark  of  Dr.  llati  is  certainly 
true  as  rejjanls  the  leaf-shaped  implement 
of  the  Solntreeii  or  Cavern  jieriod  of  the 
Paleolithic  aye,  but  has  slight  application 
to  those  of  the  Chelhen  epoch  or  Allu- 
vial i)eriod.  The  diilerence  is  quite  ap 
parent  to  any  person  who  has  any  ac- 
quaiutauce  with  the  latter  implements. 
The  confusion  between  the  two  kinds  of 
implements  arises,  usually  or  frequently, 
among  those  who  depend  upon  cuts  and 
illustrations  for  their  knowledge  rather 
than  on  an  ac^quaintancie  with  the  real 
objects.  Their  error  is  caused  by  the 
illustration  usually  being  of  only  the  flat 
side  without  any  edge  view.  The  two 
classes  of  implements  may  have  a  resem- 
blance of  outline  and  of  chipped  work 
when  looked  at  from  the  flat  side,  but  an 
edge  view  would  reveal  the  dilfereuce  at 
once.  The  leaf-shaped  implement  is 
chipped  down  thin,  frequently  to  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch,  while  the  Chelleen  im- 
plement is  more  likely  to  be  from  1  to  1^ 
inches  in  thickness.  A  glance  at  the  fohled 
plate  at  the  end  of  Sir  John  Evans's  An- 
cient Stone  Implements  will  show  this 
l)eculiarity.  Reference  is  made  to  flgs.  1,2. 
Fig.  84  presents  the  same  appearance 
from  a  side  view  as  the  leaf  shaped.  This 
impression  is  erroneous.  The  implement  is  not  one 
properly  called  leaf-shaped,  and  the  diilerence  is  re- 
(;o<;iiizable  by  a  glance  at  the  specimen.  The  leaf-shaped  implements 
inoper  are  thin;  their  thickness  is  from  one-fourth  to  one-tifth  of  their 
width;  only  one  of  these  here  shown  is  more  than  one-half  inch  in  thick- 


iJi 

shapuc 


Fig.SH. 
•nOFOBSIDIAN. 

Di'ogon. 
^Hui    I,  leiif- 
15x24xg. 


Fii;.  XL'. 

SWORO     OK     DAKK 
BROWN  Ft.lNT. 

W  1  1  1  i  a  III  B  O  II 

County,    T  e  ii  - 
nesseo. 
Division    1,   loaC- 
sliaped.    T2  x  1^ 

Cast,   I 'at.   N".    II-  n, 
U.S.N.M. 


Cal.     Nil. 
IT.S.N.M. 


804 


UKPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1807. 


iicHM.  Tlu'  thickness  of  tli«'  iiiiplumeiit  represeiitiMl  by  this  IS^ure  is  irDih 
onotliird  to  one-luilf  oC  its  width.  Its  thickness  makes  the  dillVit  ino. 
Theiuithor  wouhl  notaflinn  thiitobjectsof  tliisclassbchniif  toadillc  rt'iit 
epoch  or  wore  made  by  ditt'erent  [jrehistoric  people,  nor  the  dirtcicm c 

in  the  nse  for  whi<;h  they  were  intemlt'd. 
Tlie  leaf-slmped  implements  are  themselves 
qnite  too  doubtful  on  these  <|U(^stions  to 
Justify  doj;niatism  on  the  part  of  any  per 
son,  and  the  latter  implements  with  tlieii 
differences  serve  to  increase  rather  tli;iii 
diminish  tlie  dillicnlties  of  a  satisfactory 
decision.  Tlje  two  figures  (8.T  and  80)  pre 
sent  tlie  same  idea.  From  the  side  \ie\v 
aloue  one  would    not  know  the  difference 


Fig.  84. 

KBURUaiNOUS      CONOLOMKKATE     CUN- 
TAIMNO  JAHl'EH  I'EUULES. 

Uluuut  County,  Alulmum. 
Hot  leat'-8ha]>e(l  (inserted  for  com- 
parison).    9|x'<>}xli. 

(•ill.  No.  61114;),  U.S.N. M. 


Fig.  85. 

PALE  OllAV  KLINT  HAVLNU    TUB  Al'l'KAKANc'K  (IK   .V.A 
TIZED  WOOD. 

Austin,  ToxaH. 
Not  leaf-shaped  (inserted  Ibrcouiparison).    tij  x'Jj  \  U 

Cut.  No.  \b^iV.<,  U.S.N.M. 


between  these  implements  and  those  following.  But  with  the  thickutss 
remarked  one  recognizes  at  a  glance  that  these  are  not  in  any  sense 
the  leaf-shaped  imi^lemeuts  we  have  been  cousidering.  They  are  not 
made  by  the  same  primitive  man,  nor  do  they  belong  to  the  same  epoch 
of  civilizatiou.     lu  Europe  the  thick  one  belongs  to  the  earliest  epocli 


lire  is  Iroiti, 
«li  lien  ■inc. 
iMlin«'it'iit 
(littV'rciicc 
iiitciidni. 
hemscUcs 
cstioiis  to 
t'  iuiy  pcM'- 
with  their 
itber  tliiiii 
itisfjictory 
1(1  80)  pie- 
side  \i('\v 
dillereiice 


ANCK   OK   AiiA- 


).    6ix2}xl]. 


thickness 
auy  sense 
sy  are  not 
.nie  epoch 
est  epocL 


Rtportof  U.  S.  National  Mu'iuum,  1897.     Wilion. 


Plate  2fc 


LI 
> 

Z 

)i 

a 
0 


c 
< 

111 
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< 
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0. 

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EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    28. 


U  10  »  •  7  « 


Fi- 

I'i;; 

Via 

Fij;, 

Fi-, 

Fiji' 

Fi; 

Fij 

Fi; 


Leaf-shaped  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

Claan  A. 

1.  Fink  Quaktzitk. 

(Cat.Ko.!l8820,  I'.S.N.M.    Choluhi,  Mexico.     W.  W.lJlako.) 

2.  Dark  Ciialckdony. 

(Cat.  No.  l»784,  U.S.N.M.     Dudlu.v  TowiiHliip,  IlnrtDii  Couuty,  Ohio.     \V.  W.  Miircli.) 

;>.   (^UAKTZITK. 

(Cat.  No.  6440,  TT.S.K.M.    Northampton  County,  Virginia.     C.U,  Alooro.) 

I.  Jasi'eu  or  .Tasi'Kry  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  (J«:i;i,  U.S.N.M.    Trinity.  Louisiana.    G.  M.  Kcim.) 

5.  Dark-CJray  Ciialckdony  or  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  61513,  U.S.N.M.     Howling  Green,  Kentucky.     Dr.  John  R.  Younglove.) 

(i.  PiNKi.sii  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  9880,  U.S.N.M.    Savannah,  Tennessee.    J.  P.  Stelle.) 

7.  Light-Brown  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  5406,  U.S.N.M.    District  of  Columbia.    J.  Vanlen.) 

8,  Hlack  Lustrous  Obsidian. 

(Cat.No.  18088,  U.S.N.M.    California.    .T.H.Clark.) 

it.  Light-Brown  Quartzitk. 

(Cat.No.  7063,  U.S.N.M.    Union  County,  Kentucky.    S.S.Lyon.) 

10.  Black  Flinty  Chalcedony. 

(Cat.  No.  15280,  U.S.N.M.    Santa  Barbara  County,  California.    Paul  Schuuiarher.) 

U.  Palk-Gray  Ciialcedont. 

(Cat.No.  15754,  U.S.N.M.    San  Miguellsland,  California.     W.(j.  Harford.) 


11 


ll 


Til  is  d 
in  J'raiK 
and  the 
is  about 

IMlillt.       ] 

is  Kvmui 
witli  fi're 
if  :i,)pro 
Europe 

Udl  be  n 
to  hi»th  I 
\   iVU'olit 


ARROWPOINTS,  Sl'HARHHADS,   AND    KNIVK> 


8:>5 


oi  tin-  I'aleolitliic  period,  and  tlie  thin  one,  pointed  at  both  ends,  to  ji 
iiiucli  later  e,i)och.     The  lirst  behings  to  tlu^  (-helh'en,  Maniiuoth,  ("iive- 
heai,  or  Alluviiiin   epoch;   the  second  to 
the  Sohitreen,  lieindeer,  or  Caveru  epoch. 

Till'  <listiiictions  between  these  epochs 
:i;i\e  not  been  made  in  t\w  Tnited  States, 
iiud  possibly  do  not  exist.  But  the  autlior 
has  \eutnred  to  investigate  wiiether  the 
rali'olithic  period  bad  not  possibly  an  e\- 
isteiite  in  the  Uiuted  States,  and  to  sug- 
gest that  these  rude  and  thick  implements, 
inknowiedged  by  all  to  be  so  characteristic 
1)1  the  Paleolithic  period  in  Europe,  and 
so  unknown  to  the  Neolithic  i)eriod  in  bot'i 
Europe  and  America,  may  not  have  been 
its  representatives. 

or  the  tUin,  true  leaf-shaped  imidements 
ill  some  of  tlieir  forms,  the  autlior  has  said 
tlicy  seem  to  have  belonged  to  both  periods, 
iiiid  so  their  discovery,  unsupported  by  as- 
sociated objects,  is  not  evidence  as  to  either 
period.  He  trusts  he  hasexplainedthe  dif- 
tereiR'cs  between   these   implements,  the 

thick  and  the  thin — that  though  from  the  side  view  they  ha\  e  great 
I't'st'inblance,  yet  are  really  widely  separated  in  culture,  time,  and 
art— and  he  hopes  the  reader  will  not  confound  them. 

CLASS  A.  -I'OINTp:i>  at  noTU  ENDS.     (I'late  2«.) 


Fig.  80. 

VKLLOWrilKllT. 

Slicll-liciip  on   TeiiiicMHfo  Itiver  iipjio- 

sitt)  Savuiiiuih,  Ti'imcsHt'i'. 

Nut  leal'-shapeil  (iiist;it(Mi  lor  <'oiii|iiiri- 
8011.)    3SxlJx?. 

(ill.  N.i. '.I'.iiit.  r.S.N.M. 


This  class  corresponds  to  the  Solntreen  type  of  the  raleolithic  period 
iu  I'lance.  It  is  pointed  at  botli  ends;  it  approaches  the  elliptical 
and  the  oval,  but  is  not  r<igular  in  either  form,  for  its  greatest  width 
is  about  one-fourth  to  one-third  the  distance  from  the  base  to  the 
piHiit.  In  France  this  is  called  "feuille  de  laurier"  (laurel  leaf).  It 
is  symuietrical,  quite  thin,  the  edges  and  sides  having  been  chipped 
with  great  delicacy  and  fineness.  According  to  botanii^al  nomenclature 
it  a^)proaches  the  lanceolate.  The  appeaiance  of  this  iui])lemeiit  in 
Eiiiope  during  the  Paleolithic  period  and  its  contimiance  into  and 
'li.'iigh  the  Neolithic  i)eriod  have  been  described  on  p.  828,  and  need 
in>i  be  repeated.  This  inipleinent  and  the  convex  scraper  are  (common 
tnlxith  periods,  and  are  the  two  imi)lements  which  belong e<iually  to  the 
l*;'l<'olithic  and  Neolithic  periods. 


800 


REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  181)7. 


\ 


«If(l 


M  A, 


I  "^ 


Al 


bAh 


P^A 


Wn 


Tho  lollcwiiiff  illustrations  give  Ji  fail"  idea  of  these  iinplemeni    in 
North  All  erica.     They  run  the  entire  range  of  size,  from  the  very  In-,. 

to  the  very  small.     Plate  25  has  a  fragiutnt  (tf 

a  large  one  of  obsidian  from  Cordova,  Mt^ico. 
Fig.  87  is  a  leaf-shaped  imi)lementfroiii  \\)\. 

som,  California,  of  symmetric-il  form,  tin  ugh 

chipped  in  rough  and  rather  large  Hakes,    it 

bears  the   evidence  of    use.    It   may   liave 

been  handled  and  used  as  a  spear,  or  it  muy 

have  had  a  si<in  or  other  wrapping  and  licen 

used  as  a  knife 

or  dagger. 
Fig.  88  is  from 

St.  George, 

Utah.     It    is 

of  liinty  <hert, 

and  is  a  won- 
derful piece  of 

art    in    fl i n t 

chipping.  The 

flakes    run  to 

the  center,  and 

so    have    r  e  - 

d  u  c  e  d     the 

thickness  to 

the   minimum, 

which   is    one- 
eighth    of    an 

inch.    It  is  un- 

fortuuat  ely 

broken  in  three 

pieces,   one  of 

which  is  lost. 
Fig.  89  is  a  very  thin  specimen  of  fine, 
grained  flinty  chert  from  Union  County, 
Kentucky,  and  is  flg.  9  on  Plate  28,  Class  A. 
Fig.  90,  from  Northampton  County,  Vir- 
ginia, is  of  (juartzite  and  represents  a  type 
prevalent    along  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
from  the  Pot^imac  to  the  James  rivers.    It 
is  found  in  abundance  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Washington  City  (Plate 28,  tig.  3). 
Fig.  91  is   of  chalcedony,    delicately 
chipi)ed,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  is  symmetrically  lenticular  (PI  itc 
28,  tig.  10).     Fig.  92  is  of  obsidian,  is  similar  to  flg.  91,  but  thicker,  and 
its  greatest  width  is  nearer  the  base  (Plate  28,  flg.  8). 


LEAF-SIIAPKDIMIM.KMENT,  rOINTED 
AT  BOTH  ENDS. 

Folsoni,    SBcraiucuto    County, 

Caliiornia. 
Division  I,  Class  A.    7i  x  :i  x  J. 

C:it.  No.  734'J,  U.S.N.M 


;^ 


3. 

Id 


/ 


ARROWfOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


897 


leineiii    in 

very  l:ir.,. 

•agiuciitof 
'a,  Moico, 

tfl'OIU  I'ol. 
Ill,  tllciigl, 

Hakes,  it 
may  liave 
,or  it  may 
>■  and  hi't-ii 


S 

^        H 


c     "^ 

a.    .:; 
•«i    - 


lar  (I'liic 
icker,  and 


A  characteristic  of  the  Mousterieii  (Paleolithic)  point  is  that  it 
V  as  made  from  a  Hake  struck  from  the  nucleus  with  a  single  blow,  aud 
tilt'  under  or  ilat  side  was  left  iinchippedandTiiitouched, 
wliilr  the  top  or  outside  was  wrought  by  chipping  to  a 
tint'  edge  and  point.  Fig.  1>."3  is  almost  unique  among 
Ann  rican  8[)ecimens  in  the  IJ.  S.  National  Museum 
111  the  possession  of  this  c'laracteristic.  The  illustra- 
tion is  of  the  top  side,  and  it  shows  the  chipping; 
the  other  side  is  a  clean  fratture  with  no  chipping. 
Tile  specimen  is  pale-bluish  chalcedo'iy,  translucent, 
and  comes  from  ]\rexico.  It  is  pointed  at  both  ends  and 
belongs  to  Class  A,  leaf-shaped.  Fig.  9f  is  leaf-shaped, 
elliptical,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  belongs  to  Class  A. 
It  fomes  from  (leorgia.  The  material  is  the  gray  pyro- 
lUiicliic  chert  similar  to  the  large  disks  ( Plates  Gli-G3) 
found  in  caches  in  Ohio  and  Illinois.  The  tipend  oi'the 
base  shows  the  crust  of  the  pebble  from  which  the  iin- 
pk'incnt  was  made.  In  general  appearance  it  resembles 
till'  others  of  Class  A,  but  has  a  distinguishing  ditt'er- 
ence  which  may  assist  in  deterniiuiug  th(5  method  of  use  of  this  style 

of  iinplemeut.     It  has  two  notches  opposite  each 
other  in  the  edges  near  the  base,  evidently  inten- 
tional, and  which  we  may  assume  were  for  attach 
ment  of  a  handle  by  ligature.     The  implement  is 
quite  too  heavy 
point;    it  might 
for  this;  another 


Fig.  b!). 

I.EAFSHAl'KD  IMPLE- 
MKNT.  I'OIM  KD  AT 
iloTH  ENDS. 

Division  I,  Class  A. 

<'iil.  N...  TdliU,  r..s.N.M. 


l-'ig.  90, 

SHAI'ED    IMPLEMENT, 
"INTKD  AT  MOTH  li.VDS. 

Diviision  I,  Class  A. 
Oi  X  2i  X  \. 

r^ii.  N,,.  iH-Ki,  U.S.N..M. 


Fig.  91. 

LEAF-SHAl'EI)  IMPLE- 
MI;NT,  I'OI.NTED  AT 
MOTH  ENDS. 

Sunta      U  IV  r  1)  ii  r  a 
Comity,  Califdrnia. 

lUvJsion  I,  (Jiass  A. 

agxjxj. 

fat.  Nil.  15280,  I'.S.N.M. 


for  an  arrow- 
be  a  spear,  but 
having  the  same 


Fig.  92. 

I.EAK-SHAI'KI)  IMl'LE- 
MENT,  POINTED  AT 
llOTH  ENDS. 

(lalit'oiiiia. 

Division  I.  Class  A. 

3J  X  J  X  ft. 

('(It.  No.  IWSS,  U,.>i.N.M. 


Fig.  93. 
i,eaf-shai'i;d    i.mi'LE 

MKNT,     PiilNTED    AT 
MOIII  ENDS. 

National      Miisiuiii, 
Mexico. 

Division   1,  Cla.-s  A. 

4ix'J4x4. 

Cat.  N...  :il6.M,  I'.S.N.M. 


Wfight,  but  shorter  ami  thicker,  would  serve  etiually  well  and  not  be 
fragile  nor  in  continual  danger  of  breakage.     Whether  it  was  intended 
NAT  MUS  U7 57 


£^«*-?;lS??SJ;r,'."-:-' 


898 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


for  use  JiH  a  spear,  arrow,  knife, or  dagger,  can  1)';  determined  i)o.siti\eIv 
oidy  by  the  handle  itself,  of  which,  unfortunately,  uo  traces  were  foiiml. 


^rTtsx 


Fig.  94. 

I.EAF-SHAPEIJ  IMI'I.EMKNT.  I'OINTKIl  Al'  DOTH  ENDS,  TWO  NOTCHES  NEAHHASK  KdU  KASTKMNMi  llAMiLK, 

Gilmer  Ci)iiiity,  (iiMirgia. 
Division  I,  Class  A.    !»x)Jxji. 

Cat,  Nu.  llsd-js,  I'.S.N.M. 

It  may  be  useless  to  sjjeculate  on  these  dilferent  uses,  but  the  circuin 
stances  seem  to  i>oiut  toward  its  tise  as  a  knife  or  dayger. 
The  danger  of  fracture  of  such  long,  thin  tlint  iinidements,  so  easily 
broken  by  the  shock  which  would  be  inevitable  in 
their  employment  as  spears,  appears  so  much  agniiisr 
that  employment  that  the  author  prefers  to  believe 
them  to  have  been  knives  or  daggers.  JJehl  in  tliu 
hand,  they  would  give  the  maximum  of  service  witli 
the  minimum  of  danger  from  breakage. 

Fig.  95  is  another  of  the  same  type  as  tig.  U-l,  in  tlmt 
it  is  a  leaf-shaped,  Class  A,  spear  point  and  has  tiio 
two  notches  near  the  base  as  if  for  ligatures,  whicli  is 
ecjUcally  pronounced  evidence  of  it  having  been  in 
tended  for  a  knife  or  dagger.  It  is  2  inches  witk 
and  but  live- sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick,  so  that  it 
would  be  too  fragile  for  a  spearhead.  Its  edges  aio 
convex  for  the  i)rincipal  portion  of  the  blade,  hut 
near  the  point  they  become  conclave,  making  the  edgu 
for  the  entire  length  a  combination  of  concave  and 
p.    jjg  convex — an  ogee.    This  has  the  elfect  of  sharpeniii;: 

LEAFsHAiED     iMiM.E     thc  \t0\\\\,  aiid  giviug  it  a  needle  form.    This  needle 
MENT  OK  tiHAv  iiouN-    fomi  Is  cxtreuiely  rare,  this  being  the  only  specimen 

STONE.      l'OI.NTEl>       AT  ,         ,     .         ,,         'f  T      O       VT     i.  •  1    T»  T  rlM  l    1 

noTiii.sDs.  remarked  in  the  U.  8.  National  Museum.    The  uotcli 

BriifviUc,    St.    Clair    ill  the  cdgcs  of  a  leaf-shaped  implement  pointed  at 

cv-.ty,  iiiinoi,'^.        |„)j|,  (3„,|(^  (Class  A)  is  almost  eipially  rare,  as  the 

two   specimens  here   shown   are   the  only  ones  we 
have.    They  are  introduced  not   so  much  becan.si 


k'lSlOl) 


Cat.  No.  ili.-l.--.,  r.S.N.M. 


of  the  rarity  of  their  form  as  that  it  ma.v  assist  in 
deciding  the  ultimate  destination  of  the  class  of  leaf-shaped  implc 
nients  to  which  they  belong  and  whi(di  has  never  been  satisfactorily 
determined.  These  specimens  are  from  the  eastern  or  middle  iMiiicd 
States  and  so  have  no  relation  witii  the  long,  thin  blades  from  tlie 
Pacific  coast. 


I  positively 
ivere  foiiud, 


ENINli  IIAMiLE. 


Alii  ciic 


iiiu- 


s,  so  easily 
Bvitiiblc  in 
ich  against 
to  beliovo 
[eld  ill  the 
ii'viee  witli 


,1M,  ill  that 
id  liiis  till' 
:S,  which  if, 
2^  been  in- 
icbes  w'kk 

so  that  it 
I  edg'cs  are 
bhide,  but 
g  the  edgf 
iicave  and 
bari)eiiiii<; 
'his  needle 
'  specimen 
The  notch 
pointed  at 
re,  as  the 
Y  ones  we 
li  because 
^  assist  ill 
led  ini|iN' 
isfactoiily 
lie  [Tiiiieil 

Iroin  the 


Report  of  U.  S   National  Museum,  lBd7.     Wilson. 


Plate  29. 


UJ 
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0 

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Q 
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EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    29. 


Leaf-shaped  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 
r/rt.s.s  li. 

I'i^'.  1.  Leak-colored  Quaimv.  Poimmiyuy. 

(Cat.  Xi>.  nmm,  U.S.N.M.     DaysviUo,  Windliam  Cdunty,  Coiiiit'cf  iciil.    .1,  H.  Clark.) 
lit:.  2.  JiLUE  Gray  Ciiaixedony. 

(Cut.  No.  ;t4584,  I'.S.N.M.     AUron,  Siiiiiinit  Counl.v,  Ohio.     Tlioiiiaa  Kliodes.) 
I'ii;.  :i.    AKGILLITK. 

(Cat.  Xo.  lOHfio,  U.S.N.M.    Trpnton,  Now  Jer.sey.     Dr.  i;.  C.  Ablmtt.) 
Fin.  ••  Ivin'oLiTK. 

(Cat.  Xo.  3r)UUIi,  U.S.N.M.     Catawlci  Coiiuty,  North  Carolina.    J.  T.  Hiimphn'yu.) 


M 


Rt.port  ot   U,  S   National  Museum,   1897.-  Wilson. 


Plate  30. 


; 


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EXPLANATION    OF   PLATE   30. 


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12 


11 


Leaf-shaped  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

ClasH  n. 
Vi'^.  1.  White  CnKitT. 

((;at.  Nil.  lti»312.  l'.S.N..M.     Hooiui  Coiintv,  Mi.isoiiri.     (i.  W.  Cli'iiiwis.) 

I'if,'.  2.    QUAUT/.  I'OKl'UYKV. 

(Cat.  No.  :iGl)12,  r.S.N'.M.    C'atawbu  County,  Nortli  (Jaroliiia.    J.  T.  Htiiiiplin^.v.s.) 

Fij;.  3.  Yellow  Jaspek. 

(Cat.  No.  984;i8,  U.S.N. M.     (Clienati  Mountaiim.  I'resiiiio.  T»»xa8.    T.  I;.  Stcwiirl  ( 
Fi;;.  I.  PiNKitiiiWmTK  Fmnty  Chert. 

(Cat.  No.  99336,  U.S.N. M.     IJoone  County,  Mis.soiiri.     (!.  W.  Clemens. i 

Fin.  5.  Dakk-Buown  Flinty  Ciieut. 

(Cat.  No.  22173,  U.S.N.M.     CattaraugUH  County,  New   Vork.     Mrs.  1,.  N.  Wright.) 

Fiji.  ti.  Fink  Chkkt,  Color  ok  Bekswax, 

((Jot.  No.  157.53,  r.S.N.M.     San  Mij,'uel  Islauil,  Caliloniia.     W.  (i.  Harlord.) 
Fii;.  7.  BLUisii-JiuowN  Cherty  Flint. 

(Cat.  No,  42960,  r..S.N.M.     Paxton,  Sullivan  County,  Indiana.     .1.  \V.  S)KMieer.) 

Fi^.  S,  (jRay  Chalckdonic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  8234,  U.S.N.M.     Ohio.    .1.  H.  Devereiix.i 

Fi)f.  9.  Fink-Grainei)  Quartzite. 

(Cat.  No.  8563,  U.S.N.M.     Mound  near  Kott   Wadswortli,   Dakota.     Dr.  J.  .\.  Com  fort, 
U.S.A.) 

Fiji.   10.    liRILLIANT-WHITE   CHALCEDONY. 

(Cat.  No.  296K3((.  U.S.N.M.     San  Miguel  Island,  California.     Steplien  Mowers.) 

Fii;.  11.  Shininu-I'inkish  Chalcedony. 

(Cat.  No.  29685,  U.S.N.M.     San  Mijiuel  Island,  Calit'ornia.     Stephen  I'.oweis.) 

Fin,  12.  VVHiTt.sii-vlKAY  Opalescent  Qiaut/. 

(Ca'.  No.  ;!'.ii!S3b,  U.S.N.M.     San  Miguel  Island,  CaliCornia.     Stephen  Ilowers.) 

Fin.  13.  BLACh    Basalt  (?). 

(Cat.  JJo.  l.'>700,  U.S.N.M.     San  Miguel  Island,  California.     W.  (i.  Harford.) 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
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WiBSTER.N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  •73-4503 


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AlfKOWPOTNTS,   SPEARHEADS,   AND    KNIVES. 


S91) 


Fi^s.  90  t'"  101,  inclusive,  are  inserted  for  the  purpose  of  i-onipletiug 
the  si-ries  aiul  are  not  specially  nieutioned.  The  nuiterial,  si/e,  locality, 
■U'.,  are  given  in  their  accompanying  legends. 


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I 


S? 


M; 


Kig.  90.  Fig.  97.  Fig.  98.  Fig.  99.  Fig.  100. 

I,EAF-SHAI'i;i)   AKIIOWI'OI.NTS,  I'DINTKll   AT   IIOTII    EMIS.      DIVISION   I,  CI.AHS   A. 

I'ii;.  90.— Obniilinii,  4ixlixi(,  Storktoii,  (.'alil'ornia.    (lat.  No.  :123«3,  U.S.N..M. 

I''i-.  97.-Palo  gray  Hint,  OJxljlx;;),  nardin  County,  Ohio.    Cat.  No.  9784,  U.S.N.M. 

I"iu.  9H.-Fliiity  ciiert,  :>i  x  1 J  x  -j,  Oregon.    Cut.  No.  2174:j,  U.S.N. M. 

I'i-.  im.-Dark  Imowu  jasper,  4.Jx2ix  J,  Trinity,  Louisiana.     Cat.  No.  00311,  I'.S.N.M. 

I'm.  loo.— Yfllowi.sli  bro«  n,ja.si)i'r,  3g  \  1  x  .>,,  District  of  Coluiiil)ia.    Cat   Xo.  ,">4Uti,  I'.S.N.M. 

I'l-.  101. -Cray  Hint,  12  x  J  x  ,',,,  San  Miguel  Island,  Culil'oruia.    Cat.  N'o.  I.'>7iio.  I'.S.N.M. 

CI,A>S    It. — I'OINTKI)    AT    ONK    EM>;    ((»N('A\  K,    STKAKlilT,    OK    CONVK.V    HASK.       ( I'latOH 

29,  ;w.) 


These  have  the  same  general  appearance  as  Class  A.  They  may  be 
oblong,  oval,  or  ovate,  with  truncated  base,  concave,  straight,  or  convex. 
Tlity  are  usually  larger,  and  are  the  commoner  form  of  the  leaf  shaped 


900 


HEPURT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


in  the  United  States.  Tin;  liir^fe  argillite  specimens  from  Trenton, 
New  .lersey,  fcHind  by  Dr.  C  C.  Abbott,  belong- to  this  clisss.  'Hkjsc 
are  exceedingly  interesting  and  deserve  profound  study,  as  tlie^\  iniiy 

prove  tlie  connecting  link  between  the  Paleo- 
lithic and  Neolithic  periods  in  the  T Htcii 
States.  It  will  be  remembeied  how  tlic  li;if 
shaiH'd  implements  were  common  to  Imtli 
periods.  These  are  of  argillite,  the  mahijai 
used  exclusively  for  the  Trenton  impleiiniit> 
in  the  glacial  gravels  of  the  Delaware. 

Fig.  102  is  one  of  these  argillite  leaf-sliiped 
implements  found  by  Dr.  Abbott  at  Trcntun. 
Its  shape  is  shown  in  the  illustration.  One 
of  these  specimens  is  ])hotographed  in  tlif 
chissitication,  Icafshaited,  Class  li  (I'lati'  :.'!». 
fig.  .{).  The  material  seems  to  have  liccii 
easily  chipped;  it  (;ould  be  struck  oil  in 
broad,  thin  flakes,  shell-shaped,  and  not  Idii^. 
straight,  and  narrow  as  with  ilint,  obsidian. 
and  other  chippable  materials.  Thercloie, 
the  chipping  appears 
gross,  yet  the  desid- 
eratum of  a  thin,  sharp 
imidement  is  obtained. 
Fig.  103  is  another  of 
the  same  material  and 
from  the  same  locality. 
The  same  remark  is  to 
be  nmde  as  to  its  Hakes. 
Fig.  104  is  from  Paxton,  Sullivan  County,  Indi- 
ana. Comj)arison  of  these  three  objects  will 
manifest  the  ditlerence  in  the  chipping  of  the 
material.  Although  the  surface  of  the  latter 
(fig.  104)  is  much  smaller  than  that  of  the  former, 
yet  the  number  of  flakes  struck  from  it  is  three 
times  greater.     The  argillite  specimens  (figs.  102, 

103)  have,  respectively,  but  12  and  13  fiakes 
struck  from  the  broad  side;  the  jaspery  Hint  (fig. 

104)  has  no  less  than  40.  The  argillite,  contrary 
to  its  appearance,  is  (juite  hard,  and  takes  and 
holds  a  fairly  sharp  e«lge;  altogether,  it  was  a 
good  material  and  reconnnended  itself  for  stone 
implements. 

Figs.  105  and  100  represent  specimens  of  leaf-shaped,  impleiiioiits 
from  Ohio,  They  are  of  flint,  and,  while  sharj)  at  the  point,  arc  sn 
convex  at  the  base  as  to  pass  gradually  into  the  disk  form  so  i)lentilul 


rig.  102. 

LEAF-SHAPED  IMl'LEMKNT  OP  ABGII.- 

LITE,   WITH   SlHAKillT  IIASE. 

Trciiloii,  ^'ew  Jersey. 
Division  I,  Class  ii.    SJ  x  ail,  x  g. 

Ciit.  No.  19367,  U.S.N'.M. 


Fig.  lOT. 

LEAF-HIIAPEI)  I.MPLE.MIAT  I'F 
AKOILLITE,  WITH  M  KM. Ill 
ItAiSE. 

Troiitdii,  New  .Irr^i  ■. 
Division  I,  CliiHN  I 
4|xaiixi.- 

•  •at.  No.  193lia,  U.S.N.  V 


AUROWPOINTS,  SPEARTIEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


901 


3111  Trenton. 
lass.  These 
IS  tlK'\  iiijiy 
utho  I';iK,', 

the  T'Mit,,'(| 

low   tllf   |(.;|f 

ion  to  liotli 
the  niiiinjiil 

iinpleiiiiiits 

ware. 

leaf-sli,i|„.(l 

at  Trciitdii, 
ation.    ()||(i 

ihed  ill  th,. 
li  (I'lat.L'ii. 
'  have  hccii 
rnck  (»tr  ill 
lid  notion^, 
lit,  obsiiliaii, 

There  lore, 


ig-.  103. 

H   IMI'LE.MIM'  (IK 

;,  WITH  sih.M'.ii: 

Now  .Jitm\ 
M  I,  CIhhh  I:. 

x2^xg.• 

i.'wa,  i;.s.N.v: 

iinpleiiK'iits 
)iiit,  are  so 

so  iilentit'iil 


ill  tliiir  locality.  These  formed  part  of  a  (;ache  of  201  speciiiieiis  found 
ill  1S72  by  S.  W.  lirij^gs  in  Sullivan  Township,  Ashland  County,  abont 
IS  inches  beneath  the  surface,  deposited  in  a  kejflike  vessel  of  the 
Imrk  (if  the  red  elm,  10  or  IL*  inches  in  diameter  and  13  inches  in  hoijjht. 
The  specimens  avera{?e  in  si/e  from  1  inches  long,  L*  to  2:|  incdies  wide, 
lUiil  iliree-eighths  of  an  inch  thick. 

I'ii.  \07  la  a  beautiful  spe<;inien,as  delicate  as  though  it  had  been 
intended  for  use  in  a  lady's  dressing  (!ase.  It  is  but  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  thick.     It  is  of  dark-gray  lustrous  Hint,  with  a  jiiitina  similar  to 

that  on  the  Chelhen  implements  from  the  gravels  of  Ihe 

rivers  Somme  and  Onse  in  Europe. 

The  late  I'aiil  Scliiimaclier  round  such  leaf-sliajieil   jioiuts  in 

sontlu'in  Californi.'i  jjiaves  tintler 
eircunistancoswliich  remove  all 
doubts  as  to  their  having  been  the 


Kig.  104. 

I.KAF-HAPEI)  IMPI.E- 
MKMclFI'ALKOKAY 
JA>l'h;KY  KMNT, 
WriMCONVKX  BASE. 

Division  I,  Chistt  H. 
:<y.l^\{-a. 

f'al.  N   .  4'.'9.'.7,  U.S.N.M. 


Via.  10."). 

LEAF  -  .SHAPED  IMPLEMENT 
OP  DAltlv  CUAV  FLINT, 
WITH  ((INVEX  BASE. 

Uivisiou  I,  class  ]!. 
4  X  2i  X 1. 

Cat.  No.  16W7,  U.S.N.M. 


Fig.  106. 
LEAF  •  SMAPEl)      1-M'I.EMI'NT    DP 
DAUK  liliAV    FLINT,  WITH  <(JN- 
VEX  liASE. 

Diviaioii  I,  Cla.sH  11. 

3  X  'J J  X  T«,. 

I'.il.  N...  ]:.:•:,<.  I'.S.N'.M. 


aniiMtmes  fif  arrows.     He  saw,  moreover,  aiiion<;  the  Indians  of  Orejjon,  arrows 
tipiii'il  witii  leaf-shaped  Hint  points.     (Ran.) 

I'ig.  lOS,  from  Santa  Barbara  Oiunty,  ('alifornia,  is  a  peiMiliar, 
Inii;:,  thin,  narrow  blade,  with  a  sharp  point,  and,  interesting  to 
reiiiiirk,  its  base  shows  traces  of  asphaltum  or  bitumen,  by  wliich 
its  shaft  or  handle  was  attached.  This  demonstrates  the  mode  of 
attachment,  but  <loes  not  aid  in  the  solution  whether  it  was  intended 
loi  use  as  a  knife  or  an  arrowy  that,  the  shaft  or  handle  alone  could 
iletennine. 

I'ig.  100,  knife  or  arrowpoint,  is  even  longer  and  thinner  than  the 
tbiiiu'r  (fig.  108). 

I'ig.  liO  is  of  the  same  general  type  and  from  tlio  same  general  locil- 
ity.  The  patina  is  apparent.  Fig.  Ill  has  the  same  general  apjiear- 
aiii  ('  as  (ig.  107,  but  is  broader  and  more  oval.  Its  edges  near  the  point 
are  made  concave,  so  that  the_  point  is  more  delicate  and  prou<'Anced. 


002 


RKPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1W7. 


I  III' 

IS  if 

-s  (,f 


Kig.  107. 
LKAK-SIIAI'EI)   IMPLE- 
MKNTOKDAUK  (iHAY 
KI.INl,  WITHC  ONVHX 
BASE. 

San    Miguel    Islniiil, 
Calil'ornia. 

DiviHion  I,  CliiHH  I!. 

Cat.  N.i.  2!if)HS,  r.S.N.M. 


Fig.  108. 

I-KAF-SHAPRIJ  IMI'I.E. 
MENT  OF  .1  \sl'l:l!V 
fiRAVISIlKI.IM, Willi 
CONVEX  HASK 

Division  I,  CImss  1! 

I':it.  Ni>.  Vll.'.lll,  1>.\,M 


Fig.  112  is  ii  beiUitiCiil  specinuMi  of  traiisliuuuit  cliulccdoiiy,  and 
wrougiit  t«»  ii  true  mid  oven  edge  by  almost  iiiliiiitesimul  flakinj:.    T] 
point  and  edges  one  tliird  way  iij)  are  smootluMl 
1»y  use,  not  ])olislied,  but  as  thougli  the  sliari)iit 
tiie  edge  had  been  worn  otl.     It  is  a 
line  specimen.  ^ 

Fig.  Il.'{  is  of  jtoiphyiitic  felsite, 
whi(!li  forms  so  large  a  jiortioii  of  the 
material  for  ])rehistorie  implements 
from    eastern    Mass  icliusctts.     I*'ig. 
114    is    of  reddish   quartzite,    fine- 
grained and  liard.     It  is  from  Khode 
Island,  and  has  <;onvex  edges  and  a 
straight  base.    Fig.  1 1;"*  was  found  at 
(Chattanooga  in  Tennessee  by  Messrs. 
Read  and  1  )ayton,  but  is  of  the  white 
Hint  which  belongs  to  Illinois  and 
Missouri,  and  is  a  form  common  to 
those  Western   States.     It  is  widest  near  the  base, 
and  from  the  place  of  its  greatest  expansion  to  the 
point  tiie    edges  are   straight,   and 
not  coiive.v  as  usual.     Fig.  110,  from 
Ivno.v  County,  Illinois,  is  of  the  i)ale-gray  flint  with 
the  lustrous  <!halcedoiiic  appearance  common  to  that 
State.    It  is  deeply  weathered,  espe- 
cially at  the  two  ends,  where  it  is 
thin.    Fig.  1 17  is  elliptical  and  sym 
metrical.    The  edges  are  smooth  and 
sharp,  with  fine  chipping  of  long  and 
reguhir    shell-like    tiakes    reaching 
from   the  edge  to   the  center  ridge. 
It  is   a  specimen   of   the  most  dif- 
ficult Hint  chipping  in  the  IMusenm. 
There  are  48  Hakes   shown  on   the 
two  sides.    They  are  one-half  to  Hve- 
eighths  of  an  inch  in  width  and  IJ 
to  1 1  inches  in  length,  and  are  scarcely 
thicker  than  par(!hment.     Such  fine 
work  is  beyond  the  skill  of  any  one 
kiiown  to  historic  times.    This  speci- 
men was  found  by  Mr.  John  G.  Henderson,  of  Win 
Chester,  Illinois,  in  a  burial  mound  near  Naples,  Illi- 
nois, associated  with  numerous  curious  objects — copiier 
hatchets,  elaborate  i)ipes,  Pyrula  shells,  etc. — and  is 
described  by  him.'     Fig.  IIS  is  of  yellow  jasper,  of  oval  form,  with  con 


Fig.  109. 

LFAK-SIIAI'KI)  IMPLE- 
MENT OK  OHSIDIAN, 
WITH  CONVEX  I1A8E. 

San   Miguel     laliiiul, 

('alifornia. 
Division  I,  ClasH  B. 

;<»  I  in  X  i. 
Cat.  No.  !iW26,  II.S.N.M. 


Fig.  110. 

I.EAF-SHAI'EU  nil'I.E 
MENT  OP  I.rsiU'l- 
CHALCEDONIC  II.IM 
OKHILICIKIEI)  W'l'li, 
WITH  CONVEX  l!A>E 

San  .Migiii^l    IsImhiI, 

Ciiliforniji. 
Division  I,  Class  I! 

Cat.  No.  16:.34,  U.S.N  M 


'  Sinithsouiiiu  Koprnt,  18X2,  p.  696,  fig.  11. 


ARUOWPOINTS,   SPKAiniEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


!l()3 


llony,  ;Mi,i  is 
Isliai'iuiossot 


Fig.  Ills. 

FSIIAF'EI)     IMil.R. 

!NT  OK  .r\s|.|.i;v 
JAYISIIKMM.uiiii 
WVEX  HASI 

vision  I,  (1,,^^  |. 

3sv;,x,:, 

.  No.  vo.'.lil,  1  .-.\.\1 

y  flint  with 
moil  to  tliiit 


Fig.  110. 

SHAPED    IMI'I.E- 
n-  OF    Lf.'iTllolS 
iLCKDONIC  ll.ivr 
II.ICIKIEDW    .M', 
HC<).\Vi;.\-  liA-B 

Migiml    IsLiiiJ. 
L'alil'orniii. 
sioii  I,  C'liiss  r> 

".16734,  U.S.\  M. 

,  with  coil 


Flfl.  111. 

I.KAK-S1I.\I'KI>     IMPI.E- 
.MENTf'b'l'Al.KdKAY 

<HAi.('i;i)()Niir  ki.int 

WITICC'O.W  KX  HASK. 

Sun  Miguel  Lslantl, 
Calit'iiriiia. 

Divisiuul,  CliiHH  I!. 

IJxJxi. 

(  .11.  .N...  ■-".•i^.l,  I   .>.S.M. 


vex  edj^es  jukI  Straight  bii.sc,  more  i/haii  usual  tliickness,  rude  appcar- 
iiiK  t'.     The  larjfe  and  irrej'uUir  Haking  marks  it  as  something  dillerent 
t'roiii  the  former  specimens.     Its  plane  is  twisted  nearly 
one  half  an  inch.    There  is  no  evidence  of  uso.     Fig. 

Ill)  is  leaf-shaped,  convex 
but  not  rounded  base,  broad 
in  proportion,  with  convex 
edges  and  sharp  point. 

Fig,    120    is    i)ale    blue, 
almost    white,   chalcedoni<' 
Hint,    from     Flint    liidge, 
Licking  County,  Ohio.    The 
characteristic  small  quart/ 
crystals  are  to  be  seen  on 
its  surface.     Its  base  and 
edges  are  both  convex,  as 
shown   in   the  illustration. 
The  edges  all  around  have  been  chipped  so 
thin  that  tiie  light  will  show  through.     Dr. 
liau    has    said    this   was 
probably  a  knife,  and   it 
may  have  been,  but  there 
is  nothing  except  its  com- 
parative width  to  indicate 
anything    different    from 
any  other    implement   of 
the  same  class,  and  what 
it  might  have  been  is  de- 
terminable   ovily    by    the 
shaft  or  handle.    1  f  it  had 
a  long  shaft,  then  this  was 
an  arrow^  or  spear;   if  a 
short  handle,  then  it  was 
a  knife;  and.  as  to  which 
it  had  we  know  nothing, 
either    by  direct  or    cir- 
cumstantial evidence. 
Figs.  121  to  123  are  si)eci- 
mens    belonging    to  this 
class,  but  have  no  particu 
lar  char.acteristics.    They 
are  inserted  for  the    purpose  of   completing  the 
series.  Their  material,  size,  and  locality  are  given  at  length  in  their 
legends. 


Fig.  112. 

I.RAF-SIIAl'EI)  IMl'I.E.MENT  OP  TRANS- 
MTENT  CHALCEDONY,  WITH 
STKAIGHT  BASE. 

Tenne.'isee. 
Division  I,  Class  15. 

Cat.  N0.6SUI,  U.S.N.M. 


Fig.  113. 

LEAK  -  SHAPED  IMPF.E- 
.MENT  (IE  l-OUPHVlilTIC 
FEI..-ilTE,  WITH  CONVEX 
BASE. 

Darli  lonili,    15  ri  .s  t  o' 
Coiint.v,Mn8saclmis«'tts 

Division  I,  Clas-s  H. 

4i  X  a  X  i. 

Cilt.  N.i.  1-nl.',.  r.s.N.M. 


904 


KEPOKT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1897. 


Fip,  114. 


Fig.  115. 


Fig.  116. 


I 


Klh- 


Fig.  117. 


Fig.  118. 

LEAF-SHAPED  lUPLBMBNTU.      DIVISION  I,  CLASS  B. 

Fig.  114.— Straight  base,    lixixg.     Kingston,  Rlioile  Island.    Cat.  No.  18018,  U.S.N.M. 

Fig.  115.— Wliito  flint,  witli  straigljt  ba.so.    3ixlgx|.    Cat.  No.  5947,  U.S.N.M. 

Fi{t  116.— Convex  base.    2}xljx|.    Cat.  No. 31987,  U.S.N.M. 

Fig.  117.— Dark-gray  flint,  with  convex  base.    7gx2|xJ.    Mound  near  Naple.s,  Illinois.    Cat.  No. 

43133,  U.S.N.M. 
Fig.  118.— Straight  boM.    4i  x  2g  x  f .    Fiscataway,  Maryland.    Cat.  No.  5833,  U .S.N.M. 


BB^H 


ARUOWPOINT8,  SPEAIIHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


905 


Fig.  110. 


Fig.  120. 


Vig.  121. 


Fig.  122. 


Fig.  123. 


LEAF-SHAPED  IMPLEMENTS.     DIVISION  1,  CLASS  B. 

Fi;;.  119.— Palo-gray  chert,  with  convex  base.    2Jxlixi.    Texas.    Cat.  No.2404,ir.S.N.M. 

li;;.  120.— Convex  base.    Sixljxl.    Cat.No.8234,  U.S.N.M. 

ii-.  121.-Pale-gray  chalcedonic  flint,  with  convex  base.    2ix  If  x  J.    Flint  Kidge,  Licliuig  County, 

Ohio.    Cat.  No.  82340,  U.S.N.M. 
Fi-.  122.-Daik  lustrous  pjromachic  filnt,  with  convex  base.    5J  x  24  x  g.    Flint  Rulge,   Lieking 

"  County,  Ohio.    Cat.  No.  16461,  U.S.N.M. 
Fijr.  i23.-Light-gray  flint,  with  straight  base.    2gxlJxJ.    Ohio.    Cat.  No.  11197,  U.S.N.M. 


1 


m 


906 


UEPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   IH!»7. 


i 


CLASS  <■. — l,ON«i,  NAIlltOW  IU,AI>KS    \VHII  STUAHIIIT,  I'AKAI.I.ICr.    KIXiKS,  SilAUl*  IiilM« 
HASK  CONCAVE,  STltAIUUT,  »)U  CONVKX.      (I'lttto    ^1.) 

a  b 


ifi:i- 


This  class  accommodates  the  loiijj,  narrow  bliidcs 
from  the  Pacific  coast.  This  va- 
riety can  be  studied  in  Plate  iU, 
leaf-sha]>ed,  Class  C.  Their  sides 
and  edges  are  straight,  and  par- 
allel with  each  other,  or  nearly 
so.  The  convex  deflection  from  a 
straight  line  by  which  the  point 
is  formed,  may  be  abrupt  or  gen- 
tle according  as  the  point  is 
madebluntor  tapering.  The  base 
may  be  either  concave,  straight, 
or  convex;  there  seems  to  have 
been  no  regularity  concerning  it. 
very  case  it  is  made  by  the 

I      *iar   clvipping.     The    speci- 
mens vary  greatly  in  length  and 

width,   but    all    are   extremely 

thin,  being  from  one-eighth  to 

three-eighths,  never  more  than 

one-half  inch.     The  difference 

between  width    and    length   is 

greater  than  in  any  other  class. 

The  specimens  on  the  plate  show 

the  following  extremes:  No.  1,8;| 

by  l^byi^ inches;  No.  7,3by|by 

,\  inches;  No.  8,  3f  by  f-^  by  ,\ 

inches;  No.l3,l^by^byJinche8. 
The  materials  of  the  imple- 
ments of  this  class  are  agate, 

chalcedony,  flint  in    its    purer 

condition,  obsidian,  and  similar 

line  material.    These  materials 

are  susceptible  of  delicate  chip- 
ping, and  the  prehistoric  work- 


Fig.  124. 

NKW  CALEDONIAN    JAVE- 
LIN (MODERN). 

Sir  John  Lubbock,  *'  Trehlstorfr 

Times. "  a,  )6  natural  size;/.,  J  mcu  havc  omploycd  tholr  oppor- 

natural  ni.e.  ^^^ j^y   ^j^j^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  elCgaUt 

and  beautiful  specimens.    The  usual  remark  is  to  be  made  as  to  tlieir 


Fig.  125. 

LEAF-SHAPED  IMPLEMENT  OK 
BBOWNISH-OKAY  JASI'll;. 
WITH  CONPAVE  BASE  ANH 
PARALLEL  EDGES. 

Santa     Barbara     County, 
California. 

Division  I,  Class  C. 

Sixlixj. 

Cat.  No.2163»,  U.S.N. M. 


HIIAHI>  riilM> 


A 


irrow  liliulcs 


'"■m 


rig.  125. 

ED  IMPLEMENT  OK 
IH-OUAY  JASI'IK, 
INPAVE  IIASE  AMI 
EL.  EDGES. 

arbara  County, 
alifornia. 

ou  I,  Class  C. 

ixlgxj. 

21638,  IJ.S.N.M. 

)  as  to  tlieir 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    31 


Leaf-shaped  Ahrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 
ClanH  C,  Pacific  i  oasl. 

Viff.  1.    (H'ALKSCKNT    CllKKT. 

((^'iil.  Nil.  'Jl<>:i2,  r.S.N.M.     Siiiitn  liurlxtra  Cuiiuty,  Culilbrnlii.     I'uiil  Scliiiiiiaoher.. 

Fig.  2.    Ol'AI.KSCKNT   C'llKKT. 

(Cut.  Nii.62484,  r.S.N.M.     I»OH  I'lioblos,  Saiitii  Kurliuiii  Coiiiit),  Ciiliforniu.     Capl   i  i  M 
Wliot^lt^r,  r.  S.  (idological  Survt-y.) 

Fig.  3.  Pinkish  Slatk. 

(Cat.  No.  8927,  I'.S.N.M.     West  Derhv,  Vermont.     H.  \V.  NorrU.) 

Fig.  4.    Hl.AtK    ClIAI.CKDONY. 

(Cut.Nii.  U24S1,  r.S.N.M.     DuH  IMioIiIoh,  Sitiitit  Hurlmnt  Coiiiity.  (^aliforuiit.    Capt.  i  >    M 
Wliccler.) 

Fig.  5.   <)H.><II>IAX. 

(Cat.  No.  25424,  I'.S.N.M.    San  Miguel  iHlauil,  C'Hlit'ornia.     Stephen  Koweni.) 

Fig.  <t.   (JUAY  Chai,cki>ony. 

(Cut.  No.  171441,  U.S.N.M.    Uurkc  ('uunty,  <iuurKia.     Dr.  it.  Steiner.) 

Fig.  7.  Hhownisii  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  171441,  I'.S.N.M.    Buiku  Coiiuty,  Cieorgia.     Dr.  R.  Steiner.) 

Fig.  S.  Whi'Ik  C'liEK'r. 

(Cat.  No.  2:t674,  U.S.N.M.    Xauta  Roxu  I.slaud,  (.'alit'oruiu.     Stephen  Itowers.) 

Fig.  y.  Black  Flinty  Chalcbuony.     Bitumen  <>ii  stem,  evidence  of  a  handle. 
(Cat.  No.  26420,  U.S.N.U.    San  M.^juel  Uland.  California.     Stephen  UowerH.) 

Fig.  10.  Ykllowish  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  171441,  r.S.N.M.     I'  »rke  County,  Cieorgia,  Dr.  K.  Steiner.) 

Fig8. 11.  Grayish  Flint. 

(Cut.  Nos.  20516,  U.S.N.M     Santit  Rarburu  County,  Calil'urniu.    Puul  St^huiuucher.) 

Fig.  12.  (iRAYisH  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  26415,  r.S.N.M.    San  Miguel  iHlanil.     Stephen  Bowers.) 

Fig.  13.  Grayish  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  15761,  U.S.N.M.     Sauttt  Iturburu  County,  Culifuruiu.     I'uul  Schumacher.) 


R«i'   1  of  U    S   Nation^'  Mutuu'r,  IBal/       Wmon. 


Plate  31. 


hiiriiaolier., 
nirt.    Capt  I ;  Ji 


uiu.     Cupt.  I ,    M 


u 

> 

s 


I 

< 

U 

a 
CO   - 

z   ~ 


--TBtfi'^lMWffy 

'■  "1"^^  ruin 


^r :-.:'■  ^^JP^ 


i 

< 


2 

_l 


liaviu 

iXW  S( 

ti'('te( 
ni;i(le 
iR't'dl 
(He. 
tlic  ai 
tor  Ji 
iigs. 
not  c 
nor  t 


T.EAF-S 
liliAl 
Will 
I'AltJ 

Santii 
l)i 


Cal 


and 

t1 

spec 


AHROWPOINTS,  SPEAUHFADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


1)07 


Iiaviug  been  used  as  arrowpoiiits,  spearheads,  or  knives.     Many  of  tlieni 
iiiv  so  wroujjlit  that  they  could  not  hive  been  held  in  the  hand  unpro- 


tt'cted.  For  example, 
made  by  the  concave  or 
iR'cdlossif  theinipleiueiits 
(He.  That  they  were  used 
flic  asphaltuin  or  bitumen 
tor  a  perceptible  distance 
lifjs.  107  and  130.  This 
not  confined  to  onc^  size  or 
nor  to  one  locality.     Fig. 


Fig.  120. 

LEAF-SHAPED  IMPLEMENT  OF 
liHAY  KI.INT  OK  .lASPEIt, 
wn  Tl  STKAKMir  ItASU  AND 
I'AliAI.I.kl,  EIMiKS. 

Santa     Harbara     County, 

California. 

Division  I,  Class  C. 

Cat.  Xo.  «lii:il,  f.S.N.M. 


Mm 


iMi 


Fig.  127. 

LEAF-STIAPKD  I  M  P  I.  E  - 
MENT,  WITH  CO.NfAVE 
BASE  AND  PARALLEL 
EDOES. 

California. 

Division  I,  Class  C. 

lOixlJxi. 

C:lt.  No.  VUV.'ll,  IT.S.N.M. 


those  with  sharp  corners 
square  bases  would  be 
were  to  be  without  a  han- 
with  handles  is  proved  by 
still  adhering  to  the  base 
up  the  blade,  as  shown  in 
evidence  of  handling  is 
kind  of  these  implements, 
108  is  but  .'1^  inches  long 


pm 


'¥. 


«; 


■A. 


f^m 


s« 


Fig.  128. 

LEAF  -  SHAPED  IMPLEMENT 
OF  USTHOUS  FLINT  OK 
CHALCEDONY,  WITH 
SLKIHTLV  CONCAVM  IIA8E 
AND  PAHALLKL  KDdES. 

California. 
Division  I,  Class  C. 

Cat.  No.  f,V4s4,  IT.S.N.M. 


and  seven-sixteenths  of  an  inch  wide,  while  fig.  I'M  measures  10  by  1\  by 
tl  (^-eighths  inches.  In  the  chapter  on  knives  we  will  revert  to  these 
specimens  and  show  them  with  their  handles  attached  with  bitumen. 


908 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


[i 


Fig.  129. 

I.GAF-SHAI>EI>  IMPLEMENT  OF 
LU8TRO(!SFMNTOU0HAI,("K- 
DONY,  Wri'll  CONCAVH  ItA.SE 
AND  I>AltALLEL  ED0E8. 

California. 

Division  I,  Class  C. 

r>i  X  2  X  -l^. 

Cat.  No.  alti!!8,  U.S.N.M. 


^ 


M 


a|rVj#ii; 


I    > 


Fig.  124,  a  specimen  of  modern  spear  of  obsidiiin  flakes  from  N  c^w 
Caledonia,  attached  to  a  tliin  handle  or  shaft  by  means  of  gum,  bituincii, 

or  asphalt,  and,  taken  from  Sir  John  Lubbock's 
Prehistoric  Times,  is  inserted  for  comparison. 

Fig.  125  is  an  extremely  thin, 
finely  chipped  object,  from  Santa 
Barbara  County,  California,  and 
is  a  sample  of  those  from  the 
Pacific  coast.  We  are  to  remark 
the  long,  narrow  blade,  the  par- 
allel edges,  the  fine  material,  the 
delicate  chipping,  and  the  ex- 
treme thinness  as  peculiarities  of 
these  implements  from  this  lo- 
cality. Tlie  specimens  on  Plate 
31  will  serve  as  further  illustra- 
tions. 

Fig.  126  is  another  of  the 
long,  narrow,  and  thin  flint  or 
jasper  implements  from  the  Pa- 
cific coast.  Although  it  is  7^ 
inches  long  and  2  inches  wide, 
it  is  but  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
thick.  It,  with  two  6t  three 
other  specimens,  is  peculiar  in 
that,  though  thin,  they  have 
not  been  reduced  by  chipping. 
They  are  quite  flat  in  section, 
reduced  in  thickness  only  to  form  the  edge.  This  pecu- 
liarity is  caused  by  the  layer  of  flint  being  of  natural 
formation  in  its  jiresent  thickness.  The  deposit  of  flint, 
however  made,  has  been  intercalated  with  a  layer  on 
each  side  of  what  has  the  appearance  of  lime  or  chalk, 
the  surface  being  broken  by  right  lines  into  parallelo- 
gramic  figures,  as  shown  in  the  illustration.  Only 
slight  chi[>ping  was  necessary  to  reduce  the  imple- 
ment to  a  sharp  edge.  For  the  better  understanding 
of  this,  reference  is  made  to  Plate  31,  fig.  2. 

Fig.  127  is  the  longest,  tliinnest,  and  narrowest  of 
these  leaf-shaped  objects  irom  the  Pacific  coast.  Its 
edges  are  parallel  for  nearly  the  entire  length.  It  is 
slightly  thicker  nearer  the  base,  which  is  strongly  con- 
cave. It  is  of  gray  flint  or  jasper,  and  has  been  de- 
posited in  the  strata  mentioned  in  the  description  of 
fig.  126,  of  which  traces  are  shown  in  the  illustration, 
been  wrought  by  chipping,  and  they,  with  the  point  and  barbs,  are  fine 
and  sharp. 


'■v,#*:;^$ 


Piff.  130. 

LBAF-SHAI'ED     IMPI.K. 
MENT     OF     II  I,  A  I   K 
KLINT.    WITH     <(i\ 
OAVE  BASE  AND  I'AH 
ALLEL  EUOES. 

California. 

Division  I,  Cliiss  C. 

lOxlixf. 

Cat.  No.  62483,  U.S.N.M 

The  edges  have 


from  New 
1,  bitiiiiK'ii. 

Lubbock's 
mrisoii. 


Pig.  130. 

SHAPED     IMI'IK. 
T      OP      II  I,  A  I    K 
IT.    WITH     <  ■  ( 1  \ 
K  BASE  AND  I'Ai; 
Kl,  EDGES. 

[California, 
iion  I,  Cliw.s  (;. 
lOxlixf. 

0.68483,  U.S.N. M. 

Bdge.s  have 
bs,  are  line 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897 Wilson. 


Plat    32. 


'    ! 


I  i 


i:^  ■« 


-*« 


< 


^ 


> 

z 

0 

U) 

0 

< 

u 

I 
o: 
< 

Q. 
05 

o; 

h 
Z 

? 

0 
IT 
E 
< 

< 

5 

0 

z 
< 

E 

h 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    32, 


Triangular  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 
Fi".  1.  (iKEEX  Chalcedony. 

"  (Cat.  No.  18048.  L'.S.N.M.     \V»-«terl.v,  Wasliiiifiton  Coiiuty,  JJliode  Islaiul.    J.  H.  Cliirk.) 


Fii;.  -'.  Greenish  Funt. 

(Cat.No.  18057,  r.S.N.M.    C 


iiinberlaiid,  Providence  County,  Kliodc  Island.    .( .  11. « 'lark.) 

Fig.  3.  Yellow  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  1714;J8, 1'.S.N.M.     Waynesboro,  BiirkeCounty,  Georgia.    Dr.  1{.  Stciiier.) 

Fi".  I.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.No.  6177,  r.S.N.M.     Stillwater,  Washington  County,  Xiw  York.     Col.  K..rew.tt.) 

Fi<;.  5.  liLii  -HLACK  Flint. 

(Cat.  Kg.  1714;t8(l.  U.S.N. M.     Waynesboro,  (ieorgia.      Dr.  Koland  Slcincr.) 

Fi".  ().  Light-Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  11107,  TJ.S.N.M.     MilnersTiUe,  (Jiiernsey  County,  Ohio.     D.  T.  Thompson.) 

Fi^iN.  7, 8.  Yellow  Flint. 

(Cat.  No8. 1714386,  17U:i8r  IT.S.N.M.    Waynesboro,  (leorgia.     Dr.  Roland  Steiner.) 

Fi".  !i.  PoRPHY-RiTic  Fkl.siti:. 

(Cat.  No.  18060,  U.S.N.M.     Ii.antucket  Island,  Maasachusett:'.    J.  H.  Clark. > 
¥h'.  10.    FiNE-tiRAINED   QCARTZITE. 

(Cat.  No.  180;t4,  U.S.N.M.     Chilmark,  Dukes  County.  Massachusetts,     ,J.  H.  Clark. 

Fi".  11.  Dark-(iIkay  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  Hl,">87.  U.S.N.M.    Hainbridge,  York  County,  I'ennsylv.iuia.    F.  (1.  (lailbraith.) 
Fij;.  12.  Quartz  Porphyry, 

(Cat.  No.  18021,  U.S.N.M.    Wickford,  Washington  County.  Rhode  Island.    ,T.  H.  Clark.) 

Fii;.  IS.  Light-Brown  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  10004,  U.S.N.M.     Camden  County,  Ceurgia.    Gen.  C.  U.  Floyd.) 

Fiji.  14.  White  Quartz. 

(Cat.  No.  18033,  U.S.N.M.     E.ssex.  Middlesex  County,  Connecticut.    .1.  H.  (;lark.) 

Fij;.  ir>.  Dark-Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No,  113819,  U.S.N.M.     Kanawha    County,  West  Virginia.     Bureau  of   Kthnology. 
P.  W.Norris.) 

Fiji.  1<>.  Dark-Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  18031,  U.S.N.M.     East  Haddon,  Middlesex  County,  (Ninnecticut.    ,1.  H.  Clark.) 
Fi;;   17.  Gray'  Chert. 

(Cat.  No.  22175,  U.S.N.M     Sheridan,  Chautauqua  Ciuinty.  New  York.     N.Gould.) 

Fi".  IX.  Black  Flint. 

(Cat.No.l8i  .S.N.M.     Mound  in  Ohio.     .J.  H.  Clark.) 

Fij;.  U».  White  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  21921,  U.S.N.M.     Waukegau.  Lake  County,  Illinois.     -I.  \V  Milner.) 

Flu.  i>o.  Dark-Brown  Jasper. 

(Cat.  No.  12744,  U.S.N.M.     Oregon.     Paul  Schuniacher.) 

Fig.  21.  Black  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  5315.  U.S.N.M.     Llano  County,  Texas.     A.  H.  Kctessler.) 

Fig.  22.  Greenish  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  32239.  U.S.N.M.     Catawba  County,  North  Carolina.    .I.T.  Humphrey.) 

Fig.  23.  Variegated  Flint,  1{rown  and  Gray. 

(Cat.  No.  29683,  U.S.N.M.     San  Miguel  Island,  California,     Stephen  Rowers.) 

Fig.  24.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  16471,  U.S.N.M.     Southern  Ohio.     Dr.  C.  A.  Miller.) 

Fig.  25.  Dark  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  29961, U.S.N.M.     Louisburg.  Franklin  County,  North  Carolina.     F.G.  Foster.) 

Fig.  26.  Brown  Jasper. 

(Cat.No.  20275,  U.SN.M.    Oregon.     Paul  Schumacher.) 

Fig.  27.  White  Chert. 

(Cat.  No.  136959,  U.  S.  N.  M.     Labette  County,  Kansas.     W.  S.  Hill.) 


Figs, 
arc  Iro 
eviileui 
or  <'l>al 
brilliai 
sli-htl; 

We 
seiiiblJi 
altliou 
pl(Miiei 
iiiaiish 
tiuc  tu 
lonj4  t 
inciisc 
arc  fro 
iiiii.  ai 

iiinit  i 
Fig. 
aiul  1 
ami  p 
qiiiisiti 
is  (Mjr 
points 
tiiey  I 
lU'lica 
ridge, 
the  b( 
ot  tlu 
faster 


/ 


TU 

triiiii 
It  in 
wo  111 
calle' 
the  1 
Til 
isosc 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


909 


V\gs.  128  and  129  (see  Plate  31,  flg.  2)  belong  to  the  same  class.  They 
art  t'lom  the  same  locality,  Santa  Barbara  County,  California,  and 
evidently  the  same  material,  which  is  stratified  fiint 
or  chalcedony,  lustrous,  having  the  appearance  of  a 
liri  lliant  patina.  The  edges  are  parallel  and  the  bases 
slightly  concave. 

We  now  pass  to  an  implement  having  sutlicient  re- 
semblance to  re«iuire  its  placement  in  Class  C,  and 
although  from  the  same  locality  as  the  foregoing  im- 
plement, it  has  such  a  difference  of  material,  work- 
manship, and  apparently  of  service,  that  its  nianufac- 
Uuv  and  use  may  have  been  separated  from  thenj  by 
loiij^  time  or  distance  or  perhaps  both.  Two  speci- 
iiHiisof  this  kind  are  here  shown  (tigs.  130, 131).  They 
arc  from  Dos  Pueblos,  Santa  Barbara  County,  Califor- 
nia, are  of  black  fiint,  and  bear  traces  (especially  the 
larger,  fig.  130)  of  bitumen  having  served  as  an  attach- 
iiu  lit  for  a  handle.    (See  p.  ftOO  and  fig.  124.) 

I'ig.  130  represents  an  implement,  10  inches  long 
and  l\  inches  wide,  its  edges  being  perfectly  stiaight 
and  parallel  for  7A  inches  of  the  length,  and  of  ex- 
quisite workmanship.  Fig.  131,  though  not  so  large 
is  tMpially  as  fine  (Plate  31,  flg.  4).  The  edges  and 
[Miints  are  smooth  and  sharp.  The  chipping  by  which 
tlicy  have  been  reduced  has  been  flue,  with  small  and 
delicate  flakes  running  from  the  e«lge  to  the  center 
lidge.  An  inspection  of  the  illustrations  will  show 
the  beauty  of  tlie  work.  Both  specimens  bear  traces 
ot  tlie  bitumen  by  which  the  shaft  or  handle  was 
fastened. 


"^-z/r-^iv 


Fig.  131. 
LKAF-BHAPED  IMPLE- 
MENT OP  BLACK 
KLINT,  WlTIiCONV[;x 
IIASK  AND  PARALLEL 
KDOKS. 

Californiii. 

Division  I,  Class  C. 

7  X  13  X  ^%. 

Cut.  .No.  til'4sl,  L'.S..N..M. 


DIVISION  II— TRIANGULAK.     (Plate  32.) 


This  division  includes  all  arrowpoints  or  spearheads  in  the  form  of  a 
triiuigle,  whether  the  bases  or  edges  be  straight,  convex,  or  concave. 
It  might  be  that  the  concavity  or  convexity  of  the  lines  of  the  edges 
would,  in  strict  geometrical  nomenclature,  exclude  this  from  being 
called  a  triangle,  but  the  author  ignores  this  criticism  and  has  kept 
the  name  given  by  many  oth.ers  and  understood  by  all. 

Tliis  class  includes  all  kinds  of  triangles,  whether  equilateral  or 
isosceles,   and  whatever  may  be  the  relation  of  length  between  the 


910 


REPORT   OP    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1897. 


I' I' 

if 


lines  of  base  and  edye.  The  edges  may  be  convex  or  concave  md 
the  base  with  an  exaggerated  concavity,  the  two  corners  forming  bit!  Its, 
the  arrow  shaft  the  stem  (Plate  .'{2,  figs,  li,  8,  liO,  23, 2(i).  Some  of  tlnst' 
implements  are  extremely  rude,  especially  those  of  quartz  and  of  jis- 
per,  which  are  refractory  material,  but  many  of  these  have  been  cbli 
cately  and  finely  chipped. 

Triangular  arrowi)oiut8,  while  found  in  great  profusion  in  some  Ux-.i]. 
ities,  are  not  nearly  so  numerous  throughout  the  <!ountry  as  other  (li\  i- 
sions.  They  appear  in  greater  numbers  on  the  Atlantic  coast  than  in 
the  interior.  Dr.  Abbott  says  that  in  a  series  of  3,3()(>  arrowi)oints  Ik  mi 
Mercer  County,  New  Jersey,  1,428  were  triangular.  Althougii  tliis 
may  be  the  simplest  form  of  arrowpoint,  yet  the  author  doubts  if  tiiat 
be  evidence  of  its  having  had  any  precedence  in  numufacture,  or  tliat 
there  was  any  evolution  from  it  to  otlier  forms.  That  there  may 
have  been  relationship  is  granted.  The  arrow  maker  may  liave  made 
indifferently  the  triangular  and  leaf-shaped,  and  he  may  liave  chuniiwl 
from  one  to  the  other,  dei)eudent  upon  the  peculiarities  of  the  material 
and  the  success  with  which  he  was  able  to  work  it,  and  the  (piestion  of 
fashion  and  custom  can  not  be  ignored,  it  is  thought  these  reasons 
are  suflicientto  account  for  the  infinite  variety  of  shape  in  arrowpoints. 

The  author  has  laid  down  no  hard  and  fast  lines  of  division  in  this 
classification.  Some  of  the  leaf-shaped  may  have  had  their  bases  and 
edges  straightened  (Plate  30,  fig.  8),  and  the  triangular  had  tlieir 
corners  rounded  until  the  two  divisions  came  together  (Plate  32,  figs.  1, 
6) ;  so  also  with  the  leaf-shaped  and  the  stemmed.  Some  of  the  former 
have  been  notched  near  the  base  and  thus  been  changed  to  stemmed, 
and  so  on  through  the  entire  system.  This  classification  is  made  for 
the  student  and  for  convenience  of  description ;  therefore  there  will  be 
overlapj)ing  of  the  dividing  lines  between  the  classes,  as  will  be  read- 
ily seen  by  referring  to  Plate  32.  This  must  be  accepted  unless  we 
would  make  infinitesimal  divisions  and  every  slight  dift'erence  in  form 
make  a  separate  class.  So  each  division  includes  all  forms  wiiicli 
approach  nearest  to  it,  even  if  they  have  peculiarities  which  make  it 
difficult  to  harmonize.  Some  of  the  peculiarities  in  the  triangular 
division  are  to  be  noted.  One  is  where  the  convexity  of  the  edges 
continued  to  the  base  brings  a  close  resemblance  to  Division  I,  leaf- 
shaped,  Class  B,  (Plate  30,  figs.  1,  G).  Another  is  the  widening  just  at 
the  base,  by  which  the  implement  takes  on  a  slight  bell  shape  (Plate 
31,  fig.  10);  another  is  where  the  edges  of  the  triangle  do  not  come  in  a 
straight  line  nor  yet  in  a  curved  line  from  the  point  to  the  base,  but 
make  an  angle  midway  between  the  two  and  give  the  implement  a  pen 
tagonal  form  rather  than  strictly  triangular  (fig.  178).  A  few  of  the 
triangular  forms  have  serrated  or  beveled  edges,  though  this  is  rare. 
Occasionally  the  barbs  on  one  side  are  longer  than  the  other.  There  is 
no  rule  for  the  con(!avity  of  the  base;  it  varies  from  almost  a  straight 
line  to  a  depth  equal  to  one-third  of  the  length  of  the  implement. 


ARR0WP0INT8,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


911 


Ciaos?) 
Fij?.  13:1. 
iiuANi  ii'LAK  AunowroiNT  on 

>I'EAI!IIBAI>,W1TII  HTUAiailT 
El)(li;s  AND  C'ONCAVK  UASE. 

Kliodc  Isluiul. 
Uiviaion  II. 

I'.it.No.  18057,  U.S.N. M. 


J'ig.  132. 

TlllANfll'LAIl,  E(jni- 
I.ATKUAI.  AKItoW- 
I'OINT. 

Naiitiickot       laland, 

Miissai'liuHcitH. 

Uivi.sioii  II. 

IJxlixg. 

Ciit.  No.  iMOr.K,  II.S.N.M. 


I)i.  Kail, ill  the  paper  already  mentioned,  {jjave  expre.s.-sion  Ut  the  pos- 
sibility of  the  triangular  implement  not  having  been  an  airo\vi>oiut, 
liiit  that  the  point  may  have  been  intended  tor  inser- 
tion in  a  handle,  and  the  base,  being  sharp,  intended 
lur  a  cutting  implement  and  to  be  used  for  a  chisel. 

(See  p.  S«7.) 

However,  the  author  does  not 
subscribe  to  this  opinion  nor 
adopt  the  the<ny.  He  believes 
these  were,  of  all  others,  i)lain, 
simple  arrowpoitits  and  never 
intended  for  anythiner  else,  ex- 
cept, possibly,  that  ilie  heavier 
ones  might  have  been  attached 
to  longer  shafts  and  nsed  as 
javelins.  This  would  be  practi- 
cally the  same  use  as  an  arrowpoint,  and  no  one, 
not  tindiugthe  shaft  or  knowing  its  size  or  length, 
could  know  from  any  inspection  of  the  imi)lement 
this  diii'erence  in  its  use.  He  does  not  think  it 
could  have  been  used  as  a 
chisel,  for  none  of  them  that 
lie  has  ever  seen  show  any  marks  of  use  at  the 
bas(!.  The  greater  proportion  of  them,  as  has 
been  said,  have  concave  bases,  and  especially  is 
this  true  of  those  with  sharp  edges.  A  chisel 
with  a  concave  base  is  unknown  in  our  study 
of  i)rehistoric  man,  and  one  can  scarcely  sug- 
ftest  the  necessity  for  an  implement  possessing 
this  peculiarity,  whether  its  use  be  by  the  Indian 
or  the  white  man,  historic  or  pre- 
historic. Ifthus  used  as  a  chisel, 
that  which  is  now  regaided  as 
the  point  becomes  the  stem  and 
is  to  be  inserted  into  its  handle; 
this  would  make  a  broad-ended 
chisel  with  a  concave  edge.  A 
cutting  edge  of  such  width  would 
give  great  purchase  as  against  the  handle,  and  if  one 
should  attempt  to  use  these  outside  edges  or  corners 
after  the  manner  of  a  chisel,  the  implement  would  be 
in  danger  of  breaking  out  of  its  handle,  or,  if  this  was 
avoided,  would  require  a  stronger  fastening  than  we 
could  imagine  that  it  ever  received  at  the  hands  of  the 
ludian.  No  handle  fastened  with  a  thong,  sinew,  cord,  or  even  bitumen 
would  ever  be  able  to  hold  this  implement  handled  in  this  way  when  used 


Fig.  135. . 

TKIAMil  LAK  AIIHOW 
I'dlNI',  WITH  CON 
I  \VK  IIASE. 

I'liiliiiark,  MaHsacbu 

sotts. 

Division  II. 

UxlxiV 

Cat.  .No.  18045,  I'.S.N.M. 


(6177) 


Fig.  134. 

TKIANOt'LAlt  AKUOWI'OINT  OF 
OUAY  FLINT, WITH  CONIAVE 
EDGES  AND  IIA.SE. 

Stillwater,    Washing  ton 

County,  Ki'W  York. 

Division  II, 

2ixljx,»fl. 

Oit.  No.  om,  IT.^.N.M. 


912 


KKPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1H97. 


if' 


:'  i 


Fig.  130. 

TRIANQULAB  AHBOW- 
POINT,  UEEPLV  CON- 
CAVE. 

OrtigOII. 
DiviHiou  II. 

Cat.  No.  la744,  U.S.N.M. 


au  a  chisel.  One  liaH  but  to  look  at  the  modern  chisel  with  its  long 
steel  tiWii;  well  fitted  and  driven  hard  into  a  solid  oak  handle  witlia 
collar  to  receive  the  bottom  of  the  handle,  making  the  entire  inipleintut 
as  lirm  iu  its  hamlle  as  though  it  was  all  one  piece.  Watch  the 
me<rhanic  as  he  uses  his  chisel,  strong  and  well-iiiUKllcd 
as  it  is,  and  see  the  purchase  it  has  when  used  on  the 
corners,  and  anyone  will  shortly  understand  the  impos 
sibility  of  the  ancient  handling  being  strong  eiioiiui, 
to  stand  this  use.  The  same  objection  applies  w  ith 
equal  force  against  the  use  of  the  implement  as  a  knife, 
even  when  handled  at  the  base  as  is  the  arrow .  it 
would  inevitably  twist  and  slip  and  become  loose  in 
its  handle,  and  so  worthless.  The  author  has,  throu;;h 
out  this  paper,  contented  himself  with  stating  facts 
and  has  not  advanced  theories  of  his  own  nor  aryiitd 
those  of  others ;  but  in  the  pres- 
ent  case  he  thinks  a  considera- 
tion of  the  sitnation  and  an  in- 
vestigation of  the  surroundings  will  show  that 
these  implements  were  not  used  on  their  edges  as 
cutting  or  sawing  implements, 
either  as  chisels  or  knives,  but 
solely  for  thrusting  or  striking 
with  the  point  as  arrows;  but 
whether  as  arrows  they  were 
weapons  of  war  or  javelins  for 
game  he  has  no  opinion,  and 
no  amount  of  examination  of 
the  object  itself  serves  to  eluci- 
date the  theory. 

Fig.  132  is  almost  an  eciui- 
lateral  triangle.  It  is  of  the  pori)hyritic  felsite 
common  to  eastern  Massachusetts,  and  is  tliick, 
heavy,  and  rudely  made.  Its  poiut  is  sharp,  but  uot 
the  barbs.  It  is  a  good  representation  of  the  aver 
age  and  usual  size  and  appearance  of  the  trianguhir 
arrowpoint. 

Fig.  133  is  one  of  the  larger  triangular  arrowpoiuts 
or  spearheads.  It  is  of  dark-gray  flint,  almost  black, 
Its  edges  are  straight  and  its  base  concave,  syminet 
rical  from  every  view,  delicately  chipped  to  regiUai 
and  smooth  point,  edges,  barbs,  and  base. 
Fig.  134  is  quite  thin,  delicately  chipped,  showing' 
very  small  serrations.  The  edges  and  base  are  concave.  The  points 
and  barbs  are  fine  and  sharp.  Fig.  135  is  of  white  quartz,  and  tor 
this  material  well  and  regularly  chipped.    It  is  (juite  symmetrical, 


(8233) 
Fig.  137. 

rRIANOl'LABAUUuwl'OINTUF 
-     WHITB  CiUART/,. 

Diviuion  II. 
2ix2xi. 

Cat.  No.  8Ki:t,  U.S.N.M 


Fig.  138. 

TBIANOUr.AB     ABUOW- 
POINT    OF    PALE    GBAY 
FLINT,   WITH     CONVEX 
BASE. 
St.  Goorge,  WaHhingtoii 
County,  Utah. 
Division  II. 
4JxlSxi. 
Cat.  No. '20991,  U.S.N.M. 


AKKOVV POINTS,  UPEAUllEAUS,  ANU    KNIVKS. 


913 


Hjtli  sharp,  Hinootk  point  and  ud^jfes.  The.se  appear  mostly  on  the 
Atlantic  coast. 

Fi;:.  130  iH  one  of  those  elegant  and  minute  ariowpointu  which  have 

I  mad"  Oregon  renowned  in  tliu  worhl  of  archu'ology.    It  is  daric-brown 

jasp<  r,  is  trianguhir  in  form,  witli  long,  t.ipering  i)oint.     Its  edges  are 

very  slightly  concave,  but  the  base  is  so  tleeply  coiuiave  that  the 

corn*  IS  form  long,  slender  barbs.    Other  specimens  from   the  same 

locality  have  notches  on  the  edges  near  the  base,  by  means  of  which  the 

I  sinew  or  cord  fastens  the  head  to  its  shaft,  but  this,  and  indeed  none  of 

I  the  triaugulars,  have  any  such  contrivance. 

Fi^^  137  is  one  of  the  triangular  forms  from  Massachusetts.  It  is 
nule  and  irregular  on  edges  and  base. 

Fi^.  138,  although  with  an  elongated  point,  yet  is  to  be  classed  as  tri- 
;ui{;iilar.  It  is  a  marvel  of  Hint  chipping.  Fotir  and  a  (piarter  inches 
louj-  and  li{  inches  wide,  it  is  nowhere  more  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
ill  thickness.  This  is  as  thin  as  any  specimen  can  be  expected.  The 
base  of  this  specimen  is  slightly  convex ;  the  edges  are  nearly  straight. 
TIh.v  and  the  point  are  tine  and  sharp. 

S(»iiie  of  the  specimens  from  the  Pacilic  coast,  figured  in  leaf-shaped. 
Class  G,  are  as  thin  as  this,  but,  as  described,  this  was  their  natural 
tbiclvuess.  They  were  separated  from  each  other  by  a  deposit  of  extra- 
noons  matter.  This  specimen  is  not  of  such  formation.  It  has  been 
wrought  out  of  a  solid  block  of  flint,  and  was  effected  by  those  broad 
and  thin  flakes  so  often  found,  running  from  the  edge,  the  point  of  ines- 
sure,  to  the  center,  widening  into  the  form  of  a  shell,  and  reducing  the 
thickness  of  the  implement  almost  as  much  at  the  center  as  at  the  edge. 
This  system  is  the  perfection  of  flint  chipping.  It  shows  a  high  degree 
of  manual  dexterity,  and  is  one  of  the  lost  arts,  for  no  workman 
known  in  historic  times  has  been  able  to  reproduce  it. 


DIVISION  III— STEMMED. 

Tlie  author  has  not  made  this  class  dependent  upon  the  lines  of 
the  edges  or  bases  of  these  implements;  thoy  may  be  either  convex, 
straight,  or  concave,  and  neither  of  the.se  will  have  any  effect  as  to 
which  class  the  implement  is  to  be  assigned.  He  has  considered  that 
it  made  but  slight  difference  to  the  primitive  hunter  or  warrior  when 
iibout  to  use  one  of  these  implements,  either  as  an  arrowpoint,  spear- 
liead,  or  as  a  knife,  whether  it  should  be  convex,  straight,  or  con- 
cave, provided  the  point  was  sharp  and  the  cutting  edge  keen  and 
smooth.  If  to  be  used  for  piercing,  the  desideratum  was  a  sharp  point, 
the  shape  of  the  edge  had  no  effect  and  was  of  no  interest,  and  if 
as  a  knife  and  the  edges  to  be  used  saw  fashion,  back  and  forth,  it 
made  little  difference  whether  that  edge  should  be  concave,  straight, 
or  convex.  As  all  stemmed  implements  presuppose  a  handle  or  shaft 
which  incloses  the  stem,  it  makes  equally  slight  difference  whether 
the  base  of  that  stem  should  be  concave,  straight,  or  convex;  there- 
NAT  MUS  97 58 


M' 


014 


REPORT   OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  ItOl. 


fore  the  author  has  not  allowc<1  any  of  these  distinutionH  to  iiiiliieiHel 
hiH  chissitlciition. 

Tliat  those  ditlereiit  claHses  and  tlie  forms  on  which  they  (l<  |miii|| 
should  overlap  and  run  into  one  another  would  seem  inevitable.  tliii>| 
nuikin^  it  sonietirnes  doubtful   to  which  class  the  implement  >lioiili| 
belong,  and  even  dilhcult  to  decide  correctly.     The  classification  ulncli] 
is  proposed,  and   indeed  any  classification  which  can  be  made  is,  ;isl 
before  stated,  rather  for  the  convenience  of  the  modern  student  tlmiil 
from  any  intention  of  the  primitive  maker  or  user  of  these  impleiiKiiis, 
While  there  may  have  been  workshops  which  turned  out  certain  fonnsui 
implements   more  than  others,  and  while  certain  forms  are  fonnd  ini 
^iven  localities  in  greater  num()er'>  than  in  others,  yet  does  not  ihink 
that  this  was  always  the  result  of  a  well  defined  intention  on  tlie  paitl 
of  tlie  maker.    If  an  arrowpoint,  inten<led  to  have  a  convex  edge,  sIkhiIiI 
by  an  unlucky  stroke  or  an  unintentional  break  be  s\wi\t  for  that  slitipe,] 
it  could  still  be  remodeled  and  the  edge  made  straight  instead  of  eon 
vex,  or  concave  instead  of  straight.     So,  also,  that  which  was  intended  | 
as  a  barbed  arrowpoint,  if  one  of  the  barbs  should  be  broken,  the  l)iirlj 
on  the  other  side  could  also  be  chipped  of!'  and  the  implement  be  iiiadej 
shouldered,  but  not  barbed;  and  so  on  in  other  instances. 

The  author  has  bethought  of  what  he  considers  a  good  illustiation  of] 
the  differences  in  these  implements.  In  the  show  window  of  a  niodiin 
shoe  store  will  be  seen  shoes  of  every  imaginable  shape,  size,  kind,  and 
variety;  no  two  pairs  of  them  are  alike,  running  the  entire  range  Iroiu 
large  to  small,  from  coarse  to  fine,  from  high  to  low,  from  thick  to  tliin, 
from  costly  to  cheap;  yet  they  are  all  shoes,  and  all  intended  tor  fiie 
same  object  of  foot  wear.  The  workmen  may  all  make  the  same  kind 
of  shoes  or  make  different  kinds  at  ditlerent  times,  yet  they  sinely 
are  all  shoemakers.  So  it  was  with  the  arrow  makers  and  the  arrow 
points  which  they  made;  the  difference  in  the  arrowpoints  may  have 
been  i)roduced  partly  by  the  fashion  of  the  locality,  by  the  taste  and 
ability  of  the  workmen,  or  by  the  possibilities  of  the  material;  what 
may  have  been  intended  for  one  kind  of  arrowpoint  may,  by  reason  ol 
the  refractory  material,  have  been  changed  to  another,  and  the  same 
workmen  in  the  same  workshop  may,  without  having  seriously  intended, 
and  perhaps  without  giving  a  good  reason  in  overy  case,  have  produced 
nearly  every  kind  of  arrowpoint. 

If  the  author  made  a  separate  class  for  every  change  iu  detail,  lie 
would  have  an  intinite  number  of  classes  with  iutinitesimal  diflFereiiws. 
He  has  preferred  to  ignore  these,  make  his  divisions  broad  and  plain, 
and  temporize  witlrthe  overlapping  forms. 


iM  to  itiiliiiMicel 

they  (1(.|M.| 
mvitablc.  tlmsl 
eiiieiit  slioiilill 
Huatioii  uliicii] 
e  made  is,  as 
Btudcnf  tlinii 
e  iinpIiMMi'iits, 
)rtain  forms  oil 
are  found 
loes  not  iliiiikl 
m  on  tlie  pmt  j 
c  edge,  sIkhiM 
'orthatsliape.  I 
istead  of  coil 
was  intciidnl  1 
ken,  the  hmb 
uent  be  iiiade 


illustiatioiiot 
V  of  a  niodt'iii 
i/e,  kind.iiiul 
re  range  Cioiii 
thick  to  thin. 
nded  for  the 
he  same  kind 
t  they  HuiTly 
id  the  arrow- 
iits  may  liave 
he  taste  and 
iterial;  wlint 
by  reason  of 
lud  the  Siiiue 
sly  intended. 
ive  produced 

iu  detail,  he 
/I  differences, 
id  and  phiiii, 


i  1 


Report  of  U.  S.  NUionai  Miibeum,  Iby? Wnson. 


Plate  ;.3. 


I    >  ,w" 


^^^^^^^H 

ll 

!, 

iPV^^^^^I 

1 

i 

^^^^^^^^^^^1 

■\ 

- 

^isk  ''.'^^^H^^^^D.'  ^ 

! 

1 

1 

1 

1 

r 

!»«««»»« 

41^9^ 

•       1 

J 

i  i 

X 


Plate  ;.3. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    33. 


U 


13 


11 


10 


Stemmed  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 
Clasx  A. 

hK.     1.   ^'^^^^"^''^'/,'!,;247,  l-.S.N.M.    Truro,  Barn8tal.le(>ui.t,v.Ma8sa<hu.sett8.    A.  K.  Critten.\en.) 

Fi"       1'.    VORI'IIYHY.  ,     ,,.        V 

(Cat.  ^o.  61428,  1. S.N. M.     La  Pa/.,  Low.-:- Calilornia.     I..  Bel<ling.) 

(Cat.  Xo.  iMuO,  U.S.N.M.    Kh.Mle  Islainl  (Iron,  a  •ache  ot   lUO  siimlar  ob.iertH.    .1.  U. 
Clark.) 

I'iu.     4.    lil.ACK    QUAKTZ    PORPHYRY.  „         v      .,       A     XV    While) 

(Cat.  Xo.  32183,  U.S.X.M.     Ke.'»eville,  Ks«-x  County,  New  \  ork.     A.  W  .  %\  lute.) 

Fi"     5    MoTT-  ri>  Brown  Obsidian. 

(Cat.  No.  21372,  F.S.N.M.     Hupa  Iii.lian  Ke.servation      Stei)heii  How.-rs.) 
'"  ^Cat.^■o.6111,  r.S.X.M.     District  of  Colnmlmi.     Mrs.  M.  H.  Scli.K)loratt.) 

'^      '  (Cat.  No.  34417,  r.S.N.M.     PlantersviUe,  Morelionse  County.  I..wa.     Dr.  H.  H.  Broilnan.) 

Fiu      X.    ARGILMTE.  ,,,.., 

(Cat.  No.  19371,  IT.S.N.M.     Trenton,  Nt'W  J.-rsey.     Dr.  C.  C.  Abbott.) 

Fi".    9.  Whitk  Quartz.  ,„  ,.  „  •,     v 

(Cat.  No.  19008,  I  .a.N.M.     (iriffiu,  Simul.liujj  County,  (ieorgia.     \\  .  !••  Bailey.) 

Fi".  10.  Browx  Jasper.  _    ,  <,  ,„     ■„  > 

(Cat.  No.  34861,  U.S.N.M.     Islaii.l  in  Sumiueliani.ah  Kiver.     i  .  it.  Cailbraitn.) 

Fit:.  11.  Opalescent  (!halceuony. 

(Cat.  No.  29683,  r.S.-^I.M.     San  Miauel  Islaiul,  California.     Stephen  Bowers.) 

Fi  f  12.  White  Quartz.  t  r.  ».     •.. » 

(Cat.  No.  6443,  U.S.N.M.     Farniing.lale,  Queens  (  ouiity.  New  York.    J.  C.  Meiritt.) 

Fiji.  13.   UUARTZITE.  ^,        ,^     ,        ^    ,,    .,  ^^.,,  . 

(Cat.  No.  1275,  U.S.N.M.    Fariningdale,  Queens  County,  New  \  ork.    J.  C.  Mernlt.) 

Fio.  U.  White  Quartz. 

(Cat.  No.  139271,  U.S.N.M.     District  of  Colunilua.     S.  ^  .  Prou.lHt.) 


lit 


^ni 


i^'^1 


ARIJOWPOINTS,  BPEAUIIEADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


915 


CLASS  A.— i.o/i'.NCK-siiArK.D.     (IMatcSS.) 


Fij;.  139. 

KTKMMKI)  AKHOW- 
I'OINT  (IK  roiii'iiv- 
UlTIC  FEI.81TE,  I,OZ- 
ENOKSHAI'ED. 

Lii  Paz,  Lower  (Jiili- 
fornia. 

Division  III,  Cliiss  A. 

4x24xg. 

(Ht.  No.  6I4>>,  r.S.N.M. 


Tliesi'  iiiipleiiieiits  arc  usually  small.    Tliey  are  the  simplest  iu  form 
and.  tor  the  most  part,  rudest  iti  execution ;  yet  this  is  no  signification 
it  they  were  the  beginnings  or  that  there  was  an  evolution  from  this 
tutlif  more  elaborate  forms.     This  simplicity  and  rude- 
ness may  be  ac(!Ounted  for  in  divers  ways.    The  re- 
ictniy  material  jnay  have  had  something  to  do  with 
ir,  also  the  rapidity  with  which  they  were  rcinired  to 
p  made  and  the  unskillfnlness  of  the  arrow  maker. 
lliiy  may  have  been  made  during  his  apprenticeship; 
le.  \v]:o  in  his  beginning  made  these  simplest  and 
imk'st  implements  may  liave  so  acquire<l  the  art  as 
alterwaids  to  make  the  finest  and  most  delicate. 

These  form  Class  A,  the  first  of  the 
division  of  stemmed  arrowpoints. 
The  existence  of  a  stem  implies  its 
insertion  in  a  shaft  or  handle;  there 
fore  there  can  be  little  or  no  doubt 
that  these  were  intended  to  be  thus 
used. 

Fig.  130  is  one  of  the  largest,  as  it 
is  one  of  the  best  in  workmanship,  of  its  class  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum.     It  is  of  porphyritic  material, 
and  comes  from  Lower  California,  therefore  it  attbrds 
no  standard  of  comparison;  for  the 
types  of  im]>lements  in  that  country 
are  different  from  those  in  other  parts 
of  the  United  States.     It  is  lozenge- 
shaped,  is  so  regularly  pointed  at  both 
ends  that  it  is  uncertain  which  end 
was  point  aiul  which  was  base. 

Fig.  140  comes  from  Massachusetts, 

is  similar  in  form,  with  its  sharp  point 

1(1  base,  and,  curiously  enough,  is  also  of  porphyritic 

iitcrial.    These  sharp  pointed  bases  of  thetjlass  are 

iimisiial,if  not  rare,  in  any  part  of  the  United  States. 

['he  more  usual  form  of  lo/.enge  shape  is  shown  in  fig. 

n,  which  is  of  quart/,  and  comes  from  Charles  County,  Maryland. 

ho  refractory  character  of  this  nmtcrial  may  account  largely  for  the 

redominance  of  this  simple  form  and  rude  style  of  arrowpoint.     It  is 


Kif:.  HO. 
HMlMKIi       AKEOW- 
I'liINT    (IP     POBPIIY 
lUTIC  KEl.SITB,    U>7.- 

kmm;miai>ei>. 
|rjlgiirlii\vii,    DiikeH 
Counly,  Massachu- 

81'ttS. 

|Iii\i>i>>n  III, Class  \. 
■li  X  U  X  g. 

|('it.  N.I.  l^ln■i,  r.S.N.M. 


l-i;;.  HI. 

8TEM.MK1I  AKROW- 
POINT  OK  W  II  I  T  E 
IJfAllTZ,  l.o/.ENOE- 
SHAPED. 

Divisitiii  III,  Class  A. 
IHxixft. 

Cat.  No.6«ll7,  C.S.N.M. 


916 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


Fig.  142. 

STEMMKI)  ARKOW- 
I'OINT,  l.OZENfJK 
SHAPED. 

Kast  Windsor,  Hart 
I'onl  (-'ounty,  Con 
nucticut. 

Division  III,  Cluss  A 

HxJxJ. 

Cut.  No.  Ii084,  U.S.N. M. 


inordinately  thick  compared  with  its  wi<lth.  It  is  three-fourth.><  of  an 
inch  wide  and  five-sixteenths  thick,  nearly  one-half.  Tlie  leaf-.^liaiitd 
implements  which  have  been  described  were  five  or  six  times  jiicatei 
in  width  than  thickness. 

The  lozenge -shaped  arrowhead  with  a  rudf  but 
l)ointed  stem  without  shoulders  would  appear  impossi- 
ble to  fasten  firmly  in  an  arrow  shaft  by  incaus  ot 
ligatures,  which  suggests  that  some  kind  of  gum  or 
adhesive  substance  was  used  to  make  it  fast,  tliough 
the  author  does  not  know  that  any  such  specimen  Las 
been  found  sh<iwing  traces  of  gum.  Because  of  the 
great  size  and  rudeness  of  the  base 
of  some  of  these  implements,  they 
may  have  been  too  large  to  receive 
the  small  arrow  shaft  and  so  may 
have  required  comparatively  large 
and  heavy  handles.  Thus,  despite 
their  small  size  as  a  class,  they  may 
have  served  as  spears  or  possibly 
knives — who  knows?  This  is  purely  conjecture,  based 
upon  the  appearance  of  the  implement  itself,  and  is 
liable  to  be  overturned  by  the  discovery  of  any  new 
fact  concerning  it. 

Fig.  142,  still  lozenge-shaped,  has 
no  shoulder,  but  has  a  rudimentary 
base.  The  arrow  maker  has  not,  as 
in  the  former  instance,  worked  the 
base  to  a  point,  but  has  left  it  one- 
fourth  of  an  inch  in  width.  Th  is  speci- 
men is  from  Connecticut,  is  of  the 
dark-gray  flint  common  to  that  State, 
and  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  average  size  of  this  (ilass 
of  arrowpoint. 

Fig.  143  is  of  black  flint  from  New  York,  of  larger 
size  than  usual,  but  (sarries  with  it  the  simplicity  of 
form  and  rudeness  of  manufacture  mentioned  ol  the 
others.  The  stem  is  still  lozenge-shai)ed,  no  shoulder. 
and  again  the  rudimentary  base  which  here  is  about 
one  half  an  inch  thick. 

Fig.  144  is  a  specimen  from  Tennessee  which  merely  repeats  tlie 
peculiarities  of  the  former,  specimens. 


Fig.  14;i. 

HTEMMKI)  A  It  111!  W- 
I'OINT,  L  O/.  K.N(iE- 
SHAPED. 

Keesevillo,     ]•;  .s  s  t  s 

County,  New  Vnrk. 

Division  III,  (.'lass  A. 

Oat.  No.  3218;),  r.-.N.M 


Fig.  144. 

STEMMED  AUROW- 
POINT  OK  PALE  (IRAV 
KI.INT,  LOZENUE- 
SHAPED. 

Division  III,  Class  A. 
2J  X  1 X  J. 

Cnt.  No.  •■■nm,  U.S.N. M. 


Fourths  of  aiil 
J  leaf-sliii[)C(l 
bimes  greater [ 

a   null'  but  I 
pear  iiiijiossi. 
by  means  ot  j 
id  of  giiiii  01' 
;  fast,  tliough 
specimen  Las] 
scause  of  the 


Fig.  14;i. 

ESMMKl)  A  nil  I)  W- 
'OINT,  LO/ENiiE- 
iHAPEI). 

!e8eviUi',     K»8cx| 
ounty,  New  V(jrk. 

vision  III,  Class  A. 

3Jx1y\x,»,,. 

It.  No.  3218:1,  r.s.N.M 

I  of  this  class  I 

ark,  of  larger 
simplicity  of 
tidied  of  the 
,  no  shoulder, 
here  is  about 


repeats  the 


Report  of  U.  S.  Ndtional  Museunr,,   1897,— Wilson. 


Plat-  34. 


'4^ 


^^ 


^ 


ui 
> 

z 

c 
c 


(0 


Platl  34. 


i^VH'J 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   34. 


I 


..^ 


■"^^^M 


^ 


3  4 


5  fi 


ir.        16 
u       i;i 


!'<! 


11 


111 


I 

.J 


Stemmed  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

CUlXS  /.'. 

li...   1.    t'llKHT. 

(Ciit.No.eBua.r.S.X.M.     Oliio.     ,T.  ll.  Dev.T.'UX.) 

'■'^'  '•    ""^"cilJ^^n^N.M.     I,.,n.o.svme,U-a...in„ •on..t>  ,  Mai,,,..     .Vn,a,ni,.  ..in....U,., 

liu.  s.  Ar(;ii-lite. 

(Cit.N,,.  180114.  U.S.N. M.     (:oi,ufctic,il,    J.  11.  Cl.irk.) 

liu.  4.  Dark  tiUAY  Flint.  M,.rr«arv  > 

(Cat.  ^'o.  19356.  r.S.N.M.     Mine,-,.l  Springs,  Aik.u.sMs.     IM.  h.  \\  .  Mc  Crear.N .) 

Fi<'  Ti.  White  Ciieht.  ,  ,,.  ^„ 

,C,.t.Xo.9<..307a,r,S.N.M.     H„.m.  Onntv.  Mis.souri.     (;.  A\  .  <;l.-n,..nts., 

I'i".  t).    QCAKTZITK.  >..   ,    .   .. 

(Cat.  X0.74.S,  r.S.N.M.     District  of  Col, iiiilnii.     J.iiiics  W  ebstei., 

Fi".  7.    ARCilLLlTE. 

(Cat.  No.  137563,  U.S.X.M.     Tn-nton,  New  .r.Mse.v.     Ihornas  W  >1.„.,.) 

I'i.r.  8.  White  Flint. 

(Cat.  Xo. 59473,  I'.S.N.M.     HannMU  Co.n.ty.  Illinois,     il.   lamly.) 
1  i.^.  it.    PALE-imONVN   TUANSLLCENT   ('HALCEDOXY.  ^L.-eUrl       S 

(Cat.  Xo.  59002,  r.S.X.M.      Pueblo  of    Taos,  Xow    M.-xifo.      tapt.    M.  \\l„el.r,      .    b. 
Geological  Survey.) 
Fi".  10.  Quaktzite.  , 

(Cat.  Xo.  139253,  I'.S.X.M.     District  of  Coln.nlr.a.     S.  \  .  Pro.ulht.) 
'''■''•   ^'"SSrS5;"r:s.X.M.    S.ocUton.Sa„..oa....inCo,.„.y,r.,i..rnla.     ..  ..Ulin.  , 

Fi-.  1'-'.   FlNK    CHEUT.  .     „  ,,.       > 

(Cat.  Xo.  43032,  U.S.X.M.     Stockton,  California.     L.  Hel.lnijj.) 

Fig.  13.  Greexisii-ulack  Flint.  ,,,.,,,,„„> 

(Cat.  Xo.  42650,  U.S.X.M.     San  Joiupiin  County,  Cahlonua.     L.  Hel.ling.) 

Fijis.  U,  15.  Straw-colohei)  Flint. 

(Cat.Xo.l36960a,J.,r.S.X.M.     Labrtte  County.  Kansas.     W.nHiII.) 


Fm.  16.  Gray  Flint. 


(Cat.  No.  17493,  IT.S.N.M.    MaysviUe,  Mason 


County,  Kentucky.     ,1.  W.  I'earce.) 


liiiple] 
iitluM'  (li^ 
;lliy  nthl 

ilitlVivnt 
prises  tl 
ciittin«', 


ItM: 


MEMMKD 
I1I.A(  KFL 
lin-  NOT 

I'luinlivlil, 
Ciiiinty 

Cat     No. 


DCCilSlO 

Fi,ii'8. 
r>,  St  en 
witli  pj 

'  Volui 
:  Stone  In 


ARKOWPOINTS,  SPEAUHEADS,  AM)    KVIVT8. 


917 


CLASS  II.— sin»i  i,i>i:i!i  i>  III  I    Nor  iiahiu  i>.     (I'liitt^  ;U.) 


liMliIeiuents  of  this  class  aro  more  nniiieroiis  tliiin   those  ot  any 
ntlit  I  division.    Tliere  is  this  i)roiioun(!0(l  dillereiice  Itetwceii  them  and 
;iiiy  titliers  wo  li.avo  described.    The  impleincnts  liavc  two  parts  with 
ilirtcKMit  functiotis:   (1)  the  blade  wliich  com- 
]iiis(  s  the  point  and  edges,  and  is  for  ])ier(!ing  or 
ciittiii;'',  and  (2)  the  stem,  for   insertion   in   a 

shaft  or  handle. 

We  can  not  imagine  the 
use  of  the  stem  to  an  ar- 
rowpoint  or  spearhead 
which  would  not  be  in- 
tended for  insertion  in  a 
shaft  or  handle.  The  leaf- 
shaped  may  or  may  not 
have  been  inserted  in  a 
handle;  many  of  them  we 
know  were  not.  It  was  the 
opinion  of  Dr.  Kau  that  in 
certain  specimens  the  base 
had  served  as  a  chisel  or 

scraper.  But'  the  stem  had  no  other  function 
than  for  insertion  in  a  shaft  or  handle.  This 
function  was  subject  to  great  variations,  and,  as 
we  shall  see,  there  were  many  kinds  of  stems 
and  great  variability  in  the  mode  of  attachment. 
Fig.  145  is  one  of  the  few  specimens  of  ancient 
arrowheads  found  attached  to  its  shaft  or  handle. 
It  comes  from  the  peat  moss  of  Giessboden,  Switz- 
erland, and  is  figured  in  Keller's  Lake  Dwellings.' 
The  handle  is  broken  so  that  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  implement  was  arrow  or  knife,  but 
the  bast  or  liber  with  which  it  was  lashed  is  still 
discernible.  Similar  specimens  have  been  found 
K'casionally  in  Ireland  and  in  Germany. 

FiiiS.  146  and  147  are  the  simplest  and  most  pronounced  of  Class 
1>,  siemmed  and  shouldered,  but  not  bsirbed.  The  stem  is  straight, 
with  parallel  edges  and  straiglit  base;  the  shoulders  are  Sipiaife  and  at 


l''lg.  145. 

I'ltEIIISrOKIC  STONK  AKKOW- 
I'OINT  INHKHTISD  I.N  SHAFT  AND 
TIKD  WITH  FlllElt. 

Kiiunil  in  poat-iiiii8A  of  (ilos.s- 
lidilcn,  Switzerland. 


Fig.  146. 

-IKM.MKI)      AllItOWPOINI'     OK 
IW.M  KKUNT,  SilOULnERKI) 

III  I  N(>rnAunE». 
I'luiiilirld,       Windham 
I'liiuity,  Conncctirut. 
Iii\  isioii  III,  Cla88  It. 
•"'8  X  2i  X  J. 

'   .:    Vm.  IWII14,  I'.S.N.M. 


'  Vdlume  II,  Plate  XXXIX,  No.  15,  Iroiii  which  it  is  reproduced  iu  Evans'a  Ancient 
Stoiie  Implements,  p.  364,  fig.  343. 


91« 


IlKPOHT   OF   NATIONAL   MtJ8EtJM,  1«97. 


i'i};'1it  sm^lcH  tu  t)u>  stem,  aiul  so  ^ivc  it  iilinost  :i  triiin};iiliii'  ;   >|M>i| 
:iii(re.    Tlitt  (•il;;('s  are  cuiivux  uikI  syiniiii'tiical,  uiid  tliu  |)oiiii  mh  tj 

iruHlian  liiM*.     Tlu-y  are  fm  n  ;; 
r>  iii(;lM's    \n\\g,  and    insciiid 
a  proper  sliaft  would  inukc  i  i;(iii 
Hpear  or  liiiice,  wliicli  in  tin*  lian 
of  a  strong  and  active  nian  voiil 
bea  most ertective weapon.    Maij 
of  tlie  implements,  all   tli<<sc 
Class  ( ■,  seem  to  hav«'  been  sliuiii 
dered  with  the  icb'a  of  niiiknu 
barbed  weapon,  but  the  lii  t  iij 
tention  was  to  make  a  sit  innii^ 
weapon. 

Vig.  148  is  impure  Hint  bnidtM 
injf  on  chert  or  hornston*'.  Tlii 
implement  is  rude  and  thiik.th 
edfjes  are  rougii  and  untriiiiiii((j 
and  tlie flakes  liavebeen  larjic 
coarse.  Whatever  of  this  may  In 
charjjed  against  the  material,  it  is  certain  that  it  might  have  been  licttcj 


Via.  147. 

»TKM.Mi:|)  Alll.dWi'iiINI  (IK 
fiHAV  FI.IM,  Mil  HI,. 
DI'.KKDIII  T.VO'I  IIAIIIIh:!). 

KiiiKHtoii,      Wll^4llill^tllIl 

Comity,  ICIioilo  IsIiiikI. 

DiviMioii  III,  CliiHs  K. 

:q  X  2  X  i. 

Cii   N...  iMi.-:i,  r.s.N.M. 


h-iii.  148. 

STKMMKI)  ARHOWI'olNT. 
SlliH'I.DKKKI)  HIT  NOT 
IIAIillKI). 

tii'iivf|i<irt,     F  r  a  ii  k  1  i  ii 
Comity,  Ohio, 

Division  III,  ('Iiihm  Ii, 

:i4x2xi. 

Cul,  N...  -ii>,  r.s.N.M. 


skill,  and,  tlieni 
pleted  speciiiu'iil 
extremely  loii; 
may  be  ^loodl 
the  base  con] 
square,  are  at  iti 
far  beyond  tlid 


tini.shed  with  njore  time  and  greater 
fore,  we  must  consider  it  as  an  incom 

Fig.  14!)  isof  hard  gray  slate.  It  is 
in  its  chipping,  although  the  outline 
Its  stem  is  straight  and  parallel, 
cave,  the  shouWers,  instead  of  being 
upward  angle,  the  corners  i)rqject 
edges  so  that  tliey  have  the  ap- 
pearance of  barbs  projecting  hori- 
zontally and  not  peri)endicularly. 
They  never  could  have  been  intended 
to  serve  as  barbs  and  i>revent  the 
extraction  of  the  weapon  from  the 
pierced  flesh.  The  edges  beyond 
the  corners  or  barbs  are  nearly 
straight,  but  slightly  convex  at 
the  i)oint.  The  workmanship  is  ao 
rude  and  the  material  so  refractory 
that  it  is  with  difhculty  one  can 
discover  the  flakes  by  which  it  was 
worketl. 

Fig.  150  is  of  white  (juartz  from 
Long  Island,  New  York.    The  mate 
rial  is  in  abundance,  wrought  into  oval  scrapers,  and  ftmnd  in  the  shell 
heaps  on  the  eastern  end  of  Long  Island.    Its  stem  and  base  are 


Fig,  14». 

STKM.MEI)  AKKOWPOIM 
OK  (iKKENISH  ■  (ilt.W 
HABD  SI.ATK,  SHOL'L- 
DEHEI)  II  V  T  NOT 
IIAHBED, 

Oeorj{ia. 

Division  III,  Class  B. 

44x2xtV 

Cat.  N".  WMh,  L'.S.N.M. 


Fig.  150. 

8TEM.MED  AliliOW 
I'OINT,  SHOI  l.liKlltli 
HUT  NOT  llAlilil.l>, 

Suutliold.     Siitrnlk 
County    (I.oiij;  I 
land), New  V(iik. 

OivisionlU,  Clasali. 

fnl.  No.  212U8,  I'.-.N.M 


ARHOWPOINTS,  SPKARirRADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


019 


sire  fr<,;ii  ;;j 
|I    iii.si'ih'd 

|l    make  ,,   ;r,„ 

r' '"  till'  iijiJ 

|ve  iiiiiii  A  (III 

I'iilmu.    Mail 

all   f|i,,s,. 

f'«'  l)e('ll  sliniij 

of  inakiii; 

|t  tiid  lii-.t  iij 

k«  il    stciiiii)(.J 

B  Hint  linidfi 

flJiStoiM'.       Till 

md  thick,  tlii 

<l  untriiiiiiinl 

X'en]ju;4(';ii 

of  this  iiiiivl 

vebeeii  iM'ttcj 

n,  suul,  therJ 

ted  Hpc'cMiiiciij 

reinely  unvA 

^y    l>e     -j'OddJ 

i    base    coil] 

laie,  ure  at  mi  J 

beyond  tii 


l-'ig.  150. 

MMED       A  HI! OH- 
'>INT,  SIIOI MiKKtuI 
PTNOTIlAllilKI.. 

tllold,        SlllfdJKI 

»uiity   (I ::  1. 

"<1),  New  Vorli. 
iaionlll,  ('I.t-sKI 

■Vo.  SI20S,  |-.s,.\..\N 

in  the  shell  I 
d  base  are  I 


l'"ig.  J  5a. 

•TEMMKI)  A  II  HOW- 
I'lilNT,  HllOlI.DKItKI) 
III  r  NOT  IIAKUKI). 

Ncu     liraiitit'elM,   C'o- 

iiimI  County,  Texas. 

liivi.iiuiiIII,  ClaH.sU. 
IgxJxA. 

III.  N...  •.'Hi!',  L'.S.N.M. 


Fiu. 151. 

STI-.MMKK  AlilMiW- 
riil.ST,  SIKIl'I.DKitiai 
IIUTNOTIlAUHEIi. 

'roMllrs.scf. 

I'ivirtion  III,Clii,HHil. 

2i  X  I  X  ,%. 

I'm.  .\...  ■-•.■;>,  r.s.N.M, 


tiiiigiit,  th(>.  Hhoiildtii-.s  are  Hli;;ht  and  iin.syniinetri<-al,  whih^  tlie  ed^eM 
lu  straig'lit  and  eoiiu^  tu  a  point.     Tiie  iniph>inent  i.s  e.xeecdiugly  thieU, 
lie  base  being  more  than  half  as  tiiick  as  it  is  wide. 
he  workmanship  is  rn<le;  one  ean  s(  sireely  .se(^  where 
'jiiy  Hakes  have  been  strnek  oH',  and  it  would  set'in  to 
ivo  been  broken  to  its  present  shape  by  blows  given 
at  random.     VV'o  must  remodel  our 
ideas  in  regard  to  arrow  shafts  if  we 
would  hav(^  this  implement  inserted 
therein,  whether  to  be  fastened  l>y 
ligatures    or   gum.      It   is    probably 
iinflnished. 

Fig.  l"»l  is  somewhat  the  same  form 
as  those  Just  describeil,  but  its  work- 
manship is  better.     It  has  been  fairly 
well  ehip[>ed,  the  Hakes  taken  oH'are 
easily  recognizable,  and  the  edges  all 
around  are  fairly  smooth  and  sharp. 
It  is  of  reddish  Jasper.    The  stem  is  straight  an<l  ]>aial- 
lei,  the  base  is  straight,  the  edges  Irom  the  base  to  the 
blade  aie  slightly  concave,  forming   the    shoulders; 
wliile  those  from  the  shoulder  to  the  point  are  conve.v. 
Fig.  loli  is  of  whitish  Hiiit  from  Te.xas.    It  is  rude  in 
its  manufacture,  «|uite  thick  com 
pared  with  tho  width,  the  stem  is 
straight,  the  bivSe   slightly  con- 
cave, the  shoulder!^  but  little  mon- 
than  rudimentary,  ai.d  altogether 
it  serves  to  emi)hasi/.e  the  dilli- 
culty   of  inserting   these   imi>le- 
ments  in  a  shaft  in  such  manner 
as  to  serve  as  arrows. 

Fig.  lo;j  is  of  bluish  chalcedony 
from  Louisiana.  It  is  much  finer 
and  better  made,  thinner  compared 
with  the  width,  and  would  be 
much  easier  inserted  iu  an  arrow 
shaft  or  handle.  Its  stem  is  tai)er- 
ing,  the  base  straight,  the  shoulders  indefinite,  the 
edges  convex  and  coming  togetlier  form  a  point. 

Fig.  Iij4  has  the  edges  of  its  blade  straight  and 
not  convex.  The  point  and  corners  are  somewhat 
rounded ;  it  is  shouldered  but  not  barbed,  the  stem 
is  expanding,  and  the  base  is  slightly  concave. 
its  size,  length,  and  width,  compared  with  thickness,  place  it  on  the 
border  between  an  arrowpoint  and  a  spearhead. 


Fig.  154. 

SlIiMMED  ARKOWPOINT  OK 
I'AI.KOUAY  KLI.NT,  SIIOl'L- 
UKHlil)  HUT  NOT  HAKIIEU. 

tSl    Mary  County,    Mary- 
land. 
Division  III,  Class  ii. 
3}  X  'ii  X  J. 

Cat.  No.  l'ils.%  I'.S.N.M. 


^-TKM.MKI)  AHUOW- 
I'OINT,  SHOL'I.DKIIKD 
nlT  NOT  HAIIUKIl. 

riaiitiTSviUi',  Miiro- 
liouso  County, 
Louisiana. 

Divi.Hionlll,  C'lu.ssii. 
lijxlixg. 

r„t.  N„.  -.'.unl,  r.s.N.M. 


I 


920 


RKPORT   OK    NATIONAL   MUHKIJM,  IH07. 


Fig.  105. 
flTRMMK.I)       AUUOW 
I'OINT    OK     VKI.I.i)« 
rsil  IIIIOWN     lAsfKII. 
SMon.llKKRIi       in'  I' 
NOT  IIAItllKI). 

Sim(|iir1i:iiiiia    Itlvrr. 

ritinmvlviiiiiii. 
DiviMioii  I II,  (MaHH  H. 

CkI.  N...  .llHill,  I'.S.N.M. 


STKMMKI)       A  It  l: 
POINT    OK    VK|i 
liM'ilKAY       I  I  I 
sllol'l.liKIIKIi 
i.AKIIKI). 


Divinidii  in,  (hi 
Hxlxj. 

fil.  \...  l.'4'7.  I'>. 


Fij;.  ir»r»  is  Hiiiiiliir  to  fig.  I'll,  just  doHcribed.  Tlioiiffh  widely  "p 
ai'iitud  by  distance,  tlic  (oriiici-  comin;^  from  TeiincHHi'e,  tli<^  liittoi'  I  mi 
IVMiiisylvaiiiii,tli(>y  liuvei;n!at  resiMiiblaiu c.  I*ot)i  nc 
of  Jasper,  wltli  apparently  tlio  same  style  of  worlvii.iu 
ship.  The  baHo,  stem,  and  shoulders 
of  the  hitter  are  miudi  the  same  as 
the  forauM',  except  tiiat  they  are  iic 
coiitnated.  The  stem  is  narrower, 
its  lines  more  concave  or  sli}>htly 
nior<>  expanding;  toward  the  biise, 
wlu'ie  they  form  <'orners  of  an  aciile 
aiiffle.  The  base  is  sli;ihtly  coiusivi' 
where  the  other  is  straigjt.  The 
implement  is  tlu^  saints  lengtli  as  tig. 
I'tl,  though  narrower  and  thinner. 
Kig.  150  is  from  Ohio,  it,  like 
the  former  spe(;imen,  is  fairly  well 
chipped,  llakea  plainly  to  be  seen,  i!rowii-.viii.',  i,i. 
and  the  etlge.i  and  point  eompara  •••iiniv.oiij,. 

tively  smooth  and  sharp.  The  stem 
is  straight,  its  edges  parallel,  and  the 
base  straight  and  s(|naie.  The  shoulders  are  forme«l 
after  the  same  manner  as  tig.  151,  ])receding,  and  simply  swell  out  so  .» 
to  make  anion;  pronouiKHMl  shoulder  than  in  that  specimen.  Thee(l;;('s 
aie  convex  and  coming  together  form  the  point. 

Figs.  l'>7  ami  l.")S,  the  former  from  Tcnmissee,  tlic 
latter  from  Massai^husetts,  are  almost  identi(;al  in  forni. 
The  former  is  of  gray,  the  latter  of  black  Hint.  NN  iili 
exceptions  of  matt'iial,  color,  and  si/e,  they  are  tlit; 
same.  If  they  wore  to  be  (compared 
by  form  only,  scarcely  anyone  would 
be  able  to  detect  a  diilerence  between 
them.  Their  edges  are  straigVit  and 
come  directly  to  a  point.  Thc-i.'  shoul 
ders  are  hori/oiial,  not  bariied;  the 
notch  which  forms  the  stem  is  eon- 
cave  and  carried  to  the  base  of  the 
stem;  the  base  is  square  and  dre.ssed 
to  a  smooth  edge  so  that  it  can  be 
inserted  in  a  split  arrow  shaft,  while 
the  notches  on  either  side  afford  excellent  supports 
for  attachment  by  ligatures. 

Fig.  159  has  a  stem  similar  to  figs.  157  and  158.    The 
notch  which  forms  it  is  concave,  extending  from  shoul- 
der to  base  and  making  an  expanding  stem  with  convex  b.ase.    The  edge^ 
are  convex  and,  converging  symmetrically,  form  a  medium  sharp  point 


Fig.  157. 

STEMMED  AllKOW- 
POINT,  .SIIOIT.DEUKI) 
nUTNOTIlAUBEl). 

Lincoln  County,  Ten- 

nessoe. 

Division  III,  CIiih.s  li. 

ZJxlxi. 

Cat.  Nil.  r.ll*l,  I'.S.N.M. 


Pifj.  1.58. 
STK.MMKK        AlilMMV 
I'OINT,  snoui.DKIIIh 
BUT  NOT  UAIillI'Mi. 

South  Di'iiuiH,  Itaiii 
Btiibld  C  o  u  n  t  y . 
MnssacliiiHotts. 

Division  1 11,  ClaHs  I',. 
l|xjxj. 

bit.  No.  IHd.Vi,  U.S.N.M, 


Tlie 

IMH  '      I 

tlir  >l« 

No  !•' 


AIJKOWPOINTS,  SPEARMKADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


921 


widely    .j, 
>i'  worki,  .ii, 


Kit;.  lit!. 

«KI'        A  I!  i;     u 

I  IIIMV        I   I   I       I 
>l|.l>KIIK|i       I    I    I 

!  AKIIKtl. 
•IHVlll,.,   1,1,  ;  1,,^ 
'•>llllt\  ,  (lliin 

tioii  III,  CIj  ,  l; 
^■".  W4«7.  r>.\  M 

«II  out  so   IS 

Thee(|;4(.s 

iiMisset',  I  he 
i(;sil  ill  t'oriii. 
lint.  Willi 
>ey  arc  the 


ViR.  158. 
!'':i>       A  I!  now 
T,  SnoiJI.DKIil  II 
NDTIIAHIIICI). 

Ut'llDis,   Biliri 
I"       C  o  II II  t  y , 
lachiisotts. 
>uIII,  Classi;. 
18  X I X  i. 

.  ISdSli,  L'.S.N.M 

The  edg:(s 
urp  point. 


I'iK.  IflO. 

-IIMMIIl  AKIMlW- 
I  Isr.  )4|IOt'l.llKIIK|i 
I  '    I   Mil'  IIAKIIKII. 

Illv    liOllIII.CIlIHA  It. 

•-'3 "  1 X  a. 

I  i;.  Ni.lOV.i,  r.S.N.M. 


Vie-  "■'»• 

■-IKM.MKI)        A  II  HOW 
I'OINT     (IK      Ill.riSII 
<■IIAI.fKIMINlrKI.INT, 
SlluI'MlKIIKIi      IM'T 
Mir  llAIIMKIi. 

Ohio. 

DIvisiiiii  I II.  CliiHH  II, 

'J.l  X  1.1  X  ,»„. 
(  !it.  N...  IWSV,  l!..S,N.M. 


Tlio  next  two  Hpe<'inH'iiH  (Hjjs.  !(»(►,  101),  wliilo  liavinj;  stems  slioni 
(liM)  <1  and  not  barbed,  belong;  to  riass  It,  but  r4>|)res('iit  a  marked  ditt'ur 
eiic    from  the  former  spetiimenH.     While  the  «'dy;es  of 
till-  ->tem  are  straiffht  and  parallel,  the  base  is  <'oiive.\. 
>'(!  reason  has  ever  been  Kiveii  for  this  pe«'iiliurit\,but 
it  is  a  iioti(!eab|e  one  and   involves 
anotlier  even  less  oxplaiiiiible.     Why 
the  stem  of  an  arrowpoint  inteiid<>d 
for   insertion   in    a   Hlmft   should   be 
made  «;oiivex  instead  of  strai<;ht  or 
roncave,  is  a  matter  of  but  sli<>ht  iin 
portaiiec^  and  need  in  itself  ex«'ite  no 
eiiriosity;    but    all    l»iis<>s    of    stems 
which  are  <*onvex  have  been  worn  or 
rubbed,  or  in  some  way  made  smooth. 
They  have  not  been  polished  or  ground 
upon  the  si«les,  but  liave  been  oper 
ated  in  a  reverse  nmnner  against  the 
e<l^e  of  the  base,  and  have  imule  it 
blunt  and  smooth  ami  not  sharp.     Itwouhl  be  beyond 
the  author's  ])rovin<!e  to  say  that  this  is  universal,  for 
iHi  man  coiil'd  Inive  had  Bunicient  experience  to  Justify  su(!h  a  statement, 
bill  in  the  I'.  S.  National  Museum  thousands  of  such  arrowpoints  have 
been  tested  and  00  jier  eent  or  more  of  them  have  been 
found  to  be  in   this  condition.     No 
explanation  has  ever  been  j;iven,  nor 
has  any  been  suj'gested.     It  is  more 
marked  in   the  cases  of  leaf-shajied 
iiiijdements  \vhi<'li  have  been  trans- 
formed  into  stemmed   arrowpcunts, 
leaving  the  convexity  of  the  base  un- 
changed.   The  points  and  edges  seem 
to  have  had  no  share  in  the  ojieration 
and  they  continue  rough  and  sharp. 
Fig.  1(50  is  of  yellowish  Jasper,  comes 
from  liincoln County, Mississippi, and 
is  doubtless  from  the  same  Jasper 
quarry   which    furnished   the   great 
number  of  Jasper  beads  found  there     iMniondsiMi  county, 
in  a  workshop  by  Mr.  Keenan  and  de-  """'*^  ^' 

.,,,,.       ,      „.       .,..,    .     ,,  „  ,,  Division  III,  Cluas  15. 

stiibed  by  him.'     Fig.  lOl  is  the  same  form  as  the  pre- 
ct'ding.     It  is  of  white  flint  fnmi  Illinois,  and  is  nuu  i 
tiiier  and  more  delicate  than  the  Jasi)er  one,  but  it  ha  \ 
tlie  convex  bast ,  the  smoothed  condition  of  which  is  <iuite  perceptible. 
The  next  three  figures  (162-164)  represent  another  form  of  base.    The 


Fig.  101. 

SIIMMKI.  A  It  now- 
I'll.NT,  SlIori.IIRIIKII 
111    I  NOT  IIAIIIIKII. 

.si,  (lair  County,  Illi- 
nois. 

Pi   ision  III,  ClasHK. 

IgxJxJ. 

'  ii.  N...  u;w:t,  li.S.N.M. 


Vig.  Wl. 

TKMMKII  AUUOW- 
I'OINT  11  V  (IIIAV 
FLINT,  HUUl'I.KKUKIJ 
IICT  NOT  HAIinEU. 


:ixigxg. 

(■ill.  No.  6'j:147,  U.S.N. M. 


1  Sniitbsoijiau  lleporf,,  1877,  p.  291. 


922 


REPORT    OP   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1897. 


8TEMMKI)  AKHOW- 
POINT,  SHOll.I>KIIKI> 
liriNdT  IIAIMIKI). 

UiviHJoii  III.  CliiHs  I{. 

L'J  X  1  X  i. 

Csl.N.i.MiM,  r.S.N.M. 


edges  iind  points  ure  the  siime  as  iii  otlier  specimens.     They  are  slioul. 
(lere<l,  but  not  barl)e(l,  and  the  stem  at  its  base  is  the  same  n-  otlici 
stems;  but  instea<l  of  its  edyes  being  parallel  and 
making  a  straight  or  square  stem,  they  are  convex 
and  bring  the  b:tse  of  the  stem  to  a  point.     V'\g.  Kii:  is 
a  good  rei)re8entati^'e  ot  this   type. 
It  isaymnietrii'al;  theehipi»ingisnot 
line,  but  fairly  well  done;  the  l)a8e 
and  shoulders  are  square,  the  stem 
contracting  by  convex  edges,  and  the 
base  ])ointed.     J^'ig.  1(J3  is  from  Ten- 
nessee, while  the  former  is  from  Ken- 
tucky; but  the   II  aterial  of  both  is 
the  same  ([uality  of  gray  tlint,  and  as 
the  two  (States  are  contiguous,  we 
may  easily  suppose  that  the  American 
Indian  who  made  these  iiuplements 
was  not  governed  by  State  lines,  and 
both  points  may  have  (rome  from  the 
same  quarry.    The  ba^e  is  pointed,  made  so  by  convex 
edges.     Fig.  1  (14  has  the  same  contiacted  stem,  but  its 
edges  are   straight  and  not  convex 
and   its   base   is  pointed.    It  comes 
IVouj  a  locality  far  distant  from  the 
others,  namely,  C3alifornia,  showing 
tliat  these  forms  were  not  contin-,d 
to  a  given  locality.     It  is  well  chipped,  synnnetrically 
formed,  but  has  the  projecting  horizontal  bai ,),  as  was 
<lescribe<l  in  fig.  149.     It  is  long  and   slender,  and 
could  have  penetrated   the  flesh  of 
the  game  or  enemy  a  distance  of  2^ 
inches     without     interference    from 
these  horizontal  projectiojit. 

The  type  of  which  the  author  is 
now  to  speak  has  given  him  more 
trouble  in  its  dassitication  than  any 
other,  and  yet  he  has  concluded  to 
classify  it  as  a  stemmed  anowpoint,  shouldered  but 
not  barbed,  and  has  put  it  in  Class  B.  The  blades 
msiy  b"  thick  or  thin,  wide  oi-  narrow,  edges  concave, 
straight,  or  convex,  points  sharp  or  blunt,  and  so 
through  all  the  variatiors.  The  stem  is  formed  by 
notches  nuule  in  the  edges  near  the  lower  end  which, 
with  the  notch,  forms  the  base  of  the  arrowpoint. 

Fig.  105  is  a  representative  of  tl  :  type.     It  is  of  black  flint,  iu'  clgcs 
are  convex,  drawing  gradually  to  a  point;  the  base  is  straight  and 


Fiji  XFti. 
TK.MMEl)        A  III:  II  w 
IMINT    dl''     lU.Al  i; 
I'r.lN'i,  MKJfl.DI  1,1  ;i 
IlKT  NOT  ItAHltl  li. 

S:iii  Miguel  Isliihii, 
Ciiiiftiriiiii. 

DivUloa  in,Cliis>Ii. 
;'4  X  I  X  ,''.,. 

Cat.  N...  i:r,ii\,  I.S.N.M. 


Fiji-.  im. 

ol'KMMKh        A  U  li!>  W- 

I'OINT,  SIU)ll.I)KIIKI> 

BUT  NOT  llARnKI). 

Ohio. 

Division  II  I.  CIiihh  ii. 

'.'i  X  I  X  i. 
C'nI.  N...  IM^\,  f.S.N.M. 


Fifj.  100. 
-TKMMED       Allltow- 
I'OI.NTOb'UAitKii,:  \V 
I'l.  NT,  SlloriUKIIIIi 
111    I'  NOT  IIAIMIEIJ. 

TennosMce. 

Ifi.'ixliiuIII.CIaBHlt. 

IJxlxJ. 

(ill.  N.i.  •<j:li.(,  r.S.N.M 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND  KNIVES. 


923 


'y  are  sliuiil. 

me  a    oili,.,. 

>:irullel  and 

are  convex 


yili  Ifi4. 
I.MKI)        Al(l;ii\V 
"N'l'    <IK      li;..\(  K 

i.vi,  Ml(jn.i)i.i.i:ii 

"I' NOT  ItAUmii, 

Mifeuel     r.sliin.l. 
Cinifdriiiu. 
sio;i  Iir.CljissJi. 

N".  IS74li,  r.S.N.M, 

mnietriciilly 
)ni  >),  ijs  WHS 
lender,  mid 


FiK.  166. 

*KI>        A  Kit  (I  W 
ITOH'UAiiKii,;  \v 
I',    Hllon.UKIlKiP 
NDT  ilAllllElJ, 

IVnnosr.ce. 
lim  1 1 1,  Class  I!. 
IJxlxi. 

II.  N'.'UXii,  r.S.N.M 

,  it.-  elgcs 
Might  iiiiil 


Fij;.  107. 

SIEMMKI)  AHKOW- 
POINT,  Sllori.liKKBl) 
lll'l'  NOT  IIAUIIKI). 

I)ivi.iiiin  111,  (MasH  U. 

la  X 1 X  v',i. 

lai.  N...«;:ii;,  r.S.N.M. 


ii.s  wide  as  the  broadest  part  of  the  bhule.  Its  base  is  formed  by  two 
notcihes  made  in  each  edge  opposite  each  other  and  forming,  so  far  as 
(•(iiicerns  the  edges,  a  groove  around  tiu;  implement  whic^h  may  have  been 
iitili/ed  for  fastening  the  arrow  shaft  by  a  ligature.  These  notches  are 
iiltoutone-fourthof  an  in(;h  wide  and  as  much  deep,  and 
iiK^  distant  from  the  base  about  one  fourth  ofaii  inch,  so 
that  they  have  been  denominated  in  some  other  dassi- 
ticiition  as  "notched  on  the  edge  near  the  base."  This 
notching  has  left  the  base  its  original  width  and 
nnchaiiged,  as  though  the  notches  had  not  been  made 
nor  the  implement  transformed  from  a  leaf  shaped  or 
))ossibly  triangular  arrowpoint  into  a  stemmed  one. 

Fig.  100  is  much  smaller  than  the  foiiner,  but  size 
does  not  soem  to  have  affected  tliis  type  of  arrowpoint 
more  than  it  has  tlie  others.  The  implement  is  sym- 
nietiical,  edges  are  convex,  and  the  outline  can  be 
traced  past  the  notches  to  the  base,  and,  but  for  the  notches,  it  would 
have  been  a  leaf-shaped  implement  of  Class  I  J,  pointed  at  one  end  and 
concave  ai  the  base.  Tlie  notches  are  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  wide 
and  deep,  and  the  distance  from  the  base  is  about  three-eighths  of  an 
inch.  We  will  see  in  the  next  (!lass  how,  evidently,  some  of  these 
stemmed  arrowpoints  were  made  fiom  leaf-shaped  implements,  by  the 
introduction  of  these  not(;hes.  In  the  present  <;ase 
the  notches  are  horizontal  and  form  shoulders  but  not 
barbs,  in  the  next  class  ((J)  they  will  be  at  an  up- 
waiil  angle  toward  tlie  center,  their  shoulders  form 
barbs,  and  they  pass  into  that  class  and  are  not  further 
noticed  in  this. 

Fig.  1(57  is  of  gray  fiint  from  Ohio.  It  is  rather 
small  and  has  the  same  horizontal  notches,  smaller 
^'fl^^^M^^  than  those  noticed  before,  but  the  outline  of  the  leaf- 
j"!«.t^^  _-.««»<«' V  shaped  implement  is  more  apparent  m  it  than  in  the 
Others.  That  it  was  originally  a  leaf  shaped  imple- 
ment, transformed  by  the  notches  into  a  stemmed  and 
shouldered  arrowponit,  is  satisfacitorily  shown  from 
an  insj)ecti<ni  of  the  implement.  It  has  the  convex 
base  whicli  was  referred  to  and  described  under  lig. 
1()0  as  polished  or  rubbed  smooth  on  its  edge.  Thia 
peculiarity  is  wonderfully  well  represented  in  the 
8i)eciinen  now  nnder  consideration.  The  edge  of  the 
base  is  blunt  and  smooth,  while  the  edges  and  point 
of  the  blade  arc  rough  and  sharp  as  any  <  ver  wore. 
There  are  some  peculiarities  appertaining  to  the  imi)lements  and  objects 
of  prehistoric  man  which,  by  reason  of  their  repetition,  have  bcoine 
accepted  facts,  the  explanation  of  which  has  as  yet  detied  all  theories 
of  the  most  inventive  imaginatio.i.    This  is  one. 


k!H,F 


FiR.  108. 

SI  K.MMKI)  A.ih  )XVI'(IINr 
111'  Win  IK  .lASllillY 
CLINT,  .SlIori.UUHlil 
lIlTNdT  IIAl{UKI>. 

West  liiMid.  Wiisliiiijj;- 
toll  (y'duiity,  Wiscou- 
hIii. 

Division  III,  CliLMs  li. 

;ixljxil. 

Cul.  N.>.  .■!■.'! nil,  r.S.N.M. 


924 


REPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1897. 


A 


Fig.  108,  instead  of  beitii?  leaf-sluiped  as  have  been  some  of  the  lore- 
going,  was  a  triangular  arrow  point.  Its  edges  are  str.iight,  and,  .\])- 
proaching  each  other,  form  the  point  at  an  acute  angle.  The  base  is 
straight  and  s(juare,  but  one-fourth  of  an  inch  above  it  toward  the 
point  are  two  notches,  one  on  each  side,  about  one  fourth  of  an  iiidi 
each  way,  which  transform  it  from  a  triangular  inti) 
a  stemine<l  arrowpoint. 

Fig.  109,  while  belonging  to  the  same  class,  has  the 
peculiarity  of  three  notches  on  the  edges  instead  ol 
one,  as  in  all  former  illustrations.  It  is  much  larger 
than  any  of  the  others,  its  edges  are  straight,  or 
nearly  so,  and,  but  for  the  notches  which  transform 
it  into  a  stemmed  implement,  it  would  be  ncp.rly  a 
triangular  one.  The  base  is  straight  and  at  rig'.t 
angles  with  the  median  line,  the  notches  are  about 
one  fourth  of  an  inch  each  way  and  separated  from 
each  other  about  one  fourth  of  an  inch.  It  would 
appear  as  though  they  might  have  been  employed 
for  three  ligatures,  or  lor  ligature  in  three  places, 
the  farthest  of  which  would  be  about  1^  iuches  from 
the  base,  thereby  giving  the  handle  that  much  mor<; 
Hrmness  and  solidity  in  its  attachment. 

A  type  of  arrowpoiirfc  belonging  to  this  class  his 
been  found  and  identihed  by  Dr.  Abbott,  witl;  su«*li 
peculiarities  as  demanded  a  his  hands  a  separate 
and  extended  notice,  which  he  gave  in  Primitive  In 
dustry.'  An  illustration  of  this  implement  is  shown 
in  Plate  .'U,  fig.  7.  Dr.  Abbott  believes  in  the  exis 
tence  in  America,  and  especially  on  the  Delaware 
River  (the  valley  of  the  Delaware),  of  a  Paleolithic 
civilization  which,  of  course,  antedated  that  of  the 
Neolithic  or  Ainericau  Indian  civiliz,ation.  All,  or 
nearly  all,  the  Paleolithic  implements  found  in  the 
glacial  gravel  of  the  Delaware  River  at  Trenton,  New 
.  Jersey,  have  been  of  argillite.    It  is  his  belief  that  this 

material  was  used  ])rincipally  by  Paleolithic  man.  The  specimens  uii 
der  consideration  are  of  argillite  and  much  weathered,  showing  a  high 
antiquity.  Tliey  are  now  a  light  gray  color,  but  originally  and  on  the 
inside  are  coal-black.  Tlie  stone  of  which  they  are  made  is  hard,  and 
they  could  be  chii>ped  to  a  sharp  point  and  edgf ,  Their  chipping  has 
been  rude  and  the  Halces  comp.aratively  large.  They  are  long  and 
narrow,  their  edges  nearly  straight,  approaching  until  they  form  a 
point.  Tlie  shoulders  were  nearly  square,  not  barbed,  the  stem  short, 
edges  parallel,  and  base  straight  and  square.  Altogether  it  is  rude 
and  unattractive,  but  in  its  original  condition  of  sharp  point  and 


Fig.  169. 

STEMMED  AUHOWl'OINT 
OF  lUlOWN  KLINT, 
.^HOfl.DERICI)  mn'  NOT 
IIAHIIEI). 

Duiinys villi',    Wasli'    ,,- 

ton  Couuty,  Mai^l<^ 

DiviMioii  111.  CI1188  !*>. 

6ixl}x,'o. 

Cat.  N(i.  limT,  I.I.S.N.M. 


'  See  also  Populiir  Scicnco  Mouthly,  XXII,  1883,  p.  315. 


[>f  tlie  lore- 
it,  suid,  ;i|). 
riie  base  is 
toward  tlio 
of  an  iiicli 
ngular  into 

iss,  hast  lie 

instead  ol' 
lucU  larjici' 
traiglit,  or 

transform 
e  nearly  ii 
kI  at  rig]  t 

are  about 

rated  from 

It  would 

employed 
ree  places, 
uches  from 
much  mon 

8  class  ii;is 
with  si'.*!li 
a  separate 
imitive  In 
it  is  shown 
n  the  exi>s 
Delaware 
Paleolithie 
hat  of  the 
n.  All,  or 
ind  in  the 
Miton,New 
ef  that  this 
jimens  un 
ing  a  high 
md  on  the 
hard,  and 
ipping  has 
long  and 
ey  form  a 
tern  shoit, 
it  is  rude 
point  and 


fiepijft  of   U,  S    l\la'...i/.a,  M^^eurr.    18^7.      vVil.or. 


Plate  j 


■* 


"^■,'t       f 


Is'ff*.- 


*; 

,,*/■  ,■ 

A4  . 

-v 

J 

at-m 


^      mi>?H„ 


5^ ... 


-■-•CV^^ 


> 

z 


< 

c 


«  .-  ^ 


1! 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    35. 


hi 

i 


a 


< 

c 


Stemmed  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

Chmx  ('. 
Fin.  1.  FiNixiUAiNKi)  (^lAUT/ni:. 

(Cat.  N'i(.8s:!:i9,  r.S.N.M.     lie  Soto,  Vernon  Odiuity,  Wisconsin.     ,1. 1).  Middleton.) 

lij;.  2.  ]»AUK-nu(>\v\  Chai.ckdony  (cast). 

(Cat.  No.  98:i4(\  r.S.N.M.     Warners    Lamlin};.   Vernnn    Coimiy,  Wisconsin,     .f    L.  Do 
Witt.  I 
1  iii.  :!.    HiAlXiKAY  TliANSH'CKNT    ( '11  AI.CKDOX  Y. 

((.'at.  No.  1J»0;!4, 1'.S.N.M.    Mound,  Putnam  County,  Oliio.    .1.  It.  Nisli'V .) 

Fii;.  I.  Biiow.x  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  17:174."),  r.S.N.M.     WillianiHon  County,  Illinois.     H.C.  Uiivall.) 


'Ml-:  .'i: 


hli't 


!^ 


s 


Rupurt  of  U.  S.  Natior.ji  M^jtjuni,  I8J7.—  Wilson. 


Plate 


U  ■ 


f 


0) 
LJ 
> 

z 


0. 

If) 


CO 


Plate   .3. 


EXPLANATION     OF    PLATE    36. 


03 


CD 


Stemmed  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 
Yv.  1.  Lead-colokki)  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  6159,  T.S.X.M.    Sarat^.ga  C.mntv,  N.w  York.     Col.  K.  .I.-w.tt.) 

V\".  2.    KOSE-TINTEl)   QL'AUTZITE. 

{Cat.  No.  i;!7927   r.S.N.M.     Washingtou  County,  Missouri.    Ur.  Cliarle«  Itiiu.i 

I'i!,'.  3.  Variegatki)  Pink  and  Slate-coloked  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  7659,  U.S.N.M.    (Iroveport,  Ohio.     W.  H.  I.iiupert.) 

liji.  4,  Gray  Flint  ok  Chekt. 

(Cat.  No.  172831,  r.S.N.M.     Ohio.     W.  K.  Moorehead.) 

llH.  5.    HLUE-iiRAY   ClIALCEDONIC   FLINT. 

(Cat.  No.  7108,  t'.S.N.M.    Mount  Carniel,  Illinoi.H.     Mr.  Kidftway.) 

rig.  ().  Pyhomachic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  31954,  U.S.N.M.     Montgomery  County,  TexaH.     Dr.  J.  I..  Tn.sh.) 

Fi«.  7.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.   345S1.   n.S.N.M.    McMinnville,  T«une«»e«.     \V.  W.  I'hillips  ami  Dr.    i.  M. 
Brewer.) 

Fig.  8.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  81!39,  U.S.N.M.    Tennessee,    .T.  H.  Devenux.) 

Fig.  9.  Yellowish  Gray  Chalcedonic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  10820,  U.S.N.M.    Milnersville,  Ohio.     I). Thomiwon.) 

Fig.  10.  Blue-gray  Ciialcedonic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  18084.  U.S.N.M.     I'aint  LicU,  Kentucky.    J.  B.  Clark.) 

Fig.  11.  Opalescent  Ciialcedonic  Flint. 

"  (Cat.  No.  16231,  r.S.N.M.     Santa  Barbara  County,  Calilornia.     Paul  Schumacher.) 

Fig.  12.  Drab  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  32440,  U.S.N.M.    Orange  County,  Indiana.     K.  M.Synime.s.) 

Fig.  13.  Brown  Flint. 

(Cat.  No. 8239a,  U.S.N.M.    Tennessee.    J.  H.  Uevereux.) 

Fig,  14.  Black  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  34.583,  U.S.N.M.     Sharpsburg,  Maryland.     A.  P.  Smith.) 

Fig.  15.  Blue-gray  Chalcedonic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  12681,  U.S.N.M.    Oregon.     Paul  Schumacher.) 

Fig.  16.  Green  Jaspery  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  12682,  U.S.N.M.    Oregon.     Paul  Schumacher.) 


1 

s 
1 

( 

i  . 

ARROWPOINTS,  SPKMMFKADS,   AM)    KNIVI'.S. 


•I-Jfl 


i'(l-»'s  it  iiii{;lit  lisivi^  bi'jsii  ii  voiy  ell'«'<'-ti\«'  wt'iipoii.  I>i'.  Alihott  iissoits 
tinit  the  liivgi'  pi'opoit.oii  of  tliesu  iiiiiileiiiciits  are  IoiiimI  in  tlu>  alluvial 
soil  ill  proximity  to  tiit;  j;la(;ial  ^M*av(0  at  si  (lt'[>tli  that  proves  tlioir 
fiiiliqiiity.  Their  niiiiibui-  increases  in  proportion  to  the  depth  of  the 
extiivsitioii  tor  u  eertiiiii  distaiiee,  when  they  st(»p,\vliiht  tlwi  l'aleolithi<r 
iiii|ilenieiits  proper  continno  to  ii  ^renter  depth.  Dr.  Abhott  believes 
tlits»!  linpleineiits  to  huvo  been  used  as  luirponns  for  tluMiiplnrin;;  of 
HkIi,  and  he  cites,  as  evidence  HUpportin^  his  theory,  the  fact  that  they 
iiif  nearly  all  foun<l  aloniy:  the  borders  of  the  streams,  lie  remarks 
tilt'  {jreat  similarity  of  tin  so  implements  with  those  used  for  a  similar 
pui'pose  by  the  Eskimos,  and  cites  corresponding  implements  and  tig- 
UK'S  described  by  Sir  .Fohii  Lubbock.'  He  propounds  the  theory 
whether  the  Eskimos  may  not  have  been  driven  down  by  the  {glaciers 
and  o(!cupied  the  territory  of  New  cJersey,  New  York,  Coniie(!tieut,  etc., 
or  whether  driven  down  or  not,  thej'  may  not,  with  their  present  love  of 
cold  or  for  other  reasons  unknown,  liav**  dwelt  near  the  foot  of  the 
fjlacier  in  these  States  and  followed  it  up  in  its  retreat  north,  until 
tiiey  came  to  occupy  the  present  boreal  regi<ni.  It  would  seem  to  be 
iiilisputable  that  the  territory  around  the  feet  of  these  jjlaciers  was 
ot  t  iipied  by  man,  if  it  had  not  been  jnior  to  their  descent.  The  imple 
iiiciits  found  iu  the  Trenton  gravels  would  seem  to  show  this.  1  f  this  be 
accepted,  the  question  may  be  fairly  asked.  What  became  of  this  i)eo])le; 
who  are  their  descendants;  and,  after  the  retreat  of  the  glacier  and  the 
exposure  of  the  country  north,  what  course  of  dei)arture,  extension, 
or  migration  did  their  descendants  take?  These  theories  are  not  yet 
demonstrated  and  may  never  be,  but  they  are  worthy  of  profound 
investigation  and  study. 

fJi.Ass  (;. — siioi;i,i>i:i<Ki>  ani»  uakkki'.     (Plates  ;i5,   '(i. ) 


■^cJ5'' 


Th3  prehistoric  man  did  not,  in  his  manufacture  of  these  imple- 
inciits,  divide  them  into  classes.  The  ditlerent  Jorms  were  made 
according  to  the  possibilities  of  the  material,  the  dexterity  of  the 
workman,  and  the  exigencies  of  the  situation.  The  classili<'atioii  is 
now  made  solely  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  us  in  modern  times  to 
describe  and  understand  them.  Class  C  comprises  those  which  have 
stems,  shoulders,  and  barbs.  The  ditference  between  the  present  class, 
<\  and  the  preceding,  B,  is  that  the  shouldeis  in  the  former  were  hori 
/ontal,  at  a  right  angle  or  more  than  a  right  angle  to  the  median  line 


'  Prehistoric  Times,  p.  508,  fig.  2iS. 


(»2(; 


KKPORT   OK    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   >H!)7. 


froiii  tlie  1>iis«t  upwiirtl.  In  tli<>  |>i-(>s('nt  class  tliii  )M)iiit  ioriiiiiif;  tlici  slhn] 
<h'r  is  lnouKJit  (lowiiwiiid  towanl  tlic  basi",  so  that  it  forins  U'ss  tlian  a 
I'ii^lit  aii^lt'  to  tliu  iiu'iliaii  line;  this  lias  tho  etrcct  of  uiukiii^;  thr  sh  il 
«l('r  an  acute  anjjh',  himI  this  aiijjlc  loniis  th«  barb.  Tlu;  inijtlciiMMits  uf 
tliis  (lass,  taken  in  their  entirety,  may  be  of  difVeient  foiins;  sonn'tiims 
they  may  b(«  It'af  sliaped,  sonietinn'S  trianKnlur;  they  may  have  eitlnr 
convex,  Htiaij;l«t,  or  eon«'ave  4'(i;;ts;  tlie  i»oint  may  be  sliaip  or  blunt; 

the  bas»^  may  bo  eoiuave,  strai;;lii, 
or  convex.  All  these  may  exist  in 
this  subdivision,  provided  tlicy 
are  stemmed,  HliouI<lered,  ami 
barbed.  No  arj^unxMit  is  neccs 
sary  to  Justify  ,i  <'lass  \vhi»li  in 
(ibules  so  nuiny  forms ^as  those 
Just  mentioned.  If  a  separate 
division  nhonld  be  given  to  cadi 
of  these  ditfercnt  forms  wIumi  ac- 
companied by  barbs,  the  same 
should  be  done  when  without 
barbs.  This  woidd  create  so  n«any 
divisions  as  to  be<'ome  unrecoji- 
iiizable  and  practically  useless. 
This  classification  is  based  on  tlie 
salient  points  of  difference. 

The  first  illustration  (fig.  170; 

presents  a  type  of  barbs  by  whidi 

they  (!an  be  known  and  recognized 

^„^„^       ^„,       ,,  throughout  the  description.    It  is 

'^iM'  '^^E^l       ^M^  a  magnifi<'ent  implement,  traiislu 

cent  dark-brown  chalcedony,  ami 
was  found  in  a  mound  in  Vernon 
County,  Wisconsin.  The  fiinuie 
is  from  a  cast  in  the  IJ.  S.  National 
Museum.  The  blade  shows  it  to 
have  been  practically  a  leaf-shaped 
im])lement  of  Class  B,  oua  end 
pointed  and  the  other  convex.  Whether  it  was  originally  thus,  and 
afterwards  transformed  into  a  stemmed  one,  is  unimportant  and  only  ii 
nuitter  for  conjecture.  The  notches  have  been  made  near  the  base,  are 
V-8haped,andnecessarilydeep  and  wide;  theyformthecdgesof  the  stem 
nearly  parallel  and  make  it  straight,  neither  expanding  nor  contracting. 
The  V-shaped  notch  causes  the  shoulder  to  descend  so  that  its  junction 
with  the  outer  edge  forms  an  acute  angle,  and  this  acute  angle  forms  the 
barb  of  the  implement.  The  benefit  of  the  barb  in  an  arrowpoint  or 
spearhead  is  that,  having  entered  the  flesh  of  the  game  or  enemy, 
the  barb  prevents  its  withdrawal,  as  with  the  barb  of  the  fishhook. 


Ftg.  170. 

8TRMMEU  8I-BAUHCAI>,  SHOrLl)KKKI>   ANIi   IIAHllKli. 

Division  III,  Clash  C. 
7  X  4  X  ,"fl. 

Cast,  fat.  No.  ilN34ii,  T.S.N.M.     (drlu'liial  In    |.o»K...sslori  nf  l>r. 
.1.  I..  Di'Will.) 


ARROW  i'OINTS,  SPKARHEADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


027 


tli(^  slmii]. 
«'«.s  than  ii 
the  shdiil- 

h'llH'llts  uf 

N<niu'fiiiit',s 
av<'  citlicr 
or  bliiiif; 
',  strai;;lii, 
siy  exist  jn 
ided    tlicy 
ered,    ami 
is  iieccs 
whi<li  ill- 
us  those, 
separsUc 
en  to  each 
<  when  iic- 
the    same 
I    witlioiit 
teso  many 
B  unrec(»;Li 
y    useless, 
sed  on  the 
nee. 

(tig.  17(»; 
s  by  which 
reeo^nized 
tion.  it  is 
it,  transiii 
(dony,  anil 
in  Vernon 
Hie  iiixiim 
(.National 
tiows  it  to 
Jaf-sliapetl 
,  one  end 
thus,  and 
wid  only  a 
)  base,  are 
•f  the  stem 
ntractin^. 
s  junction 
forms  the 
wpoint  or 
3r  enemy, 
fishhook. 


That  this  form  was  somewhat  a  matter  of  taste,  and  not  always  for  the 
iitilliarian  ))urpose  mentioned,  is  apparent  upon  a  ;:lan(;e  at  tliis  illus- 
tration and  the  two  lollowing.  In  these  three  spe<!iinens  the  si/,«' of 
Itlic  iinplenient  is  so  great  and,  eotnpared  therewith,  the  barbs  so  snniU 
thai  th<>y  are  insigniti<'ant  in  aetnal  utility.  The  thrusting  of  either 
niie  ol'  thesc!  laigt^  specimens  into  any 
known  game  or  enemy  wonld  be  snf- 
licjent  to  kill  the  animal  independ«'nt 
(if  tlio  use  of  the  barbs  or  the  with- 
draw al  of  the  weapon.  It  goes  without 
siyiiig  that  these,  an«l  possibly  one 
iiilici'  in  this  class,  were  too  laige  for 
,iiiy  possible  nse  as  anows,  and  per- 
liaps  as  knives,  and  if  they  had  any 
utilitarian  jmrpose  it  <*onld  only  have 
lieeii  as  a  spearhead.  It  is  a  matter 
tor  eonjectnre  and  investigation 
wild  her  they  might  not  have  served 
ii»r  ceremonial  i)nrposes,  or  as  some 
insignia  of  authority  or  command,  as 
tlic  staff  of  a  marshal,  the  scepter  of  a 
inoii;  di,  or  the  nuu'C  in  the  House  of 
lie         ntatives  of  ('ongress. 

1  .„.  .<l  is  one  of  these  remarkable 
iiiiphMnents.  It  is  white  or  whitish 
translneent  chalcedony,  imi)ure  to  be 
^iirc.  but  still  fine  enough  with  its 
('\traovdiimry  size  to  make  it  a  mag- 
iiilicent  implement.  But  for  the  barbs 
it  w  onld  be  assigned  to  the  leaf-8hai)ed 
Class  pj.  Its  edges  are  symmetrically 
cinnex  and,  converging,  form  the 
point.  The  notches  forming  the  barbs 
liM\('  been  made  perpendicularly  up- 
ward from  the  base,  and  not,  as  nsual, 
liori/.ontally  from  the  edge.  The 
iiotihes  are  half  an  inch  wide  and 
time  fourths  of  an  inch  deep;  they 
leave  the  barbs  to  be  three-fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  descending  perpendicu- 
larly almost  even  with  the  base.  The 
base  is  straight  and  square;  the  stem  has  parallel  edges,  is  straight 
and  not  pointed.  The  whitish  chalcedony,  the  material  of  this  speci 
nuMi,  is  not  rare  in  the  locality  in  which  this  was  found  (Shrevei)ort, 
Louisiana),  although  the  mine  oi-  quarry  from  which  the  material  comes 
lias,  it  is  believed,  never  yet  been  found.    The  author  is  the  owner  of 


PiK.  m. 

•TE.MMBI)  yPKAKIIKAII  OK  Willi  IMI  CIIALCE- 
DONY,  SHOULDKUBU  AND  IIAKIIKIi. 

SlireveiKirt,  Caildo  Cinmty,  LuiiiHiana. 

Division  III,  (JliiHs  C. 

9i  X  ;ti  X  J. 

CbI.  N...  liiO'.if,,  r.S.N.M. 


928 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1«97. 


rU 


I,    ■^.snjf. 


fourteen  such  implements  of  the  same  material  and  the  same  jiXiKMal 
type,  found  iu  a  cavhe  in  Pike  County,  Arkansas  (see  Plate  Gl).  i'lu-v 
were  laid  side  by  side,  the  edges  overlapping  and  buried  on  the  si  Ic  of 


Fig.  17:. 

STEHMm)  m>BAUIIli:Ab,  SIKXTI.DKIiEII  ANU  ItAltltlLl). 

CriiwfDnl  County,  Wi»t()n»iii. 

Division  III,  Clause. 

10.Jx4Jxi. 
CiMt,  Cut.  Nil.  ;«nil(l,  D.S.N.M. 


bi'i 


the  hi- 1  in  the  solid  yellow  clay.    The  erosion  by  rains  and  wash  broujjbt 
the  surface  down  to  them,  and  they  were  found  .sliyhtly  protruding. 
Fig.  112  is  an  enormous  implement  of  the  same  class.    The  L'.  !S. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


!I20 


National  Museum  possesses  only  a  cast  of  it,  the  oiiginal  beiiij;  in  the 
possession  of  Mr,  V  .J.  Miller,  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wisconsin.  It  is  of 
hroun  jasper,  and  lias  been  n»ade  from  an  immense  Hake  of  that  mate- 
rial which  lias  l)«en  strnck  ott"  with  a  perceptible  twist,  as  shown  by  the 
edjjc  view  accompaiiying.  It  is  also  rudely  leaf  shaped,  pointed  at  one 
eii<l.  the  base  nearly  straight  and  square,  the  notches  forming  the  barbs 
being  oval  or  shell-like  and  made  in  the  edgts,  not  disturbing  the 


ash  broujilit 
otruding. 
.    The  U.  a. 


'ni'-'r; 


/<X. 


%.. 


m 


Fig.  173. 

-Tl.iIMi:t)     SI'KAlillKAl)     OK     (lliAV 
H.IM.    SIIOl'l.DEKKI)   AND   IIAIillB:!). 

Siiratogil  County,  Now  York. 
I )i vision  III,  (.'lass  (.'. 

i-M.  N.>.  I'.l,',  ..  r.>.N.M. 


Fig.  174. 

SIEMJIKI)  Sl'KARllKAD 
OF  (iHAY  FLINI-, 
.SHOl'l.UKRKI)  ANM> 
IIAIUIEI). 

McMiiinville,  Wiir- 
rcn  Coiiiitv,  'I'eii- 
ni'ssco. 

Uivi8ioiiIII,(;iiissC. 

Jjixlixe. 

I'al.  N...  :';;.-l,  I'.S.N.M. 


<^^^^K^;f^t? 


:^J 


Fig.  175. 

TF.M.MKI)     Sl'KAItllEAl),    SlIorLDEUEl)     AND 
liAliBEI). 

Division  III,  Class  C. 

;ijxiixi. 

Cat.  Ni>.  4:ii:«.  I'.S.N.M. 


ba.sc,  although  coming  within  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  of  it. 

lig.  IT.'J,  though  large  even  tor  a  spear- 
liead,  does  not  (compare  in  size  with  the 
ciioniious  specimen  Just  «lescrib&d.  It  is 
"iij  inches  long,  has  somewhat  the  appear- 
aiKc  of  a  leaf-shaped  implement,  altlior.gh  there  is  no  evidence  of  its 
transformation.  It  is  of  dint  and  has  been  made  from  a  nodnle,  the 
concentric  bands  of  which  are  to  be  seen,  the  point  of  the  base  coming 
ahiiosi;  to  the  surface  of  the  nodule.  The  edges  are  convex,  the  stem  is 
sliulitly  contracting,  and  the  ba^e  is  convex.  The  barbs  are  well  pro- 
nouiiced  and  form  an  acute  angle;  they  have  no  relation  to  t..e  stem, 
but  are  attached  to  and  form  a  part  of  the  blade. 

T'le  bl.ade  is  twisted  from  the  right  side  at  I  lie  base  to  the  left  side  at 
NAT  MUS  97 iVJ 


930 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


Fif?.  170. 

STEMMKI)  AKKOW- 
I'Ol  NT  OK  (ill  A  V 
FLINT,  SIIOULUERED 
AND  IIAKIIED. 

Orange  County,  IntU- 
niiB. 

Divifcioi,  III.CIumC. 

Cut.  fio.  X'lUK,  U.S.N. M. 


the  point.    The  twist  is  about  e(\iial  to  the  thickness  of  the  iinpleimiit, 

and  sirises,  not  from  the  naturtil  shape  of  the  flake,  but  by  chippin;;  rli- 

edges  all  from  one  side.    Wliether  ihin  twist  would  give  the  missile  a 

lotary  motion  as  it  was  discharged  from  the  brw,  i.s  a 

question  examined  in  the  division  of  peculiar  iu; m.s, 

Class  A,  beveled  edges,  p.  931. 

Fig.  174  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  leaf-shaiicd 
implements  of  Class  B.  It  has  along,  fine  point,  cd-es 
convex, base  the  same,  with  narrow  notches  in  the  cd^e 
near  the  base.  The  edge  of  the  convex  base  has  Ih-vm 
ground  down  or  worn  smooth  as  de 
scribed  in  figs.  IGO  and  101  of  Class 
B,  stemmed.  Division  III, 'p.  921. 

Fig.  175  has  con  vex  edges  converg- 
ing symmetrically  to  the  point,  tiie 
base  is  slightly  convex,  while  thii 
notches  which  have  made  it  into  a 
stemmed  and  barbed  implement  are 
at  the  corners  formed  by  the  junction 
of  the  edges  with  the  base.  The  V  bliaped  notches 
make  the  expanding  base,  and  change  the  shoulders 
into  btarbs.  This  specimen  is  from  a  mound  near 
Naples,  Illinois,  excavated  by  Mr.  J.  (x.  Henderson. 
The  mound  and  the  associated  ol>jects 
are  described  in  the  Smithsonian  Re- 
port of  1882,  where  this  is  fig.  l.'i  a  (p. 
690).  The  material  is  translucent  pale  bro  vn  chalet' 
dony.  This  is  the  finest  specimen  of  flint  chippini:  in 
the  U.  S.  National  Museum.  There  may  luive  been 
others  exceedingly  fine  and  highly  interesting,  and  it 
may  be  dirticult  to  draw  lines  of  com- 
parison betwee*.  the  various  degrees 
of  fineness,  but  the  author  has  never 
seen  anything  showing  a  higher  de 
gree  of  mechanical  art  and  manual 
dexterity  in  flint  chipping. 

Fig.  170,  though  reduced  in  size,  is 
of  suflBcient  weight  to  give  momen- 
tum to  the  arrow,  and  will  probably  ;^ecure  greatest 
flight.  Its  edges  are  symmetrically  convex  and,  con 
verging,  form  the  point.  The  base  is  slightly  convex, 
while  the  notches  which  form  the  barbs  are  in  the  edge 
near  the  base. 

Fig.  177  has  edges  slightly  convex,  which  come  together  at  the  pniit 
with  a  wide  angle,  making  the  implement  of  considerable  breadth 
in  proportion  to  its  length.    The  stem  is  contracting  and  the  base 


Fig.  177. 

STEMMEK  .M(l;ii\v. 
POINT  OK  I' M.E 
BROWN  KM  NT, 
SHOULDKRKlP  AM) 
IIAKUEn. 

Santa      I'arliara 
County,  CalilnMii;!, 

Di  ■isionIIT,Cliiss(', 

11x18x1- 

Cat.  N...  I.'.-JM,  r.>.N.\l. 


Fig. 178. 

STEMMED  ARHOW- 
rOINT  OK  DA  UK  ORA  Y 
FLINT,  SHOULDERED 
AND  IIARIIED. 

Sliarpsburg,  WaRli- 
iugtou  County, 
Marylaml. 

Division  III,  Class  C. 
IJxgxft. 

C«t.  No.  346S3,  U.S.N.M. 


Fig.  179. 
STEMMED      ARIIOW- 
POINT,  KHOl'I.Iii:ili;|i 
AND  UARIIED. 

Oregon, 
Division  III,  Clas' :i'. 

IJxlxJ. 
(■»!.  No.  isfiso,  i;.s.  >.\1. 


!  impleiiuMit, 
jhippiiifi  Th" 

the  missile  a 
lie  b(,\v,  is  a 
•uliar  i'oiiiis, 

)  leaf-sliaiK'd 
])oiiit,  ('(lues 
sin  tliecd^e 
ase  lias  \nv\\ 


Fig.  177. 
:MMii:i>     AKi.-iiw. 

OINT  OK  I'Al.E 
ROWN  KM  NT, 
HOULDKRKlP  AMi 
AHBED. 

lit  a     It  a  I'll  a  ra 
junty,  Calircunia. 
.•ision  III, ellipse, 
llxlgxl. 

1.  No.  l.'i'.'M,  l'.>.\.M. 

irowii  cliiilct' 
t  cliipplDu  in 
y  lijvve  been 
Bstiu^Tj  »!'<•  if 


Fig.  179. 

KMMEU  A  Rill  I  W- 
I'OINT,  SHOUI.nillKli 
liND  BAKIIEI). 

Oregon. 

ivisionlll,  Cliifi';<,'. 

ISxlxJ. 

«l.  Nn.  126.SO,  U.S.  v.M. 

r  at  the  pniit 
'able  bread  til 
md  the  base 


Report  of  U.  S.  Naliona'  Museum,  1B97.— Wilson 


Plate  37. 


■> 

i 

a 

0 

</, 
o 
< 

I 

< 

a 
CO 

h  ' 

7 

c 

D.  ■ 

c 


3 
0 
u 

a 


Fi-.  1. 
Fi-.  2. 
Fiu.  •^. 

Fiu.  t. 
Fiu.  o. 

n-.  ti 

Fi.u'.  7. 
Fi-.  8. 
Fi-.  It. 
Fi-.  It 
Fiji.  1 
Fi-.  l: 
Fiji.  1 
Fiu.  1 
F:-.  1 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    37, 


15  14 


IH 


11  10 


2 
0 


Q 
< 

u 
I 
a 
< 
u 
a. 
03 

h  ■ 

7 

c 

L   ■ 
? 

c 
cr 
c 
< 


Peculiar  Forms  c^  *«rrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

(lass  A. 
Kiu.  I.  LiGHT-iii^owx  Flint. 

(fiit.  No.  18800,  r.S.N.M.     Klktoii,  (iile.s  Coiiiity,  TeiiiK'Sset-.     .1.  U.  Irhy.) 

Fij;.  2.  I<LUE-<;i{A  i'  Flint. 

(Cnt.No.l;:7(l8,  U.S.N. M.     IVny  County,  Oliic     W.  AiKlcrson.i 

li^.  8.  Dahk  Slate-c()L<ji!EI)  Flint. 

(Cut.  No.  lKt684.  r.S.N.M.     Flint  'od'.'''.  M'^kiii^^  County,  t  (tiio.     (ieriinl  Fowkt) 

I'ii;.  I.  Li(iiiT-(iiiAY  Flint. 

((;at.  Xo.:i()lT.'),  r.S.N.M.     McKpn/le.  CanoU  County. 'I'enncssfc.     H.  II.  Kiuiilall.) 

liu.  .">.   Lic.Hi-tiKAY  Flint. 

(Cat.No.,"i8i:U,  r.S.N.M.     Knyi'ttcvillc  Lincoln  County,  TcniiessiM'.     C.  S.  (irliisliy.) 

I'ii;.  ti  Fawn-coloukii  Flint. 

(Cat.  Xo.  82:i0.  r.S.N.M.     Tunnesscc.     J.H.  Dt-ven-ux.i 

Fiii.  7.  Stkaw-colorki)  Flini. 

(Cat.  No.  9it3o7.  U.S.N.M.     Uoone  <  ounty,  MiHsouri.     C.  W.  Clemens.* 

I'i;;.  8.  I'alk-yellow  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  19905.  I'.S.N.M.     Fninklin.  \Villiati'.:;.>n  County,  IVnii.-.SH.e.     \V.  M.  Clarke.) 

I'iu.  !i.  Fawn-<  OLORKO  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  98:17.',  r.S.N.M.     LaudiTilalf  County,  Alabama.     Frank  Huiii.s.) 

]■"]<:.  10.  Light  Silvkh-ghay  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  97041.  I'.S.N.M.    Monteur'a  Point,  near  ViniH-iines.  Indiana.     Itolieit  Kid}i«'ay.) 

h"\ii.  11.  LEAn-coLoiu:!)  Flint. 

(Cat.No.  32<i45,  rS.N.M,     Miiriihysborough,  Jackson  County,  lUinoi.-i.     \V.  And<T.-*oti.) 

1  i;;.  112.  Yellow  Flint. 

(Cat.No.  1714.">0,  U.S.N. M.     Wayix'slmro,  (Icoigia.    Dr.  Holaiid  Stt-iner.l 

lij;.  13.  Reddish-ukown  Flint. 

((at.   No.    llUnOn.    I'.S.N.M.      Wayueslioro,  (ieorgia.     Dr.  Koland  Steincr.) 

1  i^.  14.  Bkown  Ja.spery  Flint. 

(Cat.   No.    1714506.    I'.S.N.M.     Waynesboro,  (ieorgia.     Ur.  Roland  Steint-r.) 

Fi;;.  1.").  Dark  Slatk-colored  Flint. 

(Cat.   No.   171450c,   U.S.N.M.     Waynesboro,  (Itor^^ia.     I»r.  Roland  Stfini-r.t 


fc 


AKROWPOINTS,  SPKAUHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


031 


pointed.  The  iiotclu'S  which  have  torincd  the  barbs  have  been  made  in 
tlio  base  and  not  in  the  cdse.  They  are  V-shaped  and  are  nerpendicu- 
lar  to  the  idane  of  the  inipleinent.  Tlie  barbs  continue  on  the  line  ot 
tlic  ontside  edges,  and  tlie  widest  phice  is  across  their  extreme  points. 
The  nmterial  is  reported  aa  pale  brown  tiint,  bat  it  has  the  peculiarity 
of  a  brilliant  shining  luster  reseiid)ling  the  brightest  jcitina.  Whether 
ir  is  really  patina,  or  only  vitreous  material,  the  author  has  not  been 
able  to  determine.  The  specinuMi  is  too  precious  to  be  broken  in  order 
to  show  its  interior. 

I'ig.  178  is  barbed  and,  therefore,  belongs  to  this  class.  It  is  broad- 
est near  the  point.  Its  edges  are  of  irregular  convexity;  there  have 
been  some  others  of  much  the  same  form  as  this,  but  their  edges  have 
been  straight  where  this  is  c(Uivex,  and  instead  of  a  curve  there  was 
a  distinct  angle,  but  these  are  considered  <ndy  the  peculiarities  of  the 
workman  and  to  have  served  no  particular  end,  while  their  rarity  will 
not  permit  their  being  assigned  a  divisi(ui  by  themselves. 

Fig.  179  is  one  of  the  beautiful  pale-green  jasper  spe<imens  ot 
diminutive  size,  delicate  stem,  and  hmg,  projecting,  linely  pointed 
barbs,  peculiar  to  the  Pacitic  coast,  coming  mostly  Irom  Oregon,  it 
ai)!.ears  much  smaller  than  its  dimensions  given  in  the  h'gend  would 
iiiilicate.  This  is  caused  by  its  delicacy  and  fineness.  Italy  i)roduces 
tlie  only  arrowpoints  which  com])iire  with  those  of  the  Paci»'  •  coast 
in  these  tine  qualities.  The  reader  is  referred  to  Tlate  .%  for  other 
s})ecimens. 

DIVISION  IV— PECULIAU  FORMS. 

This  <li vision  includes  those  specimens  which  have  such  peculiarities 
as  distinguish  and  separate  them  tiom  the  standard  tvpes.  If  the 
distribution  of  these  specimens  was  giMieral,  or  if  they  were  found  in 
numbers  api)roximately  eciual  with  the  others,  they  wouhl  themselves 
become  standard  types  and  each  require  a  division  of  its  own.  It  is 
because  they  do  not  belong  to  standard  types,  s'ud  are  restricted  in 
number  or  locality,  that  they  are  assigned  to  this  division. 

CLASS  A. — J«EVKLE1>   EUUKS.      (Plate  37.) 


The  blades  of  the  ordinary  arrow^poiiit  are  tisually  chipped  from  both 
sides  so  that  the  edges  are  formed  on  the  <erftral  line,  and  a  cross  sec- 
tiuu  is  elliptical.  This  Class  A  is  peculiar  in  that  the  chipping  by 
which  the  edge  is  formed  is  all  done  from  one  side,  and  the  edge  is 
thrown  or  beveled  to  the  plane  of  the  other  side.    A  cross  section  will 


932 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1897. 


be  ihoinboidal,  tho  two  lontj  sides  being  tlie  wirttli,  iitul  tlie  two  siioit 

sides  or  edge^  beinj;  tlie  tliickness  of  tlie  bbide. 

It  was  lor  a  lony-  time  believed  that  tlicse 
bevel  edged  arrowlieads  were  simply  tVciks 
of  the  workmen,  and  were  without  sigiiilicii- 
tion  or  intention  for  i)arti(;iilar  purpose,  in 
deed  that  belief  has  not  entirely  passed  aw;i y. 
Since  beginningthis  paper  the  author,  in  order 
to  demonstrate  the  truth  of  the  matter, 
inaugurate*!  a  series  of  experiments.  Select 
ing  from  the  Museum  collection  a  dozen  or 
more  representative  specimens,  ho  attaclicd 
to  each  an  arrow  shaft,  smooth,  straight,  witli 
out  feathering,  and  the  same  size  throughout. 
Ifepairing  with  these  to  the  toj)  of  the  tower 
of  the  Smithsonian  building,  he  began  l)y 
letting  them  drop  straight  to  the  ground, 
carried  only  with  their  own  gravity,  and  next 
launching  them  in  the  air  in  every  direction. 
He  found  a  universal  rotation.  He  puslu'd 
his  experiments  further  by  arranging  these 
specimens  in  a  sort  of  clamp  of  wire,  the 
ends  of  which  embraced  the  ends  of  the  arrow- 
points,  care  being  taken  to  put  the  point  of 
contact  as  near  the  center  of  gravity  as  ])os 
sible.  Thus  held,  the  suspended  or  clampud 
implement  was  free  to  rotate  Ic  "fitudinally  in 
either  direction  on  the  application  of  tlic 
slightest  force.  This  machine  was  then  used 
by  pushing  it  with  its  clamped  arrowpoint 
rapidly  through  the  water  in  a  large  tub,  and 
it  was  discovered  that  the  resistance  of  the 
water  produced  a  rotary  motion  of  the  imple 
ment.  A  more  conclusive  test  was  made  at  a 
machine  shop  Vv  here  the  arrowi)oint,  hung  as 
aforesaid,  was  presented  point  foremost  to  the 
pipe  of  air  from  the  driving  fan,  when  the 
current  immediately  set  it  revolving.  When 
the  force  of  the  current  was  increased,  it  in- 
creased the  rapidity  of  the  rotary  movement. 
When  the  arrowpoint  was  turned  about  so 
as  to  present  its  base  to  the  current  of  air,  no 

rotary  motion  was  ])roduced. 
These  experiments  were  extended  and  continued  to  include  any  and 

every  kind  of  bev^l-edged  arrowpoint  and  spearhead,  always  with  the 

same  result.    It  was  obvious  that  the  arrowpoint  at  rest  luesented  to 


Fig.  180. 

PBCULIAK  FORM    OF  AKKOWPOINT, 
WITH  IIEVEI.EI)  KD(iES. 

Elktoii,  Giles  County,  Tenuessce. 
Divi.sion  IV,  Class  A. 

Natural  shv.  " 


i 

m 

ARROWT'OINTS,  8PEARTTKADS,  AND    KNIVR8. 


10  two  short 

I  that  tlicso 

nply  ficiks 
lit  si^jiiiiica- 
irpose.     In 

assed  away, 
lior,  in  Older 
the    matter, 

ts.     Select 

a  dozen  or 
he  attaelied 

aight,  witli- 
tlirouj-hoiit. 
)f  the  tower 
3  began  by 
the  groniid, 
ty,  and  next 
ry  direction. 

He  pu.slied 
nging  these 
>f  wire,  tlie 
)f  thearrow- 
the  point  of 
ivity  as  i)os 
I  or  elaniped 
itudinally  in 
,tion  of  tlie 
IS  then  used 

arrowpoint 
rge  tub,  and 
ance  of  the 
)f  the  imple 
a.s  made  at  a 
int,  hung  as 
emost  to  tlie 
1,  when  tlie 
ing.  Wlieii 
•eased,  it  in- 
J  movement. 
3d  about  so 
>nt  of  air,  no 

ade  any  and 
lys  with  the 
presented  to 


i.  lajiidly  moving  einrent  of  air  would  have   the  same  elVet't  as  an 

arrowpoint  shot  from  the  bow.     Most  of  the  specimens  of  bevel-edged 

arrowpoints  and    spearheads  are  chamfered   one   way,   so   that   Ihe 

movement  usually  was  from  right  to  left,  contrary  \x^ 

the  motion  of  the  sun.     All  specimens  of  this  kiml 

employed  in  our  experiments  had  tlnvt  rotary  motion 

from  right  to   left     A  few  specimens,  however,  are 

made  with  the  bevel  the  other  way,  and  when  they 

weie  presented  to  the  current  of   air  their  rotary 

motion  was  in  the  opiiosite  direction. 

It  is  proper  to  add  that  these  experiments  were 
pushed  to  such  extent  ami  in  such  number,  with 
sueli  repetition  of  the  same  result,  as  to  be  conclusive 
tliat,  whatever  may  have  been  the  intention  of  the 
maker  of  the  arrowi>oints,  the  fact  was  that  in  their 


Hight   throu  fh   the  air  the   beveled 


Fig.  181. 

I'KCUUAn  KOUM  OF 
AHHOWI'OINT,  WITH 
IIKVKLKIJ  KIlOKS. 

Ti'iiueHHeo. 

Division  IV,  CIiihs  A. 

3ixl4xi. 

(at.  Nil.  h2:i9,  r.S.\..M. 


Kijr.  182. 

I'EC  I  I.IAll  FOHM  OF 
AiillOWl'OlNT,  WITH 
HKVELKD  EDOES. 

Poiiit      Lick,      K(?ii- 

tticky. 

DiviHioii  IV,  CliiMsA. 

lijxlixj^o- 

('.1.  N...  HUM,  U.S.N. M. 


edges  ])roduced  the  rotary  motion. 

While  it  w(mld  appear  that  this 
rotary  motion  must  have  been  in- 
tended by  the  arrow  maker  when  he 
made  the  beveled  edge,  yet  the  difli- 
culty  of  solution  of  the  problem  why  he  made  it  thus 
is  imu<j1i  increased  when  we  consider  the  greater  ease, 
the  less  labor,  and  the  increased  facility  with  which 
he  might  have  accomplished  the  same  rotary  motion 
by  twisting  the  feathers  on  the  arrow  shaft.  Vet  we 
find  I  his  exceeding  rare ;  out  of  a  thou- 
sand arrow  shafts  in  thelJ.S.  National 
Museum  not  more  than  a  dozen  have 
been  found  with  twisted  feathering. 
The  bevel-edged  arrowpoint  is  pe- 
culiar in  its  distribution.  It  is  con- 
fined to  the  interior  and  southern  United  States. 

I'ig.  180  (Cat.  Xo.  ISSOO,  U.S.N.M.)  is  one  of  thc.^e 
bevel-edged  arrowpoints,  which,  on  account  of  its  size, 
form,  and  definitely  beveled  edges,  has  been  chosen 
and  is  here  represented  full  size  as  a  characteristic 
bevel-edged  weapon.  It  is  of  light-brown  flint  and 
comes  from  Elkton,  Giles  County, Tennessee.  Its  base 
is  convex  and  smoothed,  as  usual.  It  is  notched, 
shouldered,  and  barbed  and,  but  for  the  i)eculiarity 
of  its  beveled  edges,  would  be  placed  in  Class  C, 
Divi.sion  III. 

iig.  181  is  the  size  of  the  average  airowpoint.  It  is  3.^  inches  long, 
1^  inches  wide,  and  from  this  size  they  descend  to  the  smallest.  The 
edges  of  this  specimen  are  nearly  straight,  the  base  is  concave,  and  the 


I'Kcn.IAR  FORM  OF 
AKIIOWPOINT,  WITH 
IIKVKI.KI)  KIHIK.S 

li  <l  11  i  H  V  ili^       IvtiU- 

tucky. 

Division  IV,  Cliisa  A. 

'-'ixljxi. 

Cat.  N...  lH:'4i),  r.S.X.M. 


034 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1«97. 


iiotclies  wliuili  form  it  arc  iimdo  in  the  edges  near  the  base.  Tlio  aii-le 
of  the  siioiihlei'H  form  the  UHual  barb;  tiie  projecting  corners  of  tlH>  husc 
may  also  form  another  pair  of  barbs,  ff  the  arrow  shaft  used  on  t'ljs 
specimen  slionhl  be  samll  in  diameter,  tlie  points  of  the  base  .vonlil 
project  beyond  it,  and  thns  form  a  donbh^  set  of  barbs. 

Fig.  182  has  the  iip])earance  of  gray  tiint,  bnt  it  is  of  translmc nt 
crystalline  strnctnre,  and  an  inspection  identities  it  as  chalcedony  or 
chalcedoiiic  flint.  Its  edges  are  curved,  a  union  of  concave  ami  com 
vex,  making  them  slightly  ogee.  The  base  is  straight,  the  barbs  aie 
long  and  thin,  and,  what  is  rare,  are  nearly  tlie  same  size  their  entire 
length.  The  notch  which  forms  them  begins  at  the  corners  of  the  biiso 
and  edge  and,  ascending  at  an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  toward  tlic 
center  of  the  implement,  is  one-half  an  inch  long  and  only  one  eiglitli 
of  an  inch  thick  or  wide. 

Fig.  183  is  from  Kentucky,  gray  flint,  stemmed,  shouldered,  iind 
barbed,  and  twisted  to  the  left.  The  spe<!imens  of  tliis  class  averjiyo 
from  one-fourth  to  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  arc  of 
all  sizes  and  lengths.     Reference  is  made  to  Plate  .37  for  other  specimens. 

Rev.  J.  (r.  Wood,'  author  of  The  Natural  History  of  Man,  describes 
arrows  with  a  rotary  motion,  which  he  says  arensed  with  theWowgmi: 

Kotary  motion  was  coiniiiiiuicated  to  the  arrows  in  their  fliglit  liy  attacliiii<r  to 
tbeir  lower  ends  two  featherH — one  from  the  right  wing,  the  other  from  the  left  Avini; 
of  ii  bird — whi<h  acted  obliquely  against  tlie  iiir  and  thns  imparted  the  rotary  mot  ion 
re<iuired. 

cr.Ass  n.— SKRHATEU  KDOES.     (Plate  38,  figs.  1-9.) 


l''ig.  184. 

PECULIAR  FORM  OF 
AKHOWPOINT,  WITH 
SBRRATKU  EDGES. 

Oregon. 

Division  IV,  Claas  B. 

74xjxi. 
C»t.  No.  15116,  U.S.N. M. 


Tlicsc  may  be  of  tlie  usual  types  as 
to  fornj,  stem,  barb,  etc.,  but  the  ser- 
rated edge  is  a  peculiarity  sufficiently 
marked  to  prevent  their  being  as- 
signed to  their  respective  types.  The 
edges  are  jagged  like  sawteeth,  and 
the  serrations  about  the  same  size 
and  frequency  as  a  moderately  fine 
handsaw.  They  are  not  the  result  of 
hazard  in  chipping,  but  are  made  by 
pressure  with  a  pointed  flaker  e.xerted 
on  the  edges  from  alternate  sides  and 
at  intervals,  and  are  done  with  a 
purpose. 


Vig.  185. 

PECULIAR  FORM  (iK 
ARROWPO  NT,  Willi 
SERRATED  EDGES 

Stockton,  Situ  .Ihm 
•luin  County,  Cali 
fornia. 

Division  IV,  Class  I!. 

Cat.  No.  480S9,  U.S.N. M. 


'  Anthropological  Review,  VIT,  1869,  p.  Ixxi. 


The  Jiii-le 
of  the  hiisc 
sed  oil  t'lis 
Hise  -.vol 1 1(1 

[raiishicciit 
ih;e(loiiy  or 
^e  sind  coil- 
B  barbs  are 
bheir  entire 
of  the  biiso 
toward  tlic 
one  eif^litli 

Idered,  and 

188  jiveriiiio 

and  arc  of 

specimens. 

I,  describes 
16  blo\V};iin : 

attacbiii<r  tn 
tlio  loft  A\  iiij; 
rotary  inoiidii 


Fig.  185. 

JLIAK     FORM     tiK 

iiowpo';nt,  Willi 

SKATED  EDOKS 

kton,  Sail  Jii:i 
in  County,  t'ali- 
'nia. 

sion  IV,  Class  IS. 

No.  430>i»,  U.S.N. M. 


CXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    38. 


'  r'  ■  ■  .  tf" 


(). 


i» 


in 


16 


15 


14 


i:< 


\2 


tl 


III 


SO 


31 


T). 

•S.i  21 


Peculiar  Forms  of  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  ur  Knives. 
Fiu.  1.  FjIOiit-huown  Funt. 

((Jilt.  Ni).  1714117.  I'.S.N'.M.     WiiyiieHlinro,  Murki-  Coiinty,  <iri>ri;iii.     Dr.  liiiliiinl  SleiiK  i 

Fi;;.  2.  Ykm.<>\visii-mi«)\vn  Fmnt. 

((y'lit.  No.  17l4:i7a,  I'  S.N.M     Wiiync.tliorn,  Hiirkcflimiilv,  (ri'(iij.'lii.     Ur.  Itoliiinl  SkIim  i 

Fi^.  I^.  Fawn-coi.okkk  Flint. 

(Cut.  No.  i"<403,  l'..S.N.M.    (/'raw  Cord  ('omil.v.  Iiiiliaim.     .loliii  II.  L«-iiioii,i 
Fijr.    I.    OUSIltlAN. 

((J;it.  .No.  42040.  U. S.N.M.    .Stockton,  .Sim  .lou<|(iiii  (Joiinly.  Ciililoniia.     L  Ilfl<lin«.l 

F'(j[.  .").  Lkiiit-iirowv  Flint. 

((Jul.  No.  r,'14;t7'>,  r. S.N.M.     Waynesboro,  ISiirktW.'oiiuty,  liHorKin.     I>r.  Kolanil  Stcim  i 
Fig.  ti.    LlGMT-KKOWN  FLINT. 

(Cat.  No.  i:iJI9lt.  ('.S.N.M.     Hiirkf  County, (ioorcia.     Mo(>lanliaii  collection.) 
Fijr.  7.  Bkown  Flint. 

((Jilt.  \i).  171444.  U.S.N.M.     Wayneslioro,  Hiirke  County,  (ieorjiia.     Ur,  Uolanil  SteiiM  , 

Fifj.  H.  Hi,iK-(}it.\Y  Flint. 

(Cat.  No  12770,  r. S.N.M.     Orejion.     I'aul  Scliuniaclier.) 
Fiji;,  it.  Oh.sidian. 

(Cat.  No.  43020.  (f.S.N.M.    Stockton.  San  Joii(|uin  County,  Calit'orniu.     L  l!elilin«.i 

C'la8M  r. 
Fig.  10.  Fawn-colokki)  Flint. 

((Jilt.  Xo. 'Jill'),"),  U  S.N.M.     New  Kriiunt'elH.  (Joiiial  (,'ounty,  Texas.     V.  Linillieinier.i 

Fig.  11.  CiRAY-HHow.v  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  01444,  U.S.N.M.     Austin.  Travis  County,  Texas.     Oeorgu  Stolley.) 

Fig.  12.  (}i(AY-URo\VN  Flint. 

((Jilt.  No.  82:t9,  U.S.N..M.    Tennessee.    .1.  H.  Devereux.) 

Fig.  IH.  Dahh  Slatk-colorki)  Flint. 

((Jat.  Xi>.  0O45it.  I'. S.N.M.    Clinton,  Felieiaiiii  County.  Louisianii.     .lolin  W.  Kolierts.i 

Fig.  14.  Clay  Ironstone. 

((Jat.  No.  5X91,  C. S.N.M.    East  Winil.sor.  Hartford  County,  Connecticut.     D.W.Wiiml  i 
Fig.  1.").  Hlck-hlack  Flint. 

((Jat.  No.  ;t5302,  U.S.N.M.     Valley  of  the  ( Hiio  River.     W.  M.  II.  I)e  Haa.s.) 

Fig.  16.  Obsidian. 

;Cat.  No.  19010,  U.S.N.M.    Snsnnville.  Lassen  (Jounty.  California.     Stoplu'u  Povver.i.i 

Fig.  17.  Black  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  23205,  U.S.N.M.    Etowah  Mounds,  Bartow  County,  Georgia.     It.  H.  Ciileon  i 

Fig.  18.  Dark-guay  Flint. 

((Jat.  No. 6170,  U.S.N.M.    Lockport.  Niaijara  County,  New  York.     Col.  K.  Tewett.) 

Fig.  1».  Dark  Slate-colohkd  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  10682,  U.S.N.M.     I'eotoncWill  County,  Illinois.     1).  H.  Eaton.) 

Class  h. 

Figs.  20, 23.  Straw-colorki)  Flint. 

(Cat.  Nos.  13223.5. 132226,  U.S.N..»1.     Hurke  County,  Georgia.    McCla.sliaii  roUectii.ii.i 

Fig.  21.  Yellowish-urovvn  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  132189,  U.S.N.M.    Burke  County,  (leorgia.     Mcdlaslian  collection.) 

Fig.  22.  Fawn-colored  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  132189a.  U.S.N.M.    Burke  County,  GeorKia.     Mc'ilaslian  collection.) 

FigB.  24. 25.  Fawn-colorkd  Flint. 

(Cat  No:<.  9631, 0031a,  U.S.N.M.    County  Derry,  Ireland.     R.  Day., jr.) 

Fig.  26.  Hn'K-GRAY  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  11 130.  U.S.N.M.    Scarborough,  Vorksliire,  England.     W.  A.  Raker.) 

Fig.  27.  Fawn-colorkd  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  11121,  U.S.N.M.    County  Armagh,  Ireland.    W.  A.  Baker.) 


Ripo't  of  U.  S.  Natiunil  Muwum,  IbV/.— Wilion. 


Plate  3a 


.«  V 


>».k^'':ii;& 


'-.-Jk^ 


""^Ml 


IV.  Kolit-rtsi 

.) 

<'ii  Powers.) 

.  H.  <TiiltM)ii  I 

•Icuctt.) 


MMiUllI 


> 


.    / 


^     . 


,'T 


"■•*^.. ; 


2-" 
^3 


t 


3 
O 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


035 


Fi<>s.  184  and  185.  are  specimens  of  this  class.  Both  are  from  the 
Pill  1  tic  coast.  The  former  is  stemmed  and  shouldered,  with  pointed 
biisc,  and  would  belong  to  Class  H,  stemmed;  while  the  latter  is  leaf- 
!ili;i|)ed,  with  convex  base,  and  would  belong  to  ('lass  B,  leaf-sliaped, 
bill  for  its  serrated  edges.  The  edges  of  the  former  are  serrated 
froiii  the  shoulder  to  the  point;  those  of  the  latter  have  but  three  ser- 
rations near  the  base,  but  the  implement  is  so  small  that  slight  entry 
into  the  flesh  brings  the  serrations  into  use.  A  series  of  this  class  is 
rei)reseuted  on  Plate  38,  figs.  1-9. 

CLASS   C— BIFt'KCATED   STEMS.      (Plato38,  figS.   10-19.) 


These  may  be  of  staiulard  types  of  any  class  of  the  stemmed  division, 
either  shouhlered  or  barbed,  with  edges  concave,  straight,  or  convex; 
but,  as  in  the  class  with  serrated  edges,  here  tlie  bifurcated  stem  is  a 
peculiarity  so  nuirlied  as  to  transfer  it  to  this  division    tig.  180). 

irsiially  the  bifurcated  stem  is  neither  expanding  nor  contracting, 
but  is  straight,  with  i)arallel  edges.  What  would  otherwise  be  the  base 
is  here  occupied  by  a  V-shaped  notch.  It  is  made  by 
the  sanu'!  method  as  is  the  notch  forming  the  shoulder, 
namely,  chipping  the  flakes  always  in  the  same  i)lace 
by  ])ressure  exerted  alternately  from  each  side. 

The  flakes  may  have  converted  the  former  straight 
base  into  a  V-shaped  notch,  which  must  liave  served 
for  the  insertion  of  the  split  shaft  or  handle.  When 
shaftei!  or  handled  the  bifurcation  would  be  hid,  but 
it  would  seem  to  have  attbrded  a  tirmer  fastening. 

From  observations  of  specimens,  it  appears  that  ar- 
rowpointsofthissi/eneednothavebeen  fastened  firmly, 
but  were  as  frequently  lashed  so  as  to  wobble  and  i)os- 
sibly  be  detached  from  the  shaft  and  left  in  the  wound.' 
As  the  only  attainment  of  the  bifmcateil  stem  ap- 
pears to  have  afforded  a  firmer  fastening  (wliich  was 
not  needed  for  arrows,  but  was  for  knives),  it  is  suggested  tiiut  these 
niiiy  have  been  intended  for  knives  au'l  not  for  arrows.    The  well  defined 
♦lillerence  between  the  two  classes  and  their  existence  and  employment 


Fig.  186. 
PECULIAR      FOIIM     OV 
AlfUOWPOlNr,    WITH 
lUKl'UCATEl)  ISTE.M. 

Teniifssi*. 

Division  IV,  Class  C 

lixljxi. 

Ciil.No.K'M.i,  II.S.N.M. 


Tasea  are  cited  in  the  works  on  arrow  wonnds  where  tlu'  arrowpoint.  liaving 
ciiifrod  tlie  body,  tbo  forcible  witli(I»-awal  of  the  .shaft  lias  left  the  head  or  idle  in 
tli'^  body.  Many  snch  cases  have  oeen  observed  by  the  surfreons  of  tht-  Army  and 
reported  to  the  Surgeon-General's  Olliee,  while  the  reiuaina  themselves  have  been 
fieut  to  and  are  now  to  be  seen  in  the  Army  Medical  Museum. 


936 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1H97. 


•■rl 


ill  the  vsaine  locality,  with  a  i)rei)Ouderauce  in  iinmber  of  those  not 
bifurcated,  points  to  the  same  conclusion.  If  the  shaft  or  handle  was 
cut  out  so  as  to  receive  the  stem  and  also  to  fit  the  bifurcation,  and 
then  pressed  in  hard  and  lashed  with  sinews  after  the  manner  of 
arrowpoints,  one  can  easily  see  that  the  bifurcation  would  inc^rease  the 
firmness  of  the  blade  in  its  handle.  Reference  is  made  to  Plate  '.s, 
Nos.  10-19,  for  other  specimens. 

CLASS   O. — KXTRBMEI.Y  LONG    IIAKBS,  SCirARE  AT   KNI>S,  FINELY  CIIIPI'KI).        (Flilti    'AH, 

ligs.  20-27.) 


These  are  peculiar  in  that  they  are  restricted  to  certain  localititis. 
Sir  John  Evans  says  they  are  found  in  some  parts  of  England  iind 
Ireland.  A  beautiful  specimen  is  figured  by  him,'  found  by  Canon  \V. 
Greenwell  at  Kudstone,  near  Bridlington,  which  is  here  reproduce*!  as 
fig.  187.    They  much  resemble  the  Queen's  "broad  arrow." 

Our  interest  in  this  class  arises  from  the 
fact  that,  while  they  .are  confined  to  restricted 
localities  in  Europe  as  mentioned,  tliev 
should  have  appeared  in  America  in  an 
eciually  circumscribed  area,  namely,  the  State 
of  Georgia.  Figs.  20  to  23  on  Plate  38  are  of 
this  class  and  form  part  of  the  McGlaslian 
and  Steiner  collections  from  that  State. 

De  Mortillet  mentions  them  and  calls  them 
"pointes  de  fleche  a  barbelures  Equarrics,' 
and  assigns  them  to  the  first  epoch  of  bronze, 
the  Morgien.  He  figures  one  ^  in  the  Musce 
St.  Germain  as  from  the  north  of  Ireland 
and  collected  by  Sir  John  Evans.  It  has  no 
stem,  its  base  is  concave,  and  the  barbs  are 
long,  with  parallel  edges  and  square  ends. 
Others,  fi'om  Loir-et-Cher,  have  stems.  The  edges  of  the  barbs  aie 
parallel  and  the  ends  are  straight,  but  instead  of  being  square — that 
is,  at  right  angles — one  is  oblique  inward  and  the  other  outward, 
Itemark  this  difference  in  Figs.  'JO-23  of  Plate  38. 


Fig.  187. 
PECULIAK   FORM    OF    AHItOWroINT, 
WITH    EXTREMELY    LONG    BAKUS, 
SyUARE  AT  ENDS. 

liiidston,  England. 
Diviaion  f^^,  Class  i). 

Fniinil  by  Can  n  \V.  (ireenwell. 


'  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  p.  343,  lig.  318. 
>  Musde  Pr^histuriiiue,  ]>1.  xliu,  llg.  373. 


f  those  not 
haudle  was 
:-catioii,  and 
manlier  ot 
increase  t  lie 
to  Plate  ts, 


n.      (Plate  ;w, 


11  lo(!alities. 
ngland  ami 
Y  Canon  \V, 
iroduced  as 


?8  from  the 
to  restricted 
oned,  tlicv 
rica  in  an 
ly,  the  State 
ite  38  are  of 
McGlaslian 
State, 
i  calls  til  em 
Equarries,' 
jhofbroiize, 
the  Muste 
of  Ireland 
It  has  no 
e  barbs  are 
quare  ends. 
9  barbs  aie 
ijuare — that 
jr  outwarih 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897.— Wilson 


Plate  39 


,^ 


■.<i 


CO 

UJ 

> 

z 

cc 
0 

CO 
Q 

< 

UJ 

I 

a  _ 
< 

Q.  - 
«    ' 

CO  - 
I-  .: 
z  - 

O  i' 
n 

<     I 

u.  ■. 
O 

C/3 

o 

u. 

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J 

D 
O 
ul 

a 


14 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   39. 


2  U  4 


0  7  8 


15 


H 


16 


10 


u 


18 


r: 


i:{ 


19 


> 

z 

0 
CO 

Q 
< 

I 
X 

< 

LU 
Q. 
CO 


z   ~ 

o  -^ 
a. 

2  r 

<   I 

U-   ■_ 
O 

O) 

o 

u. 

d: 
< 

D 


Peculiar  Forms  of  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  or  Knives. 

ClanK  E. 

?V'.\.    FlNK-(lI{AINKl>  TUFA.  ,r     .   ,.   i        i  T    A    \I^Vi..l  i 

((.•lit.  Xo.  08478.  U.S.N. M.     Chin.ini,  Piumiiia,  U.  S.  OUmibia.    ,T.  A.  McNii-1.) 

Fi'^2.   l{Ki>i)isn  .iasi-kk.  ,    .   „  v  i 

(Cut.  No.  98477.  r.S.N.M.     Chiri.ini.     .1.  A.  McNiel.i 

Fi"  :*.  Straw- coLOKKD  vi-int.  r,       i     ...  > 

((;nt..N'(»..'>8489,  r.S.N.M.     Demnftrk :  lloyiil  Miis.nini   Coi.«iiliaseii  ) 
((Jat.  No. 9847(i,  U.S.N. M.    Uliiiiqu.      ,1.  A.  McNiel.i 

Class  F. 
'"'  '*■       "''((>t*!'No.  58490  (■  s'.N.M.    Denmark  :  Royal  Museum,  Copenhagen! 

'''^'•''"   ^''^^^'at!N'aU9579!'u's.N.M.    Loir  etCher   France     Tlioma.s  Wilson.) 

Fi".  7.    LKiHT-r.RAY,  TRANSLUCENT    FLINT.  >vr-,  „..  , 

(Cat.  No.  149579a,  U.S.N. M      Loir  et  Cher,  France,     ri.omas  W  ilson. ) 

'  (Cat.  No.  58491,  U.S.N.M.     Denmark ;  Royal  Museum.  Copenhajjen.) 

Class  a. 

Fi'^;t.    ORAY-HANDKI)   SLATK,  OVAL,  WITHOUT    RID(JKS. 

(Cat.  No.  6.548,  U.S.N, M.    St,  Croix  River,  Maine,     (}.  A.  Boardman,) 

Fifr.  10.    DARK-(iRAY    SLATK,    OVAL,  WITH    RIHGKS 

(Cat.  No.  62097,  U,S,N,M,     Alaska,    C.L,  McKay) 

Fi^.U.    DaRK-UKAV   SLATE,    OVAL,    WITH    SLIUHT    RIDGES.  „   ^,,.,^„,,    . 

(Cat.  No.  307.58,  U.S.N.M.     Seneca  River,  New  York.     W.  M.  Beam  hamp.) 

Fi"    VI.    LICHT-GRAY   SLATE,    WITH    RIOGES,    DIAMOND    IN    SECTION. 

(Cat.  No.  140904,  U.S.N.M.     Korea.     P.  L.Jouy.) 

Fi    13   Gary  flint,  with  ridges,  diamond  in  section. 

(Cat.  No.  140904O,  U.S.N.M.     Korea.     P.  L.  Jouy.) 

Clasn  H. 

^'-•^^-    ^"fJat'i^N^IS"  U.S.N.M.      Haldemans    Islaml,    Susquehanna   River,    Pennsylvania. 

'  F.  (i,  (lalbraith,) 
Fin.  15.  Black  flint.  ,      ■      ,-  m  •  ,i  „  , 

(Cat. No, 0694,  U.S.N.M,    Berks  County,  Pennsylvania.     (,.  M.  Ivi.'i.l 

FifS   16   17     LiGHT-CiRAY    FLINT,    WITH    STRAW-COLORED    PaTINE.  ,,      „   ,       i 

I-  lt,8.  it),  ^ '-(^^/'^^^^fi^^g  i7^45y„;  U.S.N.M,     Waynesboro,  Burke  (.'ounty,  (^.eorji.a,     Dr,  Ilolan.l 

Steincr,) 

Fi^.  18.    l*^'-;;^;^;  ^,^_^;;7£;j,,,';7'ft''!i,,^„in.      i,.,  Mortinet,  Musee  Prehistorm.e,  lis.  108,  pi. 
xviii,    firotte(lel'^.glise  (Dorrtogne).  Friince.) 

Class  I. 
Fi".  U».  Blue-gray  flint.  ,_,  .   „  ..       i     . 

(Cat.  No.  99224,  U.S.N.M.    San  Saba  County,  lexas.     A.  R.  Uoesslcr.) 


^1    M 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES.  937 

CLASS    K.— TKIANdULAR    IN    SECTION.      (Plate  39,  flgS.   1-4.) 


These  are  tliin  and  narrow  rnde  Hakes  strnck  from 
mulei  and  left  nearly  in  their  original  condition  ex- 
cept that  a  rude  stem  lias  been  chipped,  and  where 
necessary  they  have  been  brought  to  a  point.  They 
are  peculiar  in  being  made  triangular  in  section  and 
thiit  they  are  restricted  to  the  province  of  Chiriqui, 
Piinama.^  The  IT.  S.  National  Museum  is  indebted  to 
Mr.  .1.  A.  McNiel  for  its  specimens,  Avhich  have  been 
described  and  figured  by  Dr.  W.  II.  Holmes.' 

The  larger  ones  were  of  line-grained,  slaty-looking 
tufa,  while  the  smaller  were  of  flinty  jasper  of  reddish 
iuul  yellowish  hues. 

I'lg.  188  is  one  of  these  small  jasper  specimens  from 
Chiri(iui.  They  are  made  entirely  by  chipping,  and  as 
the  material  is  hard  and  lefractory,  the  workmanship 
is  rude.    This  form  is  shown  in  Plate  39,  figs.  1  to  4. 


Fifj.  1S8. 

PEOl'LIAB      FOUM 
AllHOWI'OINT, 
ANOULAK     IN 


OV 
THI- 

SEC- 


TION,  KEDDIrtll  ,IA8- 

PER. 
Chiriqui,       rauniii.'i. 

United    States    of 

(Jolonibia. 
Bivision  IV,  Class  E. 

Cat.  No.  08477,  U.S.N. M. 


CLASS   F.— BROADEST    AT    CUTTINO    END— TUANCHANT    TRANSVERSAL.       (Plate    39, 

figs.  5-8.) 


Kig.  189  {a.  h)  represents  two  specimens  of  this  class,  and  figs.  5  to  8 
oil  Plate  39  represent  others.  They  are  thin,  almost  Hake-like  m 
appearance,  no':  made  pointed,  nor  are  the  edges  -  ked  <lown  by  sec- 
ondary chipping.  The  cutting  edge  is  at  the  front,  at  the  broadest 
end,  chisel-shaped— tranchant  transversal— and,  thus  propelled,  will 
make  a  wound  large  enough  for  the  arrow  shaft  to  follow.  Whether 
these  were  really  arrowpoints,  or  were  used  as  knives,  is  a  disputed 
question.  De  Mortillet  devotes  Plate  XXXIX  of  the  Musce  Prchis- 
toricpie  to  them,  showing  fifteen  illustrations  (tigs.  319-334).  One  of 
them,  from  Denmark,  is  still  lashed  to  its  shaft  or  handle  by  tlireads 
or  libers  of  bark.    The  instrument  (fig.  190«)  is  small  enough  for  an 


Sixth  Annual  Report  of  tlio  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  1884-85,  pp.  33,  34. 


938 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    Ml'^ElTM,   1«{>7. 


lurow,  but  tlio  liandle  is  aliort  cnoii^h  for  a  kiiifV;  wliotlier  tlic  sliair 
was  broken  before  beiii^  pliUM'd  in  its  grave  can  not  be  known. 

I'M}^.  10(>  (/>)  lopreseiits  another  s[)eciinen  of  tlie  same  elass,  rnun  a 
neolithic  grave  at  Montigny  Tl'^ngiain  (Aiane)  Frant-e.  It  is  inscircd 
in  a  horn  handle  ami  sliows  tins  particiiihir  speeJinen  to  have  servi  d  as 
a  knife,  possibly  for  trepanation,  and  not  as  an  arrow. 

Simihir  specimens  have  been  found  throughout  western  Kumpc. 
A  eaehi'  of  some  th<msand  was  opened  and  is  now  disphiyed  in  ilic 
museum  at  ( 'opeuliagen.  Another  was  described  by  M.  Kdmond  \'itllc.i 
There  is  an  implement  peculiar  to  Scandinavia  of  the  same  form  as  tlic 
tranehant  transversal.  Tiiey  have  been  called  in  French  "trancln'r." 
From  tiieir  r(?semblaii(e  to  the  tninchant  transversal  they  are  sup. 
posed  to  have  been  the  same  implement  and  intended  for  the  same  use, 
but  this  conclusion  has  not  been  accepted.  The  ])rin<'ipal  ditfcrcnce 
between  those  of  Scandinavia  and  of  other  countries  is  their  respect nc 
si/es.  Those  of  S<;an«linavia  are  larger,  so  much  so  as  to  interdict  ;ill 
possible  use  as  arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  Many  of  them  are  larj^c 
enough  to  have  re(piired  to  be  held  in  the  hand  for  use.  It  is  tlie 
accepted  belief  that  they  served  rather  as  hatchets,  and  that  tlicir 
cutting  was  done  by  strokes  as  in  chopping.     It  is  also  charged  that 

they  belonged  to  an  earlier  epoch  than  tlicji 
smaller  partners,  this  having  been  deter 
mined  by  the  conditions  and  stratum  of  tluir 
deposit  and  the  objects  with  which  tlity 
were  found  associated.  No  opinion  is  ex 
pressed  as  to  the  correctness  of  this  belii.t 
of  the  use  of  the  trancliet.  As  miudi  as  can 
be  said  at  the  present  is  a  warning  that  an 
objection  nia<le  to  the  lar-..  trancliet  in 
Scandinavia  shall  not  necessarily  defeat  thii 
ideas  of  the  similar  use  for  the  smaller  uucs 
in  France  and  other  parts  of  Europe. 

Whatever  may  be  said  in  opposition  to  tlie 
use  of  the  small  tranehant  transversal  as  an 
arrowpoint  or  spearhead,  it  must  be  admitted  that  they  have  been  found 
in  such  numbers  iii  numerous  and  wi<lely  se[»arated  localities,  and 
extending  over  such  an  area  of  Europe  as  to  make  it  ditlicult  to  deter- 
mine for  what  purpose  they  were  intended,  if  not  for  that. 

The  greatest  contention  as  to  its  possible  use  grows  out  of  its  shaft 
or  handle  and  the  mode  of  attachment,  by  whi<di  it  is  sought  to  be 
determined  whether  it  was  used  as  an  arrowpoint  or  spearhead,  or  as  a 
knife;  but  all  this  discussion  is  of  slight  value  viewed  fnun  the  stand 
point  of  this  paper,  for  it  must  be  Jidmitted  that  these  implements 
were  prehistoric  and  intended  for  a  use  involving  cutting,  scraping,  or 
l)iercing.  The  piercing  use  would  decide  it  to  be  an  arrowpoint  or 
spearhead,  whi(!h  would  naturally  requiie  an  attachment  to  an  arrow 
or  spear  shaft.     liut  supp')se  that  they  would  be  found  attached  to  ;i 


Kin.  1H!». 
PECDI.IAU  FOllMS  OK  AKItoW'I'OINIS, 
BHOAUEST      AT       CUTTINd       KNl)- 
TllANl'IIANT  THA.NSVEIiSAI,. 

Ai.siit>,  FraiKM!. 
Division  IV,  Clnss  V. 


'  Bulletins  tie  la  Sociott^  d'Antliiopoloyie,  1890,  p.  959. 


ARROWPOINT8,   SPKARHE.\P8,  AND    KNIVES. 


030 


slioifor  sliiift  or  haiMlIc,  tluM>  i,!:(»y  might  serve  as  knives  and  as  such 
would  l)t<  entitled  to  consideration  Ihmc.  Tliis  supposed  diftereucc  in 
the  shaft  ov  handle  api)lies  ecpially  to  otiier  inipkMnents  which  have 
[liisscd  tliroufjhout  all  time  as  arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  For,  as  has 
Ih'cii  sliown  in  its  appi'opriate  phice,  the  particular  use  of  the  ordinary 
iurowpoint  or  spearhend  is  to  be  determined  by  the  kind  of  shaft  or 
liaiKlle  to  which  it  wuh  attached.  The  si/.e  of  the  implement  made  no 
(lilVi  rence;  if  it  was  attached  to  a  long  aiul  stout  shaft  it  was  a  spear, 
it  to  ii  shorter  one,  it  was  a  Javelin,  if  still  shorter  and  smaller,  an  arrow, 
while  a  still  shorter  one  became  a  handle  aiul 
(let(  iinined  the  implement  to  be  a  knife. 

As  the  tranchant  transversal  must  have  had 
some  one  of  these  kinds  of  handles  or  shafts, 
tli(^  shaft  or  handle,  and  not  the  head,  deter 
mined  its  use.  It  is  therefore  repeated  that, 
ill  any  event  and  without  deciding  the  various 
con t en tions  whether  tiie  tranchant  transversal 
was  used  as  an  arrowpoint,  a  spearhead,  or  a 
kiiit'e,itis  still  appropriate  to  benoti<'C(l  in  this 
paper.  It  nniy  have  been  a<!ombinatioii  imple- 
niciit  and  served  in  many  capacities.  Onesug- 
ijcsted  by  the  author  as  extremely  probable  is 
that  of  a  surgical  instrument  and  specially 
used  in  trepanation,  of  which  we  have  seen  so 
many  instances  in  the  prehistori*;  epoch  to 
which  these  implements  belong. 

The  U.  S.  Jiational  Museum  possesses  (Wil- 
son collection)  a  series  of  these  implements 
i'roni  the  station  of  Teil  ( Loir-et-Cher,  France), 
collected  by  M.  A.  C.  lionnet,  of  Paris.  He 
lias  a  large  collection,  having  excavated  the 
station  and  secured  its  entire  contents.  He 
says  the  station  at  Teil  was  evidently  inhabi-  (/-)  Frmn  neolithic  siavn 
tod  by  prehistoric  man  for  a  long  time.  It 
was  on  the  side  of  a  hill  looking  toward  the 
soiitii,  with  a  stream  of  water  at  the  foot,  and 

bad  everything  to  recommend  it  as  a  place  of  habitation.  There  are 
many  localities  in  western  Europe  wherein  these  implements  have  been 
found,  but  they  do  not  recjuire  notice  or  description. 

A  vertebra,  from  a  grotto  near  Courjeonnet,  in  the  valley  of  the  Petit 
M(irin  (Marne),  France,  was  pierced  by  a  tlint  arrowpoint  of  the  type 
tiaiichant  transversal.  The  grotto  in  which  it  was  found  was  sepul- 
chral. All  the  bones  were  human,  regularly  disposed,  and  their  ana- 
tomical relations  resi)ectively  jireserved.  There  would  seem  to  be  tio 
doubt  that  this  was  used  as  a  projectile.  Dr.  Hamy,  describing  the 
excavations  at  Les  l^^yzies  in  his  "  Paleontologie  Humaine,"  says: 

I  liere  iiro  very  aniiill  arrowpoints,  triangular  or  dattened,  filed  at  their  extremities, 
which  form  a  sharp  edge.  In  li.us.  GS,  (51  one  of  these  poiuts  is  showu  stil)  inserted 
iu  the  lumbar  vertebra  of  a  youu<;  reindeer. 


Ki^'.  mo. 

I'ECUI.IAIl  FOIIMS  OK  AIIROWPOINTS  — 
•1HA.N(  HANI'  THAXSVEIWAL. 

(a)   Kuiiiiil  ill    peat  iii()h.s.  Kunan, 
Deiiiiiiii'k,  in  aliat't  aiut  tied  with 

liiist  lilxT. 

KviinH,  Aiitii-ril  Storm  liiiplfinents,  .-tr.,  |>.  :iti.5, 

(Aisno) 
Fniiico,  in  linni  liaiKJIe. 

Ml  tiiiiiuiiiru   ilfH    ScieiK-.'S    Aiitliri)|HiloKii|iieH, 
|i.  nil'.,'.,  lii;.  •.';'.l. 


940 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1H97. 


Tliisinciaiisarrowpoints  tniiichant  tmiiMversal,altlioti};h  tli(>n:iiiii  had 
not  tluMi  bciMi  (riven  to  tlioin. 

Tlie  H|)e(dn)oiiH  from  Petit  JSlorin  coniinn  Ilainy's  opinion  and  iIh> 
tln'ory  that  tliey  were  ustsd  as  arrowpoints  or  proj(M!(iles.  A  sUull  was] 
found  ill  oiu'  ol  tli<!  grott<M^s  of  \'iIlev(Miard,  wliero  it,  with  tim  mlici 
])orti()iis  of  file  skeleton,  were  in  tlieir  norinal  |>o8ition,  appanntly 
uii('iiaii;;(><l  ill  position  since  the  day  of  burial.  A  portion  of  the  knll 
was  de(!ayed  so  that  possil)l«^  wouiidH  were  destroyed,  but  inside  ni  the 
skull,  so  i>hieed  as  to  be  impossible  of  entry  4*.\('ept  tlirongh  the  lionc, 
were  found  three  arrowpoints  traiichant  transversal.  Another  of  I  hcsc 
arrowpoints  was  found,  still  at  N'illevenard,  inserted  between  two  dorsal 
vertebra".  In  a  burial  cave  eoiitaiiiinft'  thirty  subjects,  all  rejjiilaily 
disposed  and  the  whole  {jrave  tilled  solid,  were  found  no  less  than 
seventy-three  arrowpoints  tranchaiit  transversal.  They  were  dispoMil 
in  the  head  aiul  trunk  and  bore  such  relation  to  the  skeletons  as  to  show 
that  they  had  been  intimately  associated  with  the  body,  if  not  inscihid 
in  it,  at  the  time  of  burial.  liaroii  de  Haye  found  nearly  two  thonsaiul 
of  these  specimens,  traiichant  transversal,  in  the  grottoes  explored  by 
him,  and  it  is  impossible  to  believe,  after  the  evidences  found,  that  tlicy 
had  not  been  used  as  i)rqjectiles,  whether  as  arrowjwints  or  spearlicuds 
may  be  left  undetermined. 

Those  who  are  desirous  of  continuing  the  investigations  into  this 
subject  are  referred  to  the  authorities: 

"Sur  les  FlJ'clu'S  ii  Tranch.int  'I'rausversiil,"  by  Maron  .losopli  do  Baye,  in  Coimn  s 
International  d'Aiithiopoloyio  ct  Arc'ha'ologio  Pn'-liistorifiiies.  Conipto  rendu  iU  h 
7o  session,  Stockliolni,  1871,  I,  iip.  271,272. 

"  Le  rivbi8toii(|uo,"  2d  ed.,  ]).  518.     I?y  (J.  De  Mortillet, 

"Le  MuHi^e  I'rohistorique,"  pi.  xxxix,  (igs.  319-331.     By  (i.  De  Moitillet. 

"Pointes  de  Flt-ehcs  Typiques  ile  Kere-on-'rardenois  (Aisne),"  by  Kduioud  Vidlo; 
null,  de  la  Soc.  d'Antbrop,  do  I'aiis,  I,  ( Itb  scr.),  Paris,  1890,  pp.  9r>9-964. 

"Arniesde  .let  i\  Trancbant  Transversal,  concave  on  convexe,"  by  Dr.  L.  Cai>it:iii. 
Hullelin  do  la  Societo  d'Antbroptdogie  do  Paris,  XII  (3d  sor.),  1889,  pp.  609-»)2(). 

"Ancient  Stone  Implements  of  (Jr«^at  Britain,"  by  Sir  .Jobn  Evans  (Anmr.  td.j, 
p.  365. 

"Un  Depot  de  Plrches  a  Tranchant  Transversal  dansles  Stations  dn  Petit-Moiiii," 
by  Barou  .Josepb  do  Baye.  Bulletin  do  la  Socif^to  d'Autbropologie  de  Paris,  \1I  diil 
ser.),  1884,  pp.  202-204. 

A  communication  by  M.  Diimont '  argues  the  affirmative  of  the  i)roi>o- 
sition  at  length  in  a  very  satistactory  manner.  It  shows,  by  Plate  l\, 
that  on  the  Kongo  and  throughout  a  large  portion  ot  Africa  the  arrow 
or  spear  heads  with  the  broad  points,  tranchant  transversal,  are  in 
continued  use  among  the  s  ivages.  The  satne  idea  is  elaborated  by 
Dr.  Cajiitaii  in  the  study  mentioned. 

Those  who  are  in  opposition  to  the  idea  of  these  being  used  as  arrow 
points  are  recommended  to  Dictioiinaire  des  Sciences  Anthropologiqucs, 
titles  "  Neolithicpie,"  p.  806,   and   "Tranchet,"  p.  10()4,  by  Philippe 

'  Bulletin  do  la  Societe  d'Anthropologie,  Bruxelles,  VIII,  1889-90,  pp.  176-188. 


AWROWI'OINTrt,  SPKARHKADS,  AND    KNTVKS. 


!»41 


n'niiiiir  liailj 

on  and   tlif 
A  skull  was! 
li  thd  III  |h>|' 
app'llriitly 
of  tlH!  slillil 

iside  (»t  the 

ll   tlMf  ItOIIC. 

lierortlicsc 
n  t\v(Ml()isal 

11  I'i^Kuliirly 

o  less  I  hail 
ero  (lispdNcd 

s  Jis  tosliow 
not  insci  hid 
vo  thousand 
exi)lore{l  by 
d,  tlijit  flicy 

spearlicads 

18  into  this 


ye,  ill  Ciniijrcs 
ito  rendu  <!(«  la 


;ill<)t. 

rluioud  Vitilt!: 
364 . 

r.  L.  Caj)ir,in. 
1.  609-(i20. 
M  (AriHM-.  (•(!.), 

I'etit-.Moiiii," 
I'aria,  \II  (lid 

f  the  jiroj^o- 
y  Plate  IX, 
\i  the  aridw 
rsal,  lire  in 
berated  by 

d  as  arrow 
pologiques, 
>y  Philippe 

p.  176-188. 


ISiiliiion,  and  "ChiMel-Hhuped,"  by  Sir  John  ICvaiis,  Amient  Stone 
ImiilrnientH,  etc.,  p.  3L'9,  (if?.  212  from   Kjiypt,  and  p.  .'ut2,  liy.  M2.  tVoiii 

I  Scot  land. 
Two  ancient  speeinnMiH  oftliis  ty|)e,  uiMbmbtt'dly  used  as  arrows,  and 

It'diiiinfjf  from  Fran«;(^,  are  shown  (liffs.  1!M»,  I1>7)  in  the  cbaptt'r  on 
Arrow  wounds,'  as  having  been  lired,  the  hist  into  a  human  vertebra 
and  the  second  into  a  human  tibia.     While  the  drawing;  of  these  illiis 

IfiiitionH  nniy  not  represent  tin';  trainiliant  transversa!  with  exactness, 
tlit'ie  is  no  doubt,  both  I'ronidesfription  and  examination,  thai  they  are 

I  of  til  is  type. 

CLASS  (i.— i'ui,iHiii;i>  si.Aii:.     ( I'liilo  ;>!»,  li^jN.  !t-i:f.) 


Specimens  of  this  type  are  shown  on  a  portion  of  lMat«^  'U)  (Hffs.  9-l.'{). 
Tiny  are  j)eculiar  in  that  they  are  found  and  appear  to  liave  been  made 
and  used  in  a  restricted  locality  on  the  northern  Atlantic  coast.  Tliey 
iiiC  of  slate,  have  been  jfround  or  polishe<l  on  both  sides,  aiul  ina<le  to 
a  smooth  edge. 

Knives  of  slate,  with  a  circular  (Mitting  edge,  fashioned  like  a  sad- 
dler's knife,  have  been  found  in  the  same  region,  where  they  are  said  to 
liiive  been  used  as  fish  knives.  Both  spearhea<ls  and  knives  are  i<len- 
tical  with  Eskimo  forms  and  would  suggest  possil)!('  contact;  but  it  is 
remarkable,  and  as  yet  unexplained,  why  this  material  should  have 
been  preferred  for  arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  There  is  no  lack  of  the 
usual  material  in  this  portion  of  the  country.  Mount  Kineo  furnishes 
a  iiorphyritic  felsite  (Mount  Kineo  Hint),  whicli  was  manufactured  into 
aiTowpoints  that  have  been  distributed  up  and  down  the  <'oast  for  a 
Ion;;'  distance. 

CLASS   II. — ASY.MMKTKIC.      ( I'liite  3!),  ligs.  15-19. ) 


A  series  of  asymmetric  arrowpoints  is  represented  in  a  portion  of 
Plate  39  (figs.  15-19).  Their  lopsided  form  shows  their  i)eculiarity. 
It  is  curious  that  they  should  have  been  aiade  in  a  way  which  appar- 


942 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1H!»7. 


ently  tlestroys  llieir  ort'ectivcncsH  us  n  projectile.     It  Is  Hii^fjestrd  tluitj 
tliey  may  have  been  liiHtciiiMl  ti>  a  short  liaiidle  af'tei-  the  tashimi  di  ji] 
knife  and  then  nsed  as  eoncave  scrapers;  tliat  is  to  say,  for  the    am,. 
purpose  as  the  irnph-inients  in  IMato  li().    The  convex  e(lp:e  niav  havi 
been  nse<I  as  a  Iviiil'e. 

The  \ouii,  Htriii{;ht  iniphMnent  ( IMate  311,  fi^.  If))  is  tpiite  ditlereni  iiom 
tliese,  and  yet  is  asymmetric  and  to  b<  placed  in  this  class.  It  b<<liiii<;s 
to  the  Holutrcen  epoch  of  the  Paleolithic  period  and  reprcseniv  the 
earliest  examples  of  supposed  arrowpoints  or  spearheads,  altlidii-li 
they  iniiy  have  been,  and  probably  were,  use«l  as  harpoons;  they  r,,|||(. 
from  the  well-known  <'avern  «listrict  on  the  N'c/cre  (Dordojjne  ,  I'lincc. 
The  IT.  8.  National  Museum  (Wilson  <*ollection)  possewses  two  s|ii»(i. 
mens  of  tlu^  same  style,  but  sinaihT.  The  Solutrt'en  epoch  was  pinvor 
bial  for  the  excellence  of  its  Hint  chippinj;.  and  these  are  representative 
examples. 

The  Steiner  collection  from  liurUe  County,  (leorfjfia,  contains  a  iniin 
ber  of  asymmetric  arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  Vii^n.  Hi  and  IT.  I'latc 
31),  and  fig'.  105  beh>ng  to  that  collection.  They  are  of  the  jjray  Hint 
with  yellow  patina  so  common  in  that  country,  of  which  we  have  so 
many  representatives  in  the  Steiner  and  Mc(iliishan  collections.  The 
remark  above  made  as  to  the  impossibility  of  their  use  as  inojcciilcs 
and  the  probability  of  their  employment  as  scrapers  or  knives  with 
short  handles,  api)lies  to  these  specimens.  Others  shown  in  the  idatc 
as  belongini?  to  this  class  have  yreat  similarity  with  the  implements  tn 
be  described  in  the  suect'eding  chajtter  on  knives.  Their  asymnictiii 
and  lopsided  form,  the  characteristics  of  their  point,  and  the  sliarpciu'd 
edge  ui)on  the  one  side  only,  the  stem  suitable  for  handling,  arc  all 
evidence  of  the  non-employment  of  these  implements  as  arrows  or 
speai's,  or  as  projectiles. 

CLASS    I.— CIIMOIIS    FOUM8.        (I'ljltolW,   (\jr.   14;     l'liltc40.) 


■I 


There  have  been  discovered  in  different  countries,  implements  wliicli 
have  resemblance  to  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  in  material,  metliod 
and  style  of  manufacture,  and  general  appearance,  though  by  reason  of 
the  peculiarity  of  their  form  are  totally  unfitted  for  any  projectile  i)ar 
pose  and,  indeed,  it  is  impossible  that  they  should  have  served  as  such. 
Plate  39,  fig.  14,  shows  one  of  this  class,  and  Plate  40  represenisa 


IKK«Mtcil    t||;it 

tasiiiuh  of  uj 
for  the  siiiic 
jjo  niiiy  have 

litli'.rciii  iiMiii 

I.  It  i>!'li)||j;s 
!|ir*'HCIlI-»   tlic 

lis,     illtlMJll-ll 

iS;  tlu-y  idllK; 
ifJIiO',  1m;iiicc, 
i'8  two  s|ieci. 

Il  WJIS  pinvt'l' 

ijprtisiMiliitivc 

itaiiis  il  iiiiiii 
antl  17.  riiitc 
the  fjfiay  Hint 

Il   wo   llilNC  so 

ectioiis.  'I'lic 
as  i»roit'(iiI('s 
•  knives  with 
II  in  the  plate 
iiiplemeiits  tn 
Ir  asyiiiiiit'tiic 
;he  sliariM'iiiMl 
dling,  arc  all 
as  arrows  or 


0.) 


lements  wliicli 
terial,  inetluKl 
li  by  reason  nf 
projectile  pnr 
erved  as  sucli. 
>  represents  a 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    40. 


Peculiar  Forms  of  Arrowpoints,  Spearheads,  cr  Kmves. 

-*  Class  I. 

Fig.  1.  (iHAY  FilS'T. 

((:iit.Xo.4;il32,  r.S.N.M.     Moiiinl,  Naples,  Illinois.    J.  (i.  Heiidei-son.) 

Fig,  2.  Obsidian. 

(Cat  No  20417  TJ.S  N'.M      Shu  Miguel  Island,  <;ali)oriiiii.     S.  liowcrs.) 

Fiji.  !^.   I)akk-«;kay  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  02387.  I'.S.N.M.     Jetl'erson  Conutj.West  Virginia.     K. W.  Merfer.> 

4'ig.  4.   POKI'IIYIUTK'   Felsitk. 

(Cat.No.  99!;2,  I'.S.N.M.     SIh'II  heaps,  Kduiuuils,  Maine.     (J.  T.  (iardner.) 

Fig.  5.  Dark  GRAY  Flint. 

(Cal,  No  U77r>l   U  S.N.M.     Flint  liidgi-,  [,icking  County,  Oliio.     (Jerard  Fo.- ke.) 

Fig.  6.  Palk  hkowx  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  'iit'iS'i.  I'.S  N  M.    (ireentield,  Missouri.     M.  E.  Harrison.) 

Fig.  7.  rALiMiuuWN  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  U77.'>0,  U  .S.N.M      Flint  Uidgc,  Oliio.) 

Fig.  s    I'ALK-GUAY  Flint. 

(('at.  No.  15733,  U,S..\.M.     San  Miguel  Island.  Calilbrnia.     W.  (!.  Harford.) 

Fig.  i».  (;uAV  Flint. 

((Jat  No  145977,  r.S.N.M.     Flint  Kidge.  Ohio.     (Jerard  Fowke.) 

Fig.  10.  (iKAY  Flint. 

(Cat.No.  32.')38,  r.S.N..\I      I'larl  Depot,  Illinois,     liiainaid  M  itcliell.) 

Fig.  11.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat  No  15732,  r.S.N.M,    San  Miguel  Island,  Calitoniia.) 

Fig.  12.   Pink  Flint. 

((.'at.No.  32522,  U.S.N, M.     I'earl  Depot,  Illinois.     Hrainard  .Miteliell.) 

Fig   i;i  Palk-ijuay  Flint. 

(Cat  No  30127,  U. S.N.M.     St.  Clair  (bounty,  Illinois      Dr. -J.  U.  I'atriek.) 

Fig;.  11.  (iRAYisn  Flint. 

(Cat.  No  29030  U.S.N. M.     San  Miguel  Island,  Calirornia.     S   I'.owersl 

Fi^.  '".  Winn;  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  1731138  ','.:;. N.M.     Southeast   Missoui.'.     Uiireaii  ol'  Kthnology.  Hilder  eolle 
tioii.) 

Fio.  1(>.  AVhuk  Flini. 

(Cat.  No  9H002.  U.S  N  M.  (Cast)      (Irei'ue  County,  Illinois,     (;.  Anosirong.) 

Fig.  17.   Whitk  Flint. 

(i"i"   \o   !2J_':i.  r.S.N.M.     I'earl  Depot,  Illiiioi>.     Miainaid  Mitchell.) 

Fig.  18.  Whitk  Flint. 

(103  (  'i,    Missouri.) 

Fig.  lit.  WiiiTK  Flint. 

(Cat,  No  M0841I.  I'.S.N  M      Dallas  Cit.\ ,  Illinois      L  S.  Hliss.l 

Fig.  20.  PiNKiMi  Flint 

(Cat,  No.  0748,').  U.S.N  ,\I.     Flint  Kidge,  Ohio.     ( Jerar.l  Fowke. l 


■rt  ot  U.  S.  Nat-, .J,  M. 


■.nil.     W 


P,.Art  40 


t  -U^  ■  ;.^IN'^%- 


tv 


>..-- 


.s^*>*. 


r 


^--^ 


fc-..    * 


%^ 


«»./ 


> 


PtCULlAH    FORMS  OF  ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  OR    KNIVES. 

Cla-s   I, 


series  ( 
paiKT  < 

If  li:i! 
iii'tim  jii 
over  hit 

('(lIllilM' 

till'   triH 

Ml'l     till'    i 

should 

the    rail' 

III  )ilt';i8 
:irti-t  ii 
]ii)ssili]y 

|l(IS>illl,V 

I'lafr  •-'!! 
iVdiii  til 
I  111  ill  ;iu 
tbriii-.  1 
gniiily 
lif;t(l>,  II 

srrvirc. 

iibi'ity, 

siiiiki'.  fi 

III'    till! 
lot    llil\ 

wdikcd 
tlii'.v   iir 
wliMt  tl 
iii(iiiai;ei 
faiiril'ul 

'Ihes 

Stiitcs. 
heoii  If 
Italy,  1 

1-io, 

luiiiibe 

ro.uard 

it  iii;c( 

Tlicse 

CNtn'ii: 

lijl'iiret 

:lli(l    t(l 

Miiseii 
to  a.  1 

(.'Oil  1(1 

been  i 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


943 


s.iicH  of  these  curious  forms.     The  latter  is  taken  from  the  autlior'a 
liapir  oil  Prehistoric  Art,'  where  it  is  thus  introduced: 

It  liiis  breii  leinaikrd  niiiny  times  tlinmjtlioiit  this  jminr  lliat  llm  iirehlstoiic 
Mitisi  jiosHcHsed  siitlicicnt  contideiiee  in  liis  ability,  anil  ilispiiiyed  such  (.'uiitrol 
(ivci  Ills  toolH  and  niatciials  as  enahh^d  liini  to  niak«5  auy- 
iliiiiii  (lilt  of  Hint  that  liis  I'ancy  inijiht  dictate;  lie  did  not 
(niiinn'  himself  to  utilitarian  oltjccts,  Imt  was  an  artist  in 
the  inn-  sense  of  the  word;  tli.it  is  to  say,  he  dealt  with 
:irt  iiir  art's  sake,  for  the  sake  of  niakiii<r  soinethiui;  whiih 
<b(iiil(l  bo  beantifiil  and  whose  only  purpose,  aecordiiij^  to 
the  1  auon  of  art  laid  down  by  Sir  .lolm  Collier,  would  bo 
Id  |ileiise  liis  eye  and  to  ffratify  his  taste.  'I'lie  ])r(diistoric 
iirti^t  ill  Hint  obtained,  in  some  way,  wo  know  not  Imw, 
]iii>-  lily  by  stndy  and  (;onteni])latii)n,  possibly  by  ednc.itiou, 
|iiis>ilily  by  accident,  an  ideal  wliieli  lie  reproduced  in  Mint. 
I'hii''  -!•  I  Plate  40]  re])resents  tw<n>ty  (d>iects  taken  at  lia/aid 
iniiii  the  interior  of  the  Inited  States,  princijtally  from  the 
iiliici  and  .Mississippi  valleys,  all  of  Hint,  in  eiirioiis  and  rare 
lorni-.  believed  to  be  entirely  without  utility  mid  solely  to 
i;r;iiiiy  an  ai'listie.  desire.  None  of  them  are  arrow  or  spcir 
liciiiN.  and  none  of  them  ap])ear  to  have  been  iiia<le  lor  any 
Mivi( c.  They  are  the  work  of  a  master  who,  conscious  of  his 
alii'ity,  is  jdayinjj  with  his  iirt.  One  represents  a  bird,  one  a 
siiiilic.  one  an  outstretched  beaver-skin,  two  of  tlieiii.  by  stretch 
(if  till!  iina{;inition,  nuglit  represent  four-footed  animals;  the 
K-t  have  no  likeness  to  any  known  object.  All  of  thorn  are 
wdikcd  I'rom  Hint  or  some  similar  stone;  one  is  of  nbHJdian; 
tlic.v  are  rejireseuted  abont  natnral  size.  'I'liis  scries  shows 
wli;it  the  ])rehistori(!  artist  in  llint  was  able  to  do  in  the 
iiiMii  ifieiiient  and  control  of  his  tools  and  materials  in  making 
fain  iful  idjjecta. 

Tliese  (i: nous  forms  are  not  peculiar  to  the  United  '"^     '■^' 

Stiitcs.  They  are  found  in  l'in}>laiid,^  and  have  also 
l)ieii  round  scattered  throujjfh  France,  Switzerland,  and 
Italy,  though  rarely. 

I'ijj.  15)1  is  one  of  the  peculiar  f<,rnis  restricted  in 
iiiiiiiber  and  locality.  Its  restrictions  in  both  these 
icuai'ds  are  so  dosi-  that  the  autiior  has  not  deemed 
it  iH'cessary  to  assign  it  a  class  or  give  it  ti  name. 
Till  sc  forms  are  confined  to  Scandinavia,  and  are 
CNticmely  rare  even  in  that  country.  The  specimen 
lij^iued  is  from  Sweden,  was  procured  by  the  author, 
and  forms  part  of  the  collection  in  the  I".  S.  National 
Mii^ouin.  It  is  an  arrowpoiut  of  bone,  sharpened 
to  a  fine  ])()int,  is  extremely  hard  and  stiff,  and 
t'(iiil<l  pierce  e(|ual  to  any  Hint  weapon.  f]itlu'r 
siilo  is  opened  with  a  deep  and  inirrow  groove  into  wliich  have 
!it'(  II  inserted  tiny  bits  of  flint  flakes,  with  shaip  cutting  edges,  fas 


i',i 


:f. 


Fijr.  191. 

AliKOWI'OINTIIK  IIONE, 
Wn  11  N  A  K  II  O  W 
(iltOOVKS  (IN  KACH 
SIDE  AM)  SllAlIP 
KM  NT  KI.AKKS  FAS- 
TKNKl)  WITH  niTU- 
MKN  (iU(i|-.M. 

.Swiileii. 

Cnl.  N".    lii|C.:l7,    r.>.N".M. 
N.ihir.-il  >\;.,: 


'PaKo4;i7,  pi.  21. 
Sir  John  Kvaus,  Ancient  Stone  Implements,  pp.  rj.">(),  ;r.l,  ligs. 3;}t)-a:{!>, 


044 


KKPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   lHf»7. 


tciied  with  bitmiKMi  or  gum.    .Some-  of  these  bits  of  flint  liiiv<-.  he 


lust 


01 


it  of  the  ori;iiiial  sjiecinicn,  but  ciiouf^ii  remain  to  sliow  its  cli;!!:!!  t 


I'l 


and  efl'ectiveness  as  a  weapon.'     Some  of  the  bits  of  Hint  siiitab 
sucli  use  have  been  found  and  are  disphiyed  in  the  Museum  m  the 
Itoyal  irisii  Academy. - 

M.  de  Mortillet  presents,  in  "  Must'e  Pn'-historique,''' eight  il]^-^I^;|. 
tions  of  spear  and  lance  heads  with  two  i)oniards,  varying  in  h'ii;^tli, 
Six  are  from  Franiie,  of  which  tliree  are  the  tiint  of  Grand  I*res>JL:ii\, 
lie  makes  the  following  remarks  as  to  their  differentiation: 

l-iinceheiids  and  itoiiiiirds  of  tliut  in  t'lMucr  mi!  sinootli  on  one  side,  the  cliiiiiiin:; 
ht'iii;;'  always  done  on  tlie  other.  In  Scandiniiviii  they  are  chipped  on  both  --iile-. 
In  franco  the  ohjectn  intended  for  knives  liave,  no  secondary  ('hi))]iing  at  all.  Tlie 
ciittinfi  edj^e  is  liift  smooth  as  it  was  struck  from  tlie  core;  in  other  words,  n  i> 
sinijdy  a  sliarp-edj^ed  Hake. 

In  his  estimation  an  obje^^t  from  I'rance  like  the  Mousterieii  iKiint 
(ligs.  3,  4),  untouched  on  one  side  but  wrought  to  an  edge  on  the  oilier, 
would  be  a  spear  or  huice  head,  while  a  tlake  like  that  fiom  (liaml 
Pressigny  (Plate  7,  tig.  4),  sharp  but  untouched  on  the  edge,  would  he 
a  knife.  His  Plate  XLII  contains  illustrations  of  Javelin  points,  hirjie 
airowpoints,  of  wlncli  five  are  IVom  France  (four  of  Hint  and  one  of 
bone),  three  are  from  the  United  States,  the  others  from  Kussia  and 
Scandinavia.  His  Plates  XLHL  and  XLIV  contain  41  illustration^  ot 
arrowpoints,  of  nearly  every  form  and  style  (ligs.  3(55-405).  Fraiii'c 
has  1*1  rei»resentatives,  Italy  4,  Switzerland  and  Denmark  each  .'>, 
Ireland,  Portugal,  and  America  each  2,  Prussia,  Sweden,  ami  Alj^t  ri;i 
each  1.  These  are  of  the  usual  tyjtes.  though  some  may  have  ])ai  tic 
uhir  forms  peculiar  to  certain  countries.  Ilis  Plate  .XLV  contains 
four  illustrations  of  the  nu)de  of  fastening  the  arrowi>oints  to  tiie  slial'r. 
three  from  the  lake  dwellings  of  Swit/erlainl,  and  one  from  California; 
two  are  of  stcme  and  one  of  bone. 

CLASS    K.  —  I'lnM'OKA  roKs. 


All  anoundy  in  arrowpoints  sluuihl  not  be  overlooked.  One  of  the 
prehistori»!  iini>lements  of  America  is  that  which  usually  has  licen 
called  the  perforator  or  drill,  though  sometimes,  Joiadarly,  "hair|iiii." 
It  consists  ol'  the  bore  or  \nh\  which  is  round  or  nearly  so,  pointed  a> 
though  suitable  for  drilling  or  boring,  with  a  stem  or  base  after  the  I  isli- 


'  Montelius,  Civili/ation  of  Sweden  in  llcatiien  'riiiies,  ]>.  L'.'),  (i.n'.  LTi. 
-Sir  \V.  Wilde,  ('atalo<fiu;  of  the  Woyal  Irish  A<'adenis-.  I,  p.  10;  p.  i'M,  lij;.  lii:!, 
I'late  XI.I. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEAD!^,  AND    KNIVES, 


1)45 


ilV)-,  bee  lust 
its  ell;!!  ;iil,.| 

j  suitalu.   ;,,i    | 

ISOIlIll  II,  til,. 
igllt   illlKll;|. 

ng  ill  Icii-tli, 
1(1  Prcsviuii). 
t : 

e,  thi:  cliii'iiiii- 

on    ItOtll    ^•i(l(«^. 

iiig  lit  all.  Till. 
UT  wonls,  II  ^ 

.stt'ricii  jioiiit 

oil  the  olinT, 

from  (iraiid 

<i"o,  would  !)(' 

point.s.  laij^f 

t  siiid  oiic  (It' 

1   Ikiissiii  and 

ustniti(tii>  (It' 

to.")).     Fraiifi' 

lark  cacii  .'•, 

,  and  Al-icria 

'  have  ])a!ti(' 

[LV  coiiraiiis 

i  to  tlu>  slial'r, 

III  California: 


1  HI   'I 


f  arrowpoiiiLS.     [t  has  usually  been  supposed  that  this  spiradinj^ 


One  of  tlic 
Uy  has  liccn 
ly,  "liiiii'idii.' 
o,  pojiitnl  ii> 
iftor  thi'  lasli' 

i'.")!,  lii;.  Ill:;, 


1  asc  was  to  be  held  between  the  thnmb  and 
liii^fis,  ffiiiilet  fashion,  and  used  as  a  drill. 
Son  ('  of  these  iinplenuMits  apiiear  to  have 
been  made  primarily  for  this  purpose,  wliile 
(itlii  rs  hawi  tlie  full  and  complete  base,  stem, 
sliiuilders,  and  sometimes  barbs,  of  tlie  stem 
(Mid  of  an  arrowpoint,  and  of  these  it  has 
always  been  sai<l  or  supposed,  that  the  per- 
tbrator  or  drill  had  a  sei^oiidary  use,  and  was 
pos.-^ibly  a  broken  arrowpoint.  The  blade  is 
clii|iped  away  on  either  edge  until  tlie  pile  or 
bore  is  very  nearly  round  and  quite  pointed. 
Tlicse  have  never  been  (dassed  as  ari'owi)oint8 
(iisitearheads,  but  it  is  curious  to  remark  that 
tlic  only  wounds  shown  in  the  uwo  iiuman 
skulls  in  the  IJ.  S.  National  Museum  should 
hiivc  been  made  by  stone  implements  or  arrow- 
points  of  this  pe'tuliar  kind.  Reference  is 
iiiiide  to  figs.  198  and  L'OO,  where  the  skulls 
iuo  represented  with  the  wound  and  weapon 
as  (iriginally  found,  but  the  latter  are  also 
withdrawn  and  shown  in  their  entirety. 
With  this  ai)parently  eonclusive  evidence  of 
tlicir  use  as  arrowpoints,  they  can  not  be 
omitted  from  this  classification. 

The  bow  and  arrow  as  a  projectile  engine 
comprises  several  parts.  This  paper  has 
tretited  only  one,  the  arrowpoint  or  pile,  as  it 
{.■^  called  in  archery,  for  the  reason  that  the 
iiivcsiigation  has  been  confined  in  point  of 
time  to  the  prehistoric,  and  all  or  nearly  all 
pints  of  the  engine,  excei»t  the  stone  arrow- 
piiiiit,  have  decayed  or  been  destroyed  by 
liip.^e  of  time.  Uows  with  their  strings,  arrow 
shiifls  with  their  feathering,  spear  shafts,  and, 
with  a  few  excepte<-  illustrations  to  be  given, 
knife  handles,  have  Sill  perisiied.  Dr.  Otis  T. 
Mason  says:' 

(M  tho  ancif.t  inliabitiints  of  this  continent  the 
pt'ii^liiible  IL  ur'al  of  arrows  coustitiitiilg  tho  sl\aft 
ami  iitlier  psp  '!•  lias  rotted  and  h'ft  us  nanjflit  hut  tlio 
stoiir  h('a(l.'«.  Kvcn  those  of  bone  and  wood  and  othiT 
iiiiiti'iial  have  pas8e('  itway,  so  its  to  leavr  the  iin- 
incssion  tliat  the  Indians  of  this  eastern  region  used 
(ihI\  stone;  lint  all  authorities  agree  that  otlieisnb- 
^tiiiH't'S  were  enij)loyed  (piite  as  frei|iifntly  as  the  last 
naiiii'd. 

North  Aniorieau  Hows.  Arrows,  and  t^tiiivi  rs,  Sniiths<»nian  Keiiort,  18!i;{,  p.  t).">l. 
NAT  Mrs  07 00 


041; 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1897. 


A  Biiij.'le  specimen  of  u  l>()\v  was  presiTvod  in  the  bofj  poat  <i 
lake  dwellers  and  lias  been  found  and  exhibited  to  the  eye  ol'  m 
"only  this,  and  nothing'  more."     Vi^.  192  represents  the  orij^in 
this  si)e(Mnien,  now  in  the  museum  in  Zurich,  Switzerland,  and  i 
by  Jacob  Messikommer  in  the  peat  boj;-  which  was  originally  tln' 
dwelling  of  Itobenhausen.     The  author  has  visited  this  station 
than  on(!e  and  has  found  many  jtieties  of  wood  well  jn-eserved. 
piles  themselves  in  this,  as  in  all  other  ])ile  dwellings,  are  of  wood 
almost  every  museum  possesses  specimens  in  certain  stages  of  i)i 
vation.     The  work   on   this   siiecimcMi   identities   it   spe(;itlcally 
bow.     The  end  "horns"  show  the  notch  for  the  r<'tention  of  the 
string,  while  the  (;enter  has  a  certain  style  of  decoration. 

Those  inten'sted    in  ancient  bows,  or  bows  of  ])rimitive,   not 
historic;,  peoples  are  referred  to  Doctor  Mason's  paper. 

IX.  KNIVES. 


■  I  lie 
:mi— 

■  il  of 

I.ik.. 

more 

ill.. 

.   .IIKJ 

;i>   a 
llilW 

pro 


m§. 


Mention  has  previously  been  nuide  of  the  possibility  of  the  use  hy 
prehistoric  man  of  tlu'  implements  described  in  this  paper  for  oilier 
purposes  than  as  arrowpoints  or  spearheads  (pp.  .S23,  935.  93s.  i)77 . 
The  importance  of  the  subject  re<piires  further  investigation. 

Keference  to  the  classiticatiou  of  these  imi)leinents  will  show  maiiv 
varieties,  such  as  leafsha])ed,  triangular,  stemmed,  notched,  slioiil 
dered,  and  barb(  1,  yet  all  these  are  variations  only  in  details,  the  <;eii 
eral  form,  the  material,  and  the  i)rocesses  of  manufacture  being  tlie 
same.  The  principal  ditlerences  between  the  various  kinds,  those  most 
atfecting  their  use  and  j)urpose,  are  in  size  and  weight.  It  seems 
strange  that  implements  of  such  similarity  in  all  functional  character 
istics  should  dilfer  so  much  in  si/e  aiul  weight,  and  it  is  unreasonalile  to 
believe  that  implements  of  such  extremes — (me  very  light  and  snnill.  vlic 
other  large  and  heavy — could  have  been  employed  in  the  same  manner 
or  have  served  the  same  pur))ose.  It  would  indeed  be  strange  if  implc 
ments  15  or  more  inches  long,  as  the  Arvedsen  specimen  (I'late  (»5  .  or 
those  in  Plates  (il  and  M  in  this  paper  and  Plate  27  in  "Prehistnric 
Art,"  over  12  inches  in  length,  should  have  been  employed  in  the  s;iiiii' 
manner  and  for  the  same  purpose  as  the  small  obsidian  or  jasper 
"jewel  jioints"  from  California  and  Oregon.  Yet  these  are  of  the  siimo 
material,  have  the  sanui  style  and  mode  of  manufacture,  their  i)rin(i|ial. 
if  not  their  (miy,  diffeicnce  being  in  size  and  weight. 

These  implenients,  with  tlieir  extreme  variations,  are  not  conhne<l  to 
any  particular  locality  or  country.  The  large,  tinely  wrought,  l<'iit- 
shaped  blades  have  been  found  in  Mexico  as  well  as  in  (-entral  France, 


poat  (>:'  I  he 

yo  of  lii;!il— 

>  orijiiiial  of 
I,  and  loiind 
illy  tlic  lake 
itatioii  iiioii. 
ierved.  The 
)f  wood,  .111(1 
es  of  |)ics('i'. 
itically  ;is  ;i 
of  tlic  Wmv 

ve.   not    jiic 


:'  tlio.  use  l)y 
)ei'  for  oilier 
15,  93S.  iiTT  . 
on. 

1  show  niiiiiy 
ched,  slioul- 
lils,  the  j^xMi- 
I'O  beini;'  tlio 
s,  those  most 
t.  It  serins 
al  character 
•easonahlc  t(i 
nd  small,  ilie 
iame  maiiiier 
iige  if  iniple- 
Plate  (io  .  or 
"Prehistnric 
I  in  the  SiHiic 
iin  or  Jasper 
)  of  the  same 
sir  princijtat. 


t  <',online<l  to 
ronght,  I'iil- 
itral  France. 


Repon  of  U.  S    Natior.ai  Museum,  1897.- Wilson. 


Pl« 


41. 


CO 


ARROWPOINTS,  SI'KAKHEADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


!»47 


ami  tlie  small  "Jewel  points"  arc  found  in  OaliCornia  and  Orejuon  as 
well  as  in  Italy,  witli  a  sprinklinff  of  cacli  scattered  over  western 
Hurope. 

The  handle  or  shaft  to  which  these  iniplenients  were  fnstencd  and 
witli  which  they  were  used  may  assist  us  in  theii-  classilication.  Imaf^ine 
11  hickory  sapling  10  or  12  feet  lon^^',  which  can  best  be  understood  by 
the  averajfe  American  boy  when  described  as  a  •'  hoop  i)ole,"  cut, 
sinnothed,  seasoned,  toujihened.  or  hardened  by  lire,  1.]  inches  in  dian\- 
t'fer  at  the  butt  and  taperinj;'  to  ii  half  or  three  <puirters  of  an  inch  at 
till'  top,  into  which  one  of  the  small  Jewel  points  ha«l  been  inserted. 
Tills  implement,  held  in  the  hands  and  used  for  thrusting-,  would 
undoubtedly  be  called  a  spear  or  lance.  If  the  length  (»f  the  han«lle 
was  reduced  to  4  or  0  feet,  it  would  be  a  javelin  suitable  for  throwing; 
with  a  light  reed  or  cane  shaft  L*  or  3  feet  in  length  it  would  be  an 
anowj  and  with  a  handle,  however  large,  if  but.">or  I  inches  in  length, 
tlic  implement  would  become  a  knife  (Plates  4I-4.'i).  The  same  (Oassi- 
tication  applies  to  a  larger  implenuMit  attached  to  a  larger  or  longer 
shaft  equally  well  as  to  the  smaller  implentent  with  the  short»T  shaft. 

The  foregoing  in  its  application  to  ]>rehist<)ri(!  implements  is,  to  a 
certain  extent,  theoretical,  for  their  shafts  or  handles  were  of  wood 
and  by  lapse  of  time  have  decayed  and  an*  lost.  We  know  this  as 
a  matter  of  fact.  Among  the  hundreds  of  collectors  throughout  the 
United  States,  where  tens  of  thousands  of  ancient  arrowpoints  and 
spearheads  have  been  collected,  we  have  no  record  of  any  of  them  hav- 
iuji  been  found  with  handle  or  shaft  attached.  This  is  not  strange  nor 
is  it  peculiar  to  these  implements.  The  polished  stone  hatchets  doubt- 
less had  wooden  handles,  yet  of  all  of  the  thouaaiuls  found,  there  have 
been  less  than  a  do/en  reported  in  the  United  States  with  their  wooden 
handles.'  Like  the  arrowpoint  or  spearhead,  it  is  usual  to  find  them 
without  any  trace  of  a  handle.  Objects  of  wood  used  in  i)rehistoric 
tii:ieshave  rarely  been  found,  and  the  instaiu;es  thereof  are  usually  con- 
tlned  to  those  either  protected  by  water''  or  those  in  the  sandy  desert, 
wliere  there  was  no  moisture  to  cause  decay. ' 

There  are  some  of  these  implements  with  their  handles  which,  being 
t'oiiud  under  these  favorable  conditions,  or  belonging  to  modern  sav- 
iiges,  have  been  preserved  for  inspection.  Col.  l\  11.  Kay,  in  his 
investigations  and  collections  among  the  Hupa  Indians,'  reported  a 
number  of  leaf  shaped  implements,  which,  if  found  alone,  would  have 
passed  for  spearheads,  as  have  thousands  of  others  of  similar  form 
collected  throughout  all  that  i)ortion  of  the  world  occupied  by  pre- 
historic man.  The  implements  found  by  Colonel  Kay  are  now  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Museum  under  Professor  Mason's  charge  (Plate  41). 


'Tlioinas  Wilson,  I'reliistorir  Art,  tr<nitis])iecr  luid  pi.  'M. 
I'iigcitK),  Hg.  ]l»2. 

'Tlio  Coptic  tapestries  were  Imriod  in  tlio  Egyptian  saiids  in  tlie  lirst  to  seventh 
centuries  A.  1).     They  have  hcen  louud  in  this  eentnrv  in  fairly  ijood  condition, 
'Smithsonian  Keport,  188(),  p.  222, 


948 


REPORT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1897. 


m 


\l  ■ 


Tlie  first  soiica  ('(insists  of  i'i;>lit  speciniens.  Tlie  niateriiil  is  obsidiiin 
or  clialccdony  viiryinjj:  IVoin  dark -brown  to  a  dull  blue,  with  vciiiv,,! 
blue  tliroujjliout  the  brown.  The  blades  vary  from  t  to  5'^  in(  hcs 
ill  lenjjth,  from  Ijj  to  lii|  inches  in  width,  and  are  from  j^  to  A  imli 
thick.  Handles  of  ]»ine,  Irom  4A  to  it\  inches,  were  attached  to  ;i!l  dl 
them.  Five  of  these  were  fjlued  or  yummed,  three  were  lashtd. 
Another  of  these  blades,  similar  in  all  respects  to  the  former,  \\;is 
obtained  by  Colonel  Ray,  but  the  wooden  handh^  was  replaced  li\  ;i 
wrapping  of  otter  skin.  The  blade  is  7.^  by  Ij;  by  g  inches.  SpiM  j 
mens  of  the  forej^oing  are  set  forth  in  Plate  41,  a  refereiuje  to  whicli  will 
make  the  description  dear.  The  smaller  si)eciinen  in  this  plate  nine 
sents  a  series  of  knives  obtained  by  Maj.  J.  W.  Powell  from  tlic  I'lii 
Utes.    The  latter  is  described  and  figured  by  Dr.  Charles  liau,'  who  snys: 

Uollectors  iiro  rwjuly  to  cIuhs  cliipptid-stonti  iirticles  ol'  (-(^rtiiin  foriiiH  (icciiiiin;; 
thronffhout  the  liiited  Stiih'S  iis  iirrow  and  laiici'  heads,  witlioiit  tlunkiii;;  ilmt 
many  of  theso  H|)(>cini(Mis  iiiiiy  have  hcoii  (|iiiti(  di(V(3i'eutly  enii»h)yod  liy  the  ahoi  i;;i- 
Dvs.  Thus  tho  I'ai  Utes  of  .Soiitlioiii  I'tah  ubo  to  this  (hiy  chijjjJtMl-dint  l)l!ii!es, 
identical  in  Hhapo  with  those  that  ai«  nsnally  (tailed  arrow  and  hpoai'iKMnis,  us 
knives,  fastening;  them  in  short  wooden  handles  by  iiieau8  of  a  black  snbHt.nici', 
Qnito  a  nnmbcr  of  the8(!  hafted  dint  knives  (tig.  1)  have  been  deposited  in  tlir  i nl- 
loction  of  the  >"ational  Mnsenm  by  Ma.j.  .1.  W.  Powell,  who  obtained  them  diuiiij; 
his  Hojonrn  among  tho  I'ai  I'tes.  The  writer  was  informed  by  Major  I'owell  tliiit 
these  people  use  their  stoin;  knives  with  great  ettoct,  especially  in  cutting  leutlni. 
On  the  other  hand,  tln^  stone-tipped  arrows  still  made  by  various  Indian  tribe>  miv 
mostly  ])rovided  with  small,  slender  points,  generally  less  than  an  inch  in  hnmtli, 
and  seldom  exceeding  an  inch  and  ahalf,  asoxempliliedby  many  specimens  of  inoilim 
arrows  iutho  Smithsonian  eolleetion.  If  these  facts  bo  deemed  conclusive,  it  wiKild 
follow  that  the  real  Indian  arrowhead  was  comparatively  small,  and  that  the 
largiT  specimens  classed  as  arrowheads,  and  not  a  few  of  the  so-called  sjiear  pouiis, 
were  originally  set  in  handles  and  were  used  as  knives  and  daggers.  In  many  (  uses 
it  is  impossible  to  dettirniiue  the  real  character  of  small  leaf  shaped  or  triaiit;iil:ir 
objects  of  chiitped  Hint,  which  may  have  served  as  arrowheads  or  either  as  s(r;i|i(  is 
or  cutting  tools,  in  which  the  ccmvex  or  straight  base  formed  the  working  <Mlgi', 
Certain  chipped  spearhead-shaped  specimens  with  a  sharp,  straight,  or  slightly 
convex  base  may  have  been  cutting  implements  or  chisels.  Arrowheads  of  a  sleiidci 
elongated  form  i)ass  over  almost  impercejitihly  into  perforators,  insomuch  that  it  is 
often  impossible  to  make  a  distinction  between  them. 

Another  series  of  similar  implements  (Plate 42)  with  handle  attaclicd 
are  in  the  IJ.  S.  National  Museum.  They  are  from  southern  Oalifoniiii, 
and  are  reported  in  Wheeler's  Geographical  Survey.-'  These  speciniciis 
were  collected  by  Mr.  Shumacher  from  Santa  Barbara  and  Santa  C'l  iiz 
islands.  The  material,  while  ditfering  inu(!h,  was  uniformly  of  liard 
stone,  such  as  Hint,  chalcedony,  or  jasper.  The  blades  are  inserted  in 
redwood  handles,  fastened  with  gum  or  bitumen,  and  bear  the  evidciue 
of  long  exposure.  The  dryness  of  the  country  whence  they  caiiK!  was 
probably  the  cause  of  their  i)reservatioii. 

These  wooden-handled  knives  were  not  confined  to  the  coast  ikh', 


'Archaeological  Collection  of  the  V    S.  National  Museum,  p.  2,  fig.  1. 
-  ( Jeorgo  M.  Wheeler,  United  States  Geographical  Surveys  West  of  the  100th  Mci  iil- 
ian,  VII,  1S79,  Archa'ology,  p.  59. 


is   ol»si(|i;ii| 

itii  vein-,  (if 
5'f  iiiclu's 

i    to    h    ilicli 

'd  to  :i!l  (.f 
livo  laslicd. 
onncr,  \\;is 
ilaced  li\  ii 
lies.  Spcri- 
I  wliicli  will 
)Ijite  n'luc- 
[)m  the  I'lii 
,'  wliosnys: 

lllH     (M'Clll  lili;,' 

llinkill;;  lli;lt 
y  the  iibnrim- 
i-llint  l.l.iilt's, 
tCill'lKiilll^,  ;is 
i;k  sill)Hl;iii(r. 
■('<1  in  till'  nil- 
theni  (liiriiii; 
r  Powell  thiit 
ittiiiji  Iftitlii'r, 
iau  tril>i'>  :itv 
icll  iu  lt!Il;itli, 
ensofiiitxh  in 
isive,  it  wdiilil 
4an(l  tlijit  tlie 
I  8i)ear  i>oiiii.s, 
Iu  many  ( iisrs 
[  or  triaiiKiiliir 
ler  as  s<'rii|i(;is 
workinji  cil^^i'. 
t,  or  Klifiiiiiy 
(1h  ofaslciiilcr 
uuch  that  it  is 

lie  iittaclu'd 
1  Oalitbniiii, 
le  speciiiH'iis 
Santa  ("riiz 
mly  of  liai'd 
)  inserted  in 
the  evidciKe 
3y  cauMi  was 

e  coast  iinr, 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14510 

(716)  872-4503 


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S 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1397.     Wiison. 


Leaf-shaped  Flint  Blades,  in  Wtxpt  Handle 

Santa  Barbara  ami  Sa     I'ruz  ivhui, 
Wheeler-;  Siirvejic, VII,  p. ; 


^'i     ' 


Plate  42. 


INT  Blades,  in  Ww 

;uiita  Barbarii  ami  Sa 
Wlieeler  s  Survf 


Handles,  fastened  with  Bitumen. 

•niz  islands,  California. 
li'.  VII,  p.  .•,<»,  pi.  IV. 


1 

1 

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1^1 

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ft.!pn,{  .,f    U     b.    Ndl 


1837       rti 


Platf  43. 


4 

mi 


:mm 


-.>-.^n' 


Leaf-shaped  Blades  of  Flint  and  Chalcedony,  showing  Bitumen  Handle  Fasteninj 

Calitiii'iiia. 
WliiM-lci'-i  Survey,  ctL-.,  Vll.  pi.  i. 


ARUOWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


049 


VNDLE   FaSTENINj 


indeed,  to  California,  but  were  found  fur  in  the  iiiterioi-.  The  lla/.- 
za.  i  collection  from  the  cliff  ruins  of  Ari/ona  and  New  Mexico,  now  in 
tlic  Archieological  Museum  of  the  University  of  I'ennsylvaniu,  which 
iiiiide  such  a  nieujorahle  display  iit  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition 
ill  (  iiicago,  contains  a  series  of  similar  knives  of  Hint  inserted  in  wooden 
liiiiidles  from  4  to  (>  inches  in  length,  of  the  same  style  and  kind  as  the 
California  specimens  in  Plate  42. 

lornung  part  of  the  same  series  are  eltviii  other  specimens  without 
liaiidles,  but  with  the  tra(!es  of  bitumen  on  tiie  base  showing  where  a 
liaiidle  had  been  attached.  It  should  not  be  forgotten  in  considering 
these  implements  that  they  come  from  a  country  which  abounds  in  the 
ordinary  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  of  all  kinds  and  sizes,  some  of 
wlii(  1»  show  extremely  fine  chipping. 

Tiiere  is  still  another  series'  (Plate  43)  (juite  different  in  form  and 
iiialic,  but  to  which  the  same  remark  applies.  Some  of  them  represent 
the  iiighest  order  of  flint  chipping.  They  form  Class  C  of  the  division 
ot  leaf-shaped  implements  of  the  author's  classification.  They  are  long, 
tbiii,  and  narrow,  with  a  well-wrought  base  which  may  be  square,  con- 
vex, or  <!oncave,  while  the  point  is  sharp  and  symmetrical.  The  pecul- 
iarity which  determined  their  classification  was  the  parallelism  of  their 
t'd;;es  throughout  their  length.  An  inspection  of  the  specimens  renders 
it  evident  that  they  were  never  intended  as  arrowpoints  or  spearheads. 
Tlieir  extreme  thinness,  together  with  the  breakable  character  of  the 
Hint  of  which  they  are  made,  would  cause  them  to  break  in  any  shock 
that  might  be  given  by  throwing,  lancing,  or  shooting.  Those  of  the 
series  with  convex  bases  are  covered  \'?ith  asphaltum  or  bitumen  for  1 
or  1  h  inches  of  the  base.  This  is  evidence  of  their  insertion  in  a  handle, 
which,  in  view  of  the  circumstances,  and  their  association  with  the  former 
specimens,  we  can  only  conclude  was  short,  and  that  the  iinplement  was 
intended  lo  be  held  in  the  hand  and  used  as  a  knife  or  dagger. 

Flint  or  chert  points  similar  in  every  way  to  arrowpoints,  and  inserted 
in  short  antler  handles,  were  found  by  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam  and  Dr. 
C.  Ij.  Met/,  in  their  excavations  of  the  Mariott  mound  in  the  Little 
Miami  Valley,  Ohio.^  Ten  or  a  dozen  of  these  knife  handles  were 
t'oniid,  in  one  of  which  was  inserted  a  bone  instead  of  a  stone  blade. 

Ill  the  Swiss  lake  dwellings  small  [)olished  stone  hatchets  or  chisels 
iiic  frequently  found  inserted  in  short  antler  handles.  Many  of  these 
antlers  were  tenoned  for  insertion  in  a  heavy  wooden  handle,  evidently 
lor  use  in  chopping,  as  an  lx,''  but  many  of  the  antler  handles  were 
without  tenons,  and  were  evidently  intended  to  be  held  in  the  hand 
and  used  as  knives  or  chisels  and  not  as  axes.^ 

I'lint  or  chert  arrowpoints, inserted  in  short  wooden  handles  for  use  as 
knives,  are  found  in  the  ancient  tombs  of  Peru.    Sharpened  and  barbed 

'(ieorge  M.  Wheeler,  United  States  (ioo{u;rapliiciil  Surveys  West  i)f  the  UM)th  Merid- 
ian, VII.  1879,  Archieoloyy,  pi.  i. 
-I.ighteenth  iiiid  Niiieteeuth  Aiiniiiil  Reports  of  the  Poahody  MiiHeiiin,  ISSli,  ]>.  I,')7. 
'he  Mortillet,  Musdo  Pr6bistorii|Uc,  pi.  xiA'iil. 
*  Mem.,  pi.  Lii,  lig.  487. 


I! 


950 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1897. 


)», 


I'      ■ 


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A-. 


points  «»f'  hone  sind  of  ivory,  inserted  in  short  handles  of  wood,  hoiif. 

and  ivory,  tJu*  lower  end  iminted  for  insertion  iu  a  lanee  shaft  fm  u^c 

as  liarpoons,  are  in  <oninion  use  amonjj;  the  modern  Kskinios.    '\\\U 

short  handle  can  be  detaclii d, 
thus  niakin^j;,  if  need  be,  a  km  to 
of  the  implement. 

An  illustration  of  large  blad.s, 
more  or  less  Ieaf-shape<l,  itiiii 
which,  If  alone,  would  be  taken 
for  spearheads,  is  shown  in  tii,'. 
103,  where  sueh  an  implement  of 
nephrite,  beautifully  wrought  and 
tinely  polished,  is  inserted  in  a 
short  handle,  evidently  for  use 
as  a  knife.  The  illustrations, 
shown  in  Plate  44,  of  Eskimo 
specimens  from  Ilotham  Inlet, 
Alaska,  collected  by  Lieut,  (.'oni- 
mauderG.  M.  Stoney,  U.S. N.,  are 
still  more  pertinent.  Figs.  1  and 
2  have  blades  of  chert  or  horn- 
stone  of  the  usual  leaf  shape. 
Fig.  2  is  handled  for  use  as  a  knife 
by  being  inserted  edgewise  in  a 
handle  of  wood.  Fig.  1  is  inter 
esting,  for  its  leaf-shaped  chai 
,  acteristics  are  more  easily  iden 

titied,  while  its  handle,  instead  of 
Jig  J 93  being  of  wood  or  fastened  witii 

ESKIMO  KNiKK  WITH  NEPHKiTK  iiLADE,  ivoKY HANDLE,   bitunieu  or  asphsltum,  as  liave 
AM)  wouuEN  8I1KAI1I.  ijeen  nearly  nil  others,  is  made  of 

Norton  Bay.  Alaska.  ^^^j^^.  trapped    back   and    forth 

Blmle,  8|  X  21  inches.  j.      /•  ^i  j  i> 

...  .,   „ ..  over  a  part  of  the  upper  edge  ot 

K.  W.  NclBoii.     Cut.  No.  176071;,  U.S.N. M.  '■  1  I  O 

the  blade,  catching  upon  tlie 
irregularities  of  the  flint  edge  and  drawn  tight  so  as  to  be  held  firudy 
In  place.  This  was  tised  as  a  fish  knife,  its  interstices  being  yet  tilled 
with  fish  S(;ales.     J)r.  Mason,'  describing  this  instrument,  says: 

Thero  are  thoiisiiudH  of  pieces  of  sbale,  slate,  <iuartzite,  and  other  stones  in  the 
National  Miiseinn,  which  correspond  exactly  with  the  blatles  of  the  Eskimo  woiiian'D 
knife.  These  have  been  gathered  from  village  sites,  shell  heaps,  the  surface  of  ilir 
soil,  from  graves,  mounds,  and  Indian  camps  in  countless  numbers.  *  *  In 
the  matter  of  attaching  the  Idailc  to  the  handU^  or  grip  the  Eskimo's  mother-wit  has 
not  deserted  her.  Many  of  the  blades  are  tightly  fitted  into  a  socket  or  groove  ol' 
the  handle.  Koas,  who  lived  among  the  Cumberland  Gulf  Eskimos,  tells  us  that 
glue  is  made  of  a  nuxture  of  seal's  blood,  a  kind  of  clay,  and  dog's  hair.  (Kt'port 
of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  VI,  p.  526.) 


'  The  Ulii,  or  Woman's  Knife,  oi  the  Eskimo.    Keport  IT.  8.  National  Museum,  IS'.tO, 
pp.  411-117. 


:00(1,  iMItlC. 

lat't   t'di    live 

mos.    'I'liis 

(letaclifd, 

be,  a  kiiitl' 

rge  bliidi's, 
apeil,    aii(i 
i  be  taken 
>wn  iu  liif. 
il»len»ent  of 
TOUglit;iii(l 
iertetl  in  a 
:ly  for  use 
lustrations, 
of   Eskimo 
bam    Inlet, 
Lieut.  Coin- 
U.S.  N.,  are 
Figs.  1  and 
rt  or  lioiii- 
leaf  shape, 
se  as  a  knife 
gewise  in  a 
;.  1  is  inter 
taped  char- 
easily  idea 
B,  instea<l  of 
»teued  with 
in,  as  have 
1,  is  made  of 

and    forth 

iper  edge  of 

upon    the 

held  firmly 
ng  yet  lilled 
says: 

stones  in  the 
)kim»  woiiiiinB 
surface  of  tlif 
I.  *  *  *  111 
uother-wit  lias 
jt  or  groove  of 
I,  tells  us  that 
hair.     (R<'i">rt 

Miiseuin,  1!^!*0, 


'il 


EXPLANATION     OF     PLATE    44. 

Fig.  1.  Woman's  Knikk  (I'lu).  Hlade  of  liornstonf,  l<'nf-Hha))(>fl,  with  a  projection 
from  one  iiitn');in.  The  handle  is  of  the  most  ])riiiiitive  churacter,  l»  iti>; 
formed  of  osior,  \vra]i]ied  backward  and  ibrward  longitudinally.  iin<l  IhIiI 
firmly  in  jdaf-e  by  «tosh  twining;  and  weaving  of  the  same  material  Tlie 
int<'rBttc«>9  are  tilled  with  tish  HialoH.  Length,  8|  inches. 
(Cat.  No.  fl:i70S,  n.S.N.M.  EHkimii  of  Rotham  Inlet,  Alnska.  Collecte<l  l>y  Lhmii  <:  M. 
Stoncy.  IT.  S.  N.) 

Fig.  2.  Wo.man's  K.vifk  (Uln).  Hladeof  chert  or  Hint  materijil,  iuHnrted  in  a  li.iinllc 
of  wo«»d.  On  the  n|t])er  margin  of  the  latter  at  either  corner  art^  tliiii' 
croNB  gnsbcH  or  grooves. 

(Cat.  No.  n3706,  U.S.N. M.     Kskimo  of  Hothain  Inlot.  Alattku.     ('ollert«<l  liy  Liriit   (I  M. 
.Sloney.  U.  S.N.) 

Fig.  S.  Woman's  Knikk  (Uln),     Handle  of  walrus  ivory.     Ornament,  groove,  umi 

herringbone  on  to]*;  lines  and  alternating  tooth-shapod  cuts  on  tiic  side, 

with  live  scratches  resembling  inverted  trees.     Pocket  groove  for  bhiili', 

abruptly  wedge-shaped,  like  ths  kernel  of  a  Brazil  nut.     Length,  2^  inrhis. 

(Cat.  No.  44598,  I'.S.N.M.    EKkiiiM  of  Cape  Xom<\  Alaska,   1880.    ColIe<t«'<l  hj   I     \V 

Kelson.) 


Ti! 


R.oort  of  U    S.  Nstional  Mujeum,  1897.— Wiljon. 


Plate  44. 


h  a  jtntjfcrirm 
ara<'ter,  Imih^t 
ally,  and  hcltl 
iiaterial      i  li*> 

A  by  Lieut  i;  \I. 

e<l  in  a  )i, unlit' 
riior  iiri^  tlm-i' 

il  liy  LiPiit  (;m. 

t,  groove,  illlii 

is  ou  tli(!  HJile. 
ove  for  blaili'. 
gth,  2J  in('lii-.s. 

lk'.t.Ml    llV    I.     w 


^^^nrn^r ,, 


Ulu  or  Woman's  Knife. 

Hotham  Inlet  and  Cape  Nome. 

Mason,  Report  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1890,  pi.  lxi. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897.— Wnson. 


PLAT'    45. 


1'    ■ 

i 

!^> 


)>V 


'  M 


u. 


Common  Arrowpoints,  handled  bv  the  Author  to  show  their  possible  use  as  Knives. 

U.  S.  National  Museum. 


m'^ 


ii 


ill},  >/***' 


tMa 


•  f 


E  USE  AS  Knives. 


'-t: 


I"'  :f 


Repott  nf  U.  S   National  Muoeum,  1897  -    Wilson. 


Plate 


PLATt 


>  t 


^ 


Report  of  U   S   National  Museum,  1897.— Wilson 


Plate  47. 


* 


Q  be  <i  •= 

uj  ■?  M  . 

<  B  .-s  r 

01  <d  a  ^ 


3 


ARROWl'OINTS,  SPEAKHKADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


I  If)  I 


Fi^.  3  in  this  plate  lepresuiits  a  liaiHlIo  tot*  a  Miiiiilur  Made,  which  is, 
however,  missing:.  It  is  made  ot'wahu;'.  ivory,  the  groove  in  which  the 
blade  has  been  inserted  being  phiiidy  seen. 

IMg.  194  represents  one  of  the  tiiin  leaf-shaped  blades  from  Wyonnng. 
It  is  of  agati/(!d  wood,  is  very  thin,  and  has  been  finely  chipped.  One 
t'dj^e  is  more  convex  than  the  other  and  is  iniK^h  the  sharper.  Coin- 
paied  with  the  Ulii  knife  ( Plate  44,  lig.  1),  no  reason  a|)pears  why  a 
HJiiiilar  handle  would  not  make  it  the  same  knife. 

Plate  45  shows  a  series  of  common  arrow  or  spear  heatls  whi<'ii  have 
Vcn  inserted  and  wired  in  handles 
by  the  anthor.  The  handles  vary 
from  G  inches  iu  length  down.  Tiiey 
are  intended  to  illustrate  the  propo- 
sition which  has  been  herein  pre- 
sented— that  with  long  handles 
tbcy  are  arrows,  witli  longer  han- 
dles they  become  spears,  while  with 
sbort  handles  they  become  knives, 
and  the  distinction  is  only  re(;og- 
iiizable  by  the  handle. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  in  tiie 
loicgoing  arguments  to  show  a  dif- 
Icrcnce,  except  in  tbe  handle,  of  the 
implement  used  as  a  spear  or  arrow 
and  its  use  as  a  knife.  The  an- 
nouncement is  made  as  a  working 
hypothesis  that  the  average  stone 
airowpoint  or  spearhead  (collected 
throughout  the  country  as  an  In- 
dian implement  or  weapon  may  have 
been  either  spear,  javelin,  arrow,  or 
knife,  dependent  upon  the  kiiul  of 
handle  employed. 

There  are  other  implements  «)f  the 
same  material  and  manufacture,  but 
with  variations  of  form,  whidi  are 
not,  and  were  never  intended  to  be,  a  now  or  spear  heads.  These,  when 
viewed  in  i)rofile  from  either  the  side  or  edge,  sliow  that  they  couhl  not 
have  served  as  piercing  implements  or  weapons.  Their  edges  are  on  the 
sides  and  not  at  the  points,  aiul  they  could  only  have  been  used  for  (Hit- 
ting and  not  for  piercing,  and  were,  therefore,  knives.  Plates  40  and  47 
present  specimens  of  this  class.  They  are  here  presented  in  side  and 
t'd^e  views  to  show  this  peculiarity,  for  viewed  from  the  side  only  they 
appear  as  ordinary  leaf  shaped  implements  worked  all  round  to  an  edge. 
Tlie  points  are  not  sharp,  and  it  is  doubtful  if  they  could  ever  pier<re  any 
resisting  substance,  projected  witii  whatever  force.     The  impossibility 


Fig.  104. 

l,KAK-Sll.M'i;|l  HI,AI)E  OK  ADAli/KIl  \V<Ml|). 

Wj-oiiiiiij;. 

\:itiir;il  st/r. 


952 


tlEPORt  Ot"  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1897. 


of  tlieir  use  in  this  manner  becomes  more  apparent  when  the  cdp-  \  kw 
is  considered.  This  shows  the  want  of  symmetry  in  the  implement  uml 
completely  changes  the  idea  i)re8ented  by  the  side  view.  There  is  un 
the  top,  if  one  may  so  call  it,  a  decided  hump,  and,  for  want  of  a  hciici 
name,  these  implements  have  been  called  "  humpbacked."  One  of  t  'nin 
is  the  chalcedonic  flint,  while  the  other  three  are  (juartzite.  They  iiic 
rude  and  have  all  been  made  by  chipi)ing.  Each  implement  has  nuly 
one  rounded  «',dge  sharp  enough  for  use,  and  could  be  used  when  In  Id 
in  the  hand  after  the  numner  of  the  fivsh  knife  (IMate  44,  fig.  1 ). 

The  numuer  of  holding  these  humpbacked  implements  for  us(  is 
shown  in  Plate  48,  where  two  of  them  are  held  in  the  hand  so  as  to  pre 
sent  the  cutting  edge.  This  (in  Plate  48)  leads  to  another  hyi)otli('sis. 
that  is,  that  these  implements  were  used  ambidextrously,  and  furnish 
evideice  of  right-  and  left-handedness  on  the  part  of  prehistoric  iiiiui. 
It  is  certain  that  the  shape  of  an  occasional  implement  fits  the  left  liiiiul 
better  than  it  does  the  right.  Certain  specimens  show  this  moic  or 
less  plainly.  Their  hum]>s  are  not  in  the  center  but  oft"  to  one  side. 
sometimes  to  the  right,  other  times  to  the  left,  while  the  exijeriment  of 
grasping  them  in  the  hand  (as  shown  in  Plate  48)  demonstrates  tli;it 
they  are  more  easily  manipulated  and  more  effective  when  used  rij^iit 
and  left  handed  respectively,  than  when  used  indifferently. 

It  has  been  suggested  that  these  implements  were  only  accidents  or 
failures  made  by  the  aboriginal  workmen  when  endeavoring  to  make 
the  usual  leaf  8hai)ed  implement,  but  such  is  not  regarded  as  a  correct 
deduction. 

It  would  be  foolish  to  assert  that  there  were  no  accidents  or  failures 
in  the  prehistoric  (juarry  or  workshop.  The  author  has  shown  in  I 'late 
G3,  the  chips  and  debris  which  he  i)ersonallj-  took  from  Flint  Kiddie, 
Ohio.  Anyone  having  the  slightest  familiarity  with  such  work  lias 
seen  and  will  recognize  thousands  of  such  specimens.  At  Piney 
Blanch,  District  of  Columbia,  they  were  to  be  numbered  by  the  him 
dreds  of  thousands  and  to  be  measured  by  the  ton.  But  it  is  e(|niilly 
daring  to  assert  that  everything  found  was  an  accident  or  failure,  and 
that  implements  with  the  specialization  of  these  now  under  discussion 
w'ere  but  waste,  the  debris  and  rejects  of  the  workshops  and  the  acci- 
dents or  failures  of  the  workmen.  Their  number  is  too  large,  tlioir 
dissemination  too  general,  their  distribution  too  extensive,  and  tlieir 
specialization  and  adaptability  too  evident  to  permit  such  a  conclusion 
to  pass  unchallenged.  The  evident  existence  of  an  intentional  cutting 
edge  around  one  side  of  the  oval  can  not  be  ignored,  while  their  titnoss 
to  either  hand,  as  shown  in  PL  ie  48,  and  their  adaptability  for  use  as 
knives  or  for  cutting  purposes,  are  evidences  against  the  reject  or  waste 
theory  that  can  not  be  set  aside  by  mere  declarations,  however  persist 
ently  or  pertinaciously  made.  No  reason  is,  or,  I  take  it,  can  be  yiven 
why  the  workman,  having  gotten  his  implement  into  its  present  hiiinp- 
backed  condition,  should  not  have  continued  his  work  by  strikinj;  oil 


•t    't  U.  S.  N.itionai  Museum,   1  897.  — Wilsnn. 


Plate  48. 


ftccideiiis  or 
n^  to  make 
as  11  COM  t'ct 


1 

fi 

j: 

I  j'M 

>^     1 

I.i  I' 


Raport  of  U.  S.  NitlontI  MuHum,  1897.— Wilion. 


Plate  49. 


in 

I  it,., I 
.t'\ 

•■I 


ill  ii 
'J 


1 

-    Il^l  l'\' 

'11 

■•■!|Hi '.'''>■ 

>  i'li  1 

:■  ..  '■ 

> 

z 

-I 
< 

z 
o 

H 
Z 
U 

1- 

z 

CD 

z 

J!  = 

oil 

to 


Q 
U 

a. 
a 

I 
() 


o 
< 

a 

Q. 

D 
I 


R..n"  t  r.MJ    5   N  I'll' ii  M  .sc'jm    IfllT      W'linn 


Plate 


Humpbacks"  OF  Quartzite  with  One  Cutting  Edge,  used  as  KNivEb. 

United  Stati's. 
Cat.  No.  i:«HHWI,  L'.S.N.M. 


'LATE  b 


KNIVEb. 


Report  ot  U,  S.  National  Mjs.?um    1897      Wilson. 


Plate  51 


Rude  Knives  of  Flint  and  Hard  Stone,  chipped  to  a  Cutting  Edge  on  one  side 

OF  THE  Oval. 
Uiiitfil  Statt'.s. 


I 


Mi 


■I  !. 


i! 


Pl-vte  51 


ON   ONE  SIDE 


R -lO't  of  U    S.  Nat.^.in    Museum,   'P97      W'i5"n. 


Plate  52, 


SiillH'   111  ll.llil'S.  ( 


Rude  Knives  of  Flint,  Jas°er.  etc. 
lii|>|M'il  III  ;i  I'littitijr  I'll;.'!'  iiti  siili-  (.>!'  iiviil;  siiiiii'  hav"  a  ui'll-i|i'vi'|o|ii'il  liiiin|' 
I'liili'd  stall's. 


Pl4TE  52. 


J 


'|m|hmI    IiIIIIII' 


Report  of  U.  S.  National 


Museum,  1897.— Wilson. 


Plate  5 . 


Knives  with  Stems,  Shoulders,  and  Barbs,  resembling  Arrowpoints  and  Spearhl^d. 
BUT  WITH  Rounded  Points  unsuitable  for  Piercing. 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    53, 


I  mH 


1^/ 


ND  Spearheads. 


Knives  with  Round  Points. 
Fij;.  I.  WiiiTK  Flint. 

(Cat.  No  19022.  t'.S.X.M.     Indiana.) 
Fig.  2.  Fli.nt. 

(C«(.  No,  1(1004.  U.S.N.M.    Ca.n,len(;onnt,v,(l.,orpa.    Ch.-m.  R.  Flovrt.) 
FijJ.  3.    QCAIiT/ITE. 

(Cat.  No.  18U.J0,  U.S.N.M.     K.lgartown,  Massaclius.-tt.H.    ,1.  W.  Clark.) 

Fig.  4.  Pyromachic  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  34341,  U.S.N.M      Frankfor.l,  Onio.     A.  K.  Crittemie...) 

Fig.  5.  Brown  Chert. 

(Cat.  No.  3210,  T.S.N.M.     Moiui.l  near  Nashville,  Teune.ssee.     Maj.  J.  \Y.  Powell. 


the  hi 

III' I  he 

IIOS  J 

>f(  111.*" 

,  lll>  til 

till -JU 
I  I'lii  ill 
I  I'liiriii 

1    II  pI'OJ 

1  )et 

illlCllt 

I'lato 
imI^^c  ^ 
is  iuti 
il  lias 
Icit  n 
uvt'i-  i 
mdcsl 

IlMlli  "^ 
round 
wiilioi 
their  ( 
(Ills  e: 
I'iiite.^ 
show  ■ 
iKit  is 
tlirouj 
tools  0 
These 
thiit  i! 
arrow] 
110  si  in 
iiiji'  pi 
riiivly 
cuttiii, 
iieiivy, 
]\  used  s 


\ 


«<' 


to  iiav 
not  to 
Tlie 
iiiei.ts 
tol'ore 
intend 

\    ini'iis 
ftc,  ai 


m 

t 

I 

i 


ARKOWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


953 


tin  hump  if  he  desired  it  to  be  striekeu  oft)  eitlier  with  a  dinuit  stroke 
ot  the  haininer  <»r  by  the  iiiediatiou  of  u  i>anch,  thus  retbu-iug  its  thick- 
iio>s  aud  inakiiig  it  the  usual  leaf-shaped  impleuient.  The  couehisiou 
sceius  inevitable  that  his  failure  to  do  this  is  evidence  of  the  want  of 
bis  desire  to  do  so,  and  that  he  left  it  thus — specimens  beinj^;  found 
tliijughout  the  country — is  evidence  that  ne  desired  to  make  si  diU'er- 
ciii  implement  from  the  leaf-shaped.  Tliis  different  implement  was  for 
(tit ring  and  not  for  piercing,  was  to  be  held  in  the  hand  and  not  use<l  as 
;i  |»i()jectile,  and  tinally  is  a  knife  and  not  an  arrowpoint  or  spearhead. 

Detailed  examination  confirms  the  view  that  these  implements  wi^re 
intentionally  manufa(;tured  and  were  not  mere  accidents  or  failures. 
riiite  49  represents  two  of  these  humpbacked  iuiplements,  side  and 
ed^e  views.  From  these  it  is  evident  that  the  making  of  the  hump 
is  intentional.  Not  only  is  the  hump  recognized  and  permitted,  but 
it  has  been  a(loi>ted  and  treated  accordingly.  It  has  not  here  been 
Ictt  rude  or  unseemly,  but  has  been  carefully  smoothed  by  chipping 
ov»  I  its  entire  surface,  the  hump  being  as  well  preserved  as  in  the 
iiulcst  specimens.  The  specimens  in  this  i)late  are  both  of  fiint,  one 
troiii  Wisconsin,  the  other  from  (leorgia;  both  are  fiat  on  the  bottom, 
iDimded  on  top,  and  brought  bj'  chipping  to  a  sharp  cutting  edge  and 
without  point.  If  these  two  s[)ecimens  were  the  only  ones  thus  treated, 
tbeir  evidence  would  be  insufficient,  but  the  Museum  possesses  numer- 
ous examples  of  the  same  kind  which  tend  to  prove  the  same  fact. 
riiites  50  to  52  ])resent  some  of  these  specimens,  and  a  comparison  will 
show  the  similarity.  Their  number  shows  that  those  in  Plate  41)  are 
iKit  isolated  specimens,  while  their  number  and  extensive  distribution 
throughout  the  country  demonstrates  their  common  use  as  one  of  the 
tools  or  implements  behmging  to  the  prehistoric  culture  of  the  country. 
These  plates  are  intended  also  as  evidence  of  the  major  i)roposition — 
that  is,  that  many  of  the  Hint  aud  other  objects  heretofore  classed  as 
ai'iowpoints  or  spearheads  were  really  knives.  These  implements  have 
no  sharp  points  and  couhl  never  have  served  for  any  piercing  or  thrust- 
illy  purpose,  but,  on  the  other  haiul,  have  been  made  sharp  on  one, 
iMiely  on  both  edges,  and  could  have  been  used  only  for  cutting.  The 
tutting  edge  is  usually  convex;  the  outer  edge  or  back  is  thick  and 
liL'ji  vy.  It  has  not  been  worked,  and  must  be  held  in  the  hand  to  be 
tised  saw  or  knife  fashion.  It  is  submitted  that  they  show  themselves 
to  have  been  cutting  implements  used  after  the  mauuer  of  knives,  and 
not  to  have  been  either  arrowpoints  or  spearheads. 

The  major  proposition  of  this  chapter  is  that  many  aboriginal  iniple- 
11101. ts  having  the  appearance  of  arrowpoints  or  spearlieads,  and  here- 
tofore generally  so  classed,  were  not  such,  but  were  in  reality  knives 
intended  for  cutting  or  sawing  purposes.  The  specimens  on  Plate  53 
aie  evidence  in  favor  of  this.  The  lower  or  butt  end  of  these  speci- 
nieiis  has  a  stem,  with  base,  notches,  shoulders,  barbs,  sharp  edges, 
etc.,  and  in  all  these  regards  they  resemble  the  ordinary  arrowpoint 


:>54 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSKL'M,  lH!t7. 


or  siicarhcud.  The  p'-int,  liowevt'.r,  whih'-  syiiitiu'tii<'ally  forincil  imd 
tlioroiijj^lily  worked,  is  not  sliarp,  but  is  a  well-ioiinded  ovstl,  iiiipossiltlc 
for  tlinisting  or  piercinj;'. 

On  piij^e  1)41  of  the  clsissilication  of  sirrowpoints  and  spcailH-iKU. 
anion;;'  peculiar  forms,  a  certain  series  is  shown  as  ('lass  II,  asyiMinci 
rie.  These  are  tliere  nientione«l  as  being'  possible  knives,  and  wt k 
inserted  to  complete  tln^  classification.  No  opportunity  then  Mltcicd 
to  investijjate  their  (rue  charjicter  or  to  bring  out  their  i)e(uliariti(s. 
Plates  54  and  5.')  and  lig.  l\)i>  are  here  introduced  in  continuation  ni 
that  investigation.  Tlie  origiinil  of  fig.  195  belongs  to  the  colUction 
of  Dr.  Roland  Steiner.  There  are  1132  specimens  of  this  series  wliicli 
are  represented  by  tig.  195  and  certain  specimens  on  Plate  55.  Th(  y 
resend)le  arrow|)oints  and  spearheads,  having  the  same  stem,  base, 
shoulders,  and  barbs.  So  far  as  relates  to  the  stem  end,  their  restni 
blancre  is  perfect,  and  they  might  belong  to  any  class  of  stemnicil 
arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  Some  are  rather  thick  and  rude,  but  many 
are  thin  and  tinely  chipped.  Their  peculiarity  is 
their  asymmetric  form.  They  are  lopsided,  or  one- 
sided. The  shoulder  or  barb  is  on  only  one  ed^c. 
The  other  has  been  chipped  off  in  the  ruder  spcci 
mens  from  one  side  only,  making  a  concave  scrainn^ 
edge,  possibly  for  arrow  shafts,  while  the  finer  ones 
are  chip] ted  from  both  sides  and  are  not  concaxt': 
but  in  both  kiiuls  of  specimens  the  shoulder  or  baili 
is  on  one  side  only,  and  that  has  been  brought  to 
a  smooth,  sharp  edge.  An  examination  of  tliisc 
specimens,  a  number  of  which  are  shown  in  riati  s 
54  and  55,  shows  clearly  their  asymmetric  charactn 
and  makes  apparent  at  a  glance  their  knife  likf 
appearance.  A  short  handle  attached  with  sinew, 
as  in  the  case  of  ordinary  arrowpoints  or  spear  heads  (Plate  45),  or 
with  gum  or  bitumen,  as  in  the  California  specimens  (Plates  41-11! . 
will  make  a  knife  suitable  for  all  known  savage  needs. 

All  differentiation  rendering  them  suitable  for  knives  renders  thoni 
unsuitable  for  arrowpoints  or  spearheads.  They  are  heavier  on  one 
side  than  on  the  other,  which  renders  them  lopsided  aiul  would  tlnow 
them  out  of  the  line  of  fiight  and  destroy  their  eflicacy  as  projectiles. 
It  is  believed  that  even  a  slight  examination  demonstrates  the  correct 
ness  of  the  conclusion  that  they  were  knives,  rather  than  arrowpoints 
or  spearheads. 

Concluding  the  chai>ter  on  knives,  it  is  deemed  wise  to  introduce  tor 
comparison  a  series  of  those  which  heretofore  passed  for  and  have  been 
recognized  as  knives.  The  author  does  not  remember  any  specimens 
of  the  asymmetric  or  unilateral  form  in  Europe,  except  those  from 
Solutn''  which  do  not  belong  to  the  Neolithic  period.  Knives  weic, 
however,  by  no  means  rare  among  the  prehistoric  im]>lements  of  tlmt 


Fig.  105. 

ITNII.ATEItAI.   KNIPE    OK 
YET.I.OW  FLINT. 

(icorjiin. 

Sli-ini-r   oiilir.liiin.     Cat,    N.i. 
nil,W,  U.S.N.  M. 


formed  and 
i/I,  inipossihic 

spcavlh'uds, 

II,  ll.SyiMlml 
5S,    1111(1    Wt'lc 

tlieii  ((ircrcd 
lKH;uliariti(s. 
itiimatioTi  ni 
he  coiled  ion 
series  wliich 
te  r,h.     They 

stem,  base, 
their  resein- 
of  steniiiH'd 
le,  but  in;iiiy 
ecnliiirity  is 
(led,  or  one- 
y  one  ed;;('. 
ruder  spcri 
ive  scrapiiiji 
e  finer  ones 
lOt  coucinc; 
ilder  or  bar!) 

brouylit  to 
311  of  tliese 
ni  ill  J-lates 
i(^  eliiiraefer 
ir  knife  lilu' 
with  sinew, 
Plate  45),  or 
lates  41-1;)), 

enders  tlieiii 
ivier  on  one 
would  throw 
<  projectiles, 
the  eorre(;t- 
arrowpoiiils 


ntroduce  lor 
d  have  been 
y  .specimens 
those  from 
Lnives  were, 
ents  of  that 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    54. 


Unilateral  Knives. 
Fif{.  1.  Yei.i.ow  Fuxt. 

(Ciit.  No.  10821,  r.S.N'..M.     ItalmlaCroek,  Copiah  Couiity,  MissiMsippi.      T.J.  It.  Kn  miil 

Fig.  '2.    HUdWN  ClIKKT. 

(Cat.  No. tiii.'i'.t".  I'.S.N.M.     Lincoln  Comily  ( /  ),  TcnnesBfp.     C.  S.  (Irisliy.) 

\"V^.  ;i.    ClIKKT. 

(('at.  Ni).  '.mTt.l,  C.S.N.M.      l''iilii.oiitli  Ih'.jiiiiI,   in  .Siigqii<>liniini\  Uiver.    rcrinsylvini.i 
■T.Orciuliirt'and  V.H.  (iuill)riiitli.i 

IMji.  I.  I>AUK-GUAY  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.707J,  I'.S.N.M.     (iroveport, Ohio.     \V.  R,  Liinpcrl.) 

Fig.  .">.  M()iTi,Ki)-(ii{AY  Fmxt. 

(Cat.  No.  2:(2t>5,  U.S.N..M.     Moiintl  on  Ktowali  Uivor,  Geoifjia.     It-  W.  (liilRon.) 


K(!port  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897— Wilton. 


Plate  54. 


.        T.J.   U.   Kr,   ,,11   ) 

•i.sli.v.) 

vt-r.    I't'iili.sv  Iv  ini.i 


Unilateral  Knives. 


'-4, 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE   55. 


1 

8 

8 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

Unilateral  Knives. 

Fig.  1.  Brown  Jasper. 

(Cat.  No.  ai58;},  r.S.N.M.    (Locality  unknown.)    Dr.  T.  H.  Bean.) 

Fig.  'J.  PALE-(iHAV  Flint. 

('  at.  No.  ;j'J75a.  l.'.iS.N.M.    Kiclimonil,  Jetferson  County,  Ohio.    Samuel  ^ou^<to^.) 

Vig.S.  PiN'K  Flint. 

(Cat.  Xo. :  7i45!t.  r.S.N.M.    Burke  County,  Georgia.    Dr.  R.  Steiiitr.) 

Fig.  4.  Gray  Flint. 

(Cat.  \(>.  ()21U4, 1'. S.N.  M.    Mason  County,  West  Virginia.    R.  W.  Morcer.) 

Fig  .").  Flint. 

((Jat.  No.  ;i0179,  I'.S.N.M.  ,onal).    Illinois.    Dr.  T  F.  SnydiT  ) 

Fig.  6.  (jrRAY  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  5'J221,  n.S.N.M.    Tenue.-isei".    C.  L,  Stratton.) 

Fig.  7.  Whitk  Flint. 

(Cat.  Xo.  196505,  I'.S.N.M.     Loui.'^iana.     I'lii)  ips  collection.) 

Fig.  M.  WiiiTK  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  4935,  U. S.N  M.     Illinois.) 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897.— Wilson. 


Plate  55. 


uel  Hou.ston.) 


I 


Unilateral  Knives. 


fr      , 


R- port  of  U.  S    Nalmral  Museum    1897      Wilson. 


Plate  56 


UJ 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   56. 


Flint  Flakes  Chipped  on  One  Edge  Only,  Intended  for  Knives. 
rig.  1.  Flint. 

(Cat.  Xo.  2701)1,  U.S.N.M.    Ciiniberland  Mountains,  Tennessee.    Gen.  J.  T.  Wilder.) 

Fig.  2.  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.  60205,  U.S.N.M.    Tennessee.    C.  S.  (Irigsby.) 

Fig.  3.  Flint. 

(Cat.  N '.19234,  r.S.N.M.    Louisville,  Kentucky .    Dr.  James  Knapp.) 

Fig. 4.  Flin.. 

(Cat.  No.  100257,  U.S.N.M.    Spieuues,  Belgium.    Thomas  Wilson.) 


K     I 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1897.- Wilson. 


Plate  57. 


Flint  Flakes  chipped  on  One  Edge  intended  for  Knives. 


I 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE    57. 


Flint  Flakes  Chipped  on  One  Edge,  Intended  for  Knives. 
Fig.  1.  Ghayi.sh  Funt. 

(Cat  No.  'J9024,  U.S.N.M.     MiliiersviU.-,  (iiieriisoy  C.nnty,  Ohio.) 

Fig.  2.  (iKAY  Jaspkky  Flint. 

(C«t.  No.  98089,  U.S.N.M.     Keuf.up';.       W.  M.  Lim„,y.) 

Pig.  3.  Yellow  Ja.sper. 

(Cat.  No.  7050,  U.S.N.M.     Union  County.  Kcntn.-ky.    S.  8.  Lyon.) 

Fi<r.  4.  Pale-(J!!ay  Flint. 

(Cat.  No.y242L  I'.S.N.M.     Lick  Ciwk,  Omiige  County,  Indiana.     F.  M.  Symii.eH.) 


ARUoVVroINTS,   SPKAUHKADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


9r»5 


|1i()iiiitry.  Oiu'.  ot  tlieso  knivt's  is  I'cpreseiiti'tl  in  IMate  ."id,  lly.  1 .  It  is 
^,  iiiiiliiii{;  more  than  ii  smooth  Hake  struck  from  a  tiiich'usot' Hint  in  siicli 
way  as  to  make  or  leave  a  natural  edf^c  sharp  lor  use.  Specimens 
>iiiiilar  to  this  in  ai»i>earance  and  manulactun',  and  supposed  to  have 
,  liiM'M  made  and  used  as  knives,  are  lound  in  <;reat  prolusion  thiouyiiout 
wi  stern  I'hirope,  almost  every  excavation  in  a  prehisiori<r  occupation 
biiiiginif  these  Hakes  to  liH:ht  in  ;;reater  or  less  nundior.  The  same 
pstiitement  (!an  be  made  in  respect  to  America.  IMat«(  ."iT,  li^'s.  1,  L',  are 
siu'cimens  of  similar  Hint  Hakes  Iroin  America,  sup|)osed  to  have  been 
Hstd  lis  kni\es.  Klaki's  of  the  same  j>eneial  chiUiicter,  but  chipped 
to  a  sharp  edj^'c,  are  found  in  both  Kurope  and  Amt>rica  and  are  also 
8Ui>posed  to  Iiave  been  used  as  knives.  Whether  they  have  been  dulled 
by  use  and  the  edye  then  lestored  by  <;hipping  is  unknown.  It  is  known, 
however,  that  the  >vorked  Hakes,  either  primarily  or  secondarily  chipped 
t<>  an  ed<ie,  have  been  found  in  many  of  these  places  and  that  they  are 
generally  accredited  as  knives.  The  other  spe(!imens  on  IMat«'s  ")(»  and 
57  are  representatives  of  these  work«'d  Hakes. 

The  subject  of  knives  is  not  exhausted.     It  has  not  even  l>eeu  cou- 
sidiued  except  as  it  involves  arrowpoints  or  spearheads. 


X.  WOUNDS  BY  ARROWPOINTS  OR  SPEARHEADS. 

Tlu!  author  of  the  Manuel  du  Chirurgien  d'Armce  <leclared  that  mili- 
tary suryery  had  its  origin  in  the  treatment  of  wounds  iuHicted  by 
arrows  and  spears,  and  in  proof  thereof  he  <pu>ted  from  ancient  classics ' 
and  cited  Chiron  and  Machaon's  patients,  ]\renelaus  and  Phihu^tetes, 
iiiul  Kurypyles  tieated  by  Patroclus.  He  believed  the  name  "medicus" 
iu  the  Greek  anciently  siguitied  "sagitta,"  an  arrow,^  and  declared  that 
llippocratesuseda]>articularforcei>s,  "belulcum,"fore\tractingarrows, 
which  his  successor,  Diocles,  improved  and  (sailed  '•  grapliis(;os."  '  I  leras 
of  (Jappadocia,  in  the  wars  of  Augustus,  invented  the  duck-bill  Ibnseps. 
Celsus^  taught  the  necessity  of  dilating  the  wound  iu  ordci  to  extract 
the  arrowhead,  aud  Paulus  Kgineta  '  treated  arrow  w(Minds  in  a  pe<tul- 
iarly  successful  manner. 

The  author,  Baron  Percy,  who  thus  showed  his  knowledge!  of  (dassic 
medical  literature,  supposed  he  iuid  discovered  the  origin  of  surgery 
and  was  dealing  with  the  earliest  wounds  made  by  man  with  the 
niiichinery  of  war. 

The  discovery  in  the  present  century,  of  prehistoric  num,  and  the 
repeated  findings  of  his  graves  and  (lemeterU^s  belonging  to  the  Neo- 
litliic  and  Bronze  ages,  and  the  thousands  of  skeletons  tlierein,  many 
of  them  with  wounds  and  fractures — these  things  have  completely  over- 


'  Homer,  Iliad,  15oo!c  Xt. 

-  Sextna,  Advcrs.  .Math.,  I'-ook  1,  (jliap.  2. 

'Andrea  dfllii  CrDcc.  liook  7,  p.  17:!,  Xciiire,  \'\H. 

i])f  .Mtdicina,  I'.ook  VII,  chait.  \'. 

•  ])e  re  Medica,  ]io(di  VI,  cliap.  SS. 


\H}G 


RKI'OUT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSKl'M,  1M!>7. 


1! 


turned  the  i<leiis  of  Itardii  I'cicy  a.s  to  tliocarliuHt  liiiinaii  wouikU  .ukil 
tlm  orijiiii  <»t'  siirj;ory. 

In  an  wirlicr  (rhapter  we  have  seen  how  the  a^feH  of  stone  and  hioii/c 
had  practirally  i»a8sed  away  without  any  liistorieal  mention  of  tlnii 
exiHteiK'.e.  Tlie  bej^innin^  of  history  is  subsecjuent  to  tiiein.  NowIk  ic 
in  tlie  lOaHtern  lleuiispheie,  nor  elsewliere  except  auKHi^  modern  s;i\  i 
;;eH,  have  stone  ai  rowheads  been  known  in  historic  times.  Ariowi»»iiits 
may  have  been  nsed  by  tlie  million  in  times  of  antiquity,  but  tlioM- 
known  to  history,  noted  by  historians,  were  all  of  iron  or  bronze;  nunc 
were  of  stone.  In  the  army  of  Xerxes  only  one  tribe,  blacks  from  the 
interior  of  Africa,  had  arrows  tipped  with  stone  All  others  used  i.on 
or  bronze.  The  aj;e  of  stone  arrowpoints  or  spearheads  had  pii>>(d 
away  before  the  time  of  Xerxes.  All  of  which  only  shows  how  smliy 
mistaken  was  the  author  of  the  Manuel  dii  Chirnrj«ien  d'Arinc*'  in  liis 
opinion  as  to  the  orij^in  of  surgery  and  the  dates  of  the  earliest  wdiinds 
made  by  man's  weai)ons. 

It  has  been  thought  by  ntany  pers«)us,  among  them  a  number  liij^lily 
qualitied  to  judge,  that  ther«'  were  no  burials  made  during  the  Tahu 
lithic  ])eriod  in  western  Kurope.  Whether  tliis  be  true  or  not,  it  must 
be  admitted  that,  either  because  of  the  rarity  of  the  burials  or  ilic 
immensity  of  time  which  has  elapsed,  or  possibly  the  failure  to  discdvcr 
tlie  graves,  or  for  these  reasons  either  singly  (  collectively,  there  havo 
been  comparatively  few  of  the  skeletal  dt'bri  Paleolithic  nuin  lonmi. 
And  this  w<mld  satisfactorily  account  for  t..  ...  examples  of  wounds 
found.  The  skeletons  from  the  cave  at  Cro-Magnon  show  evi(l<  lus' 
of  wounds.  The  femur  of  the  man  has  been  broken,  while  the  fonlicad 
of  the  woman  that  lay  beside  him  bears  a  large  gash,  made  apparently 
with  a  tliut  hatchet. 

Broca,  who  examined  these  specimens,  is  of  the  opinion  that  the  latter 
bore  traces  of  suppuration  and  evidences  of  healing.' 

Dr.  Ilamy  reports  many  of  the  bones  in  the  cavern  at  Sordes  as  hav 
ing  curious  wounds,  one  a  gaping  wound  in  the  right  parietal  of  a 
woman  who,  like  that  of  Cro  Magnon,  must  have  survived  the  injury 
for  some  time.     Pieces  of  bone  had  been  removed  and  there  was  evi- 
dence of  healing.^ 

There  has  been  some  question  as  to  whether  these  caves  belonged  to 
the  Paleolithic  period.  It  makes  but  little  difference  to  the  i)reseiit 
argument,  for  we  will  soon  see  that  in  the  Neolithic  period  such  wounds, 
made  sometimes  by  liatchets  or  by  blows  of  other  weapons,  and  Sdiiic- 
times  by  thrusts  received  by  arrows  or  spears,  were  found  in  consider- 
able number. 

Dr.  Prunieres,  of  Marvajols  (Lozere),  France,  a  surgeon,  anatomist, 
and  an  early  student  of  prehistoric  anthropology,  coiulucted  many 
original  excavations  into  the  dolmens,  tumuli,  and  burial  pla<!es  of  iiis 


'  Kroca,  Ltis  Ossoiueiits  des  Eyzies,  I'aiis,  186S. 

•I^artet  and  Chaplain- Diipurc,  UiioSoi>ultuie»lfM  AuciciisTioylodytestlcM  I'yic  ih  es. 


AUROWPOINTS,  SPKARirEADS,  ANM)    KNIVES. 


J)r)7 


\V01lll(l>  .11,(1 


attlic.  liiiiiM 


iiei;:hborlio<Ml,  iind  had  the  ^ooil  fortiiiic  to  niiiki^t  :i  liir;;e  collection  of 
obic(!ts  iieitaiiiiiij;  to  prehistoric  man  in  tliat  conntry.  lie  took  special 
ciin^  to  sear(!h  for  and  j)reservc  all  those  relating'  to  physical  anthro- 
pology, espeeially  those  sliowinj;  skeletal  pecniiarities.  The  followiiij; 
is II  partial  list  of  obje<'ts  in  his  collection  relatiii);  to  arrow  wounds: 

Tlio  Hiijinrior  portion  ol' ii  tiWiu,  witli  ;i  iIiM'p  iiml  ^<ii|i|iiirat)>(l  woiiml,  in  wliirh  in 
4till  tMiilteddftl  a  Hint  iiriowpoiiir. 

i'la^iiii-nt  of  tli<>  iliac  iiniit',  in  tlio  iiilcinal  part  of  wiiirh  is  I'liiht'iiilrtl  tin  arrow* 
L'  point  in  a  wound  wliirli  HJiowod  Migim  of  suppuration. 

AiiotliiT  fra^nirnt  of  iliac;  bone,  in  the  external  |iart  of  whirli  watt  inilxMldiMl  an 
aiiowpoint  of  Hint  in  a  Nuppurated  wound. 

A  dorsal  voiIcIhh  with  Hint  arrowpoiiit  in  n  wouml  in  tin*  liody  td'  tin-  vertehiii — 
iiu  suppuration. 


sd<!s  I'vri  111  es. 


Fi^'.  I!t6. 

IIIMAN  VElMKHttA  (I'BKniSTOKIC)  I'lEKCKO  WITU  FLINT  AllllOWI'i  UNI    (  I  IIANCHAX  I'  TIIANHVUH-AI.). 

(■:irl:illli:u',  !.:>  Fr;iM.u  I'n-hlslnri.iu,'.  |'.  '-•.'.I,  fif.  I'.'t. 

l.iiiMbar  vertolira  with  a  wound  which  had  been  much  onlarj,'<Ml  hy  snppur.ition 
ru\  .ui  arrowpoint  onilu'ddod  it  it. 

A  verttdira  with  an  .arrowpoint  Iniried  in  tiie  body.  (IMcsonled  liofore  the  Con- 
.'ic-s  at  La  Kocdiello. ) 

A  vertebra  with  an  arrowpoint  buried  in  the  woun«l. 

An  astragalus  with  arrowpoint  in  the  wound. 

Tlio  caverns  of  Baunies-Chaudes  and  LMIoninie  Mort  wen;  the  most 
loiiiplete  charnel  hou-ses of  Neolithic  times, ea(!h  (^ontaininf?  about  three 
limidred  skeletons  cr.pable  of  identification.  It  was  out  of  this  wealth 
ol  material  that  Dr.  Prunierea  was  able  to  obtain  such  nund)ers  of 
Itt'ciiliar  specimens. 

Tlie  prehistoric  anthropologists  of  France  have  always  realized  the 
importance  of  examining  and  pre.serving  the  pathologic  or  traumatio 
specimens,  and  so  I)e  I\[ortillet,  Cartailhac,  Nadaillac,  De  Haye,  and 
otliers  have  reported  many  specimens  bearing  evidence  of  arrow 
Wounds. 

Fig.  190  represents  a  human  vertebra  pierced  by  an  arrowpoint, 


"58 


REPOHT   OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   I8!»7. 


tiiiiicliiiiit  tisinsveisal,  from  the  eaveni  of  Tiene-Muiliclot  (Miiiiic), 

collected  l)y  llarou  de  l>aye.     Fig.  197  represents  a  liuinaii    ihia  witli 

an  arrowpoint  inserted,  found  in  the  dolmen  of 
Fontliial  near  Saint-Atfriciue  (Aveyron),  nmou 
de  IJaye  lias  been,  after  ]>r.  Pninii'res,  one  ot  tlic 
most  successful  seekers  for  these  specinsens.  In 
the  cavern  of  Vilh^venard  he  found  one  skull  (on 
taining  three  tranchaut-transversal  arrowlitiuls. 
while  another  was  lodged  between  the  dorsal  vci  tc 
bra'.  Other  human  vertebra' i)ierced  with  Hint  ar 
rowpoints  were  found  in  the  caves  of  Petit Mdiin. 
In  one  sepulchral  cavern  the  Baron  found  7.>  Mint 
arrowpoints,  and,  as  in  the  case  of  \'illeveu;ml, 
their  position  was  such  as  to  lead  to  the  supixtsi- 
tionthat  they  had  been  .sticking  in  the  Hesh  ot'tlie 
body  at  the  time  of  interment  and  had  fallen  (h.wii 
as  de(!omposition  i)rogressed.  A  hunum  vertchni 
was  found  by  M.  Cartailhac  in  the  covered  wiiys 
of  CasteHet,  near  Ai-les,  Avith  a  stone  arrowpoint 
incrusted  therein.  The  absence  of  any  exostosis 
shows  that  death  (piickly  followed.  The  list  of 
examples  or  s])eciniens  showing  arrow  wonnds 
might  be  augmented  considerably,  but  enougli  in- 
stances have  been  given  to  show  that  the  use  ol 
arrows  and  other  weapons  was  habitual,  and  no 

reason  is  kncuvn  why  an  investigation,  if  carried  to  any  consider;il)le 

extent  and  in  any  great  detail,  might  not  make  a  large  addition  to  the 

data  already  obtained.' 

Kig.  108  (fig.  ;{9— 55;il,  Avmy 

Medical  Museum)  represents  an 

ancient   arrow   wound    in   the 

skull  of  an  aborigine.    The  skull 

was  origiiuiUy  received  by  the 

Sn'.itlisonian   Institution   from 

J)r.  C  Yates,  Alameda  County, 

California,  and   transferred  to 

the  Army  ^Medical  ]\Iuseum.    It 

shows  a  man  of  advanced  age. 

A   long    Hint    arrowjjoint    had 

penetrated  the  skull  through  the 

left  orbit,  and  the  figure  shows 

it  in  place  as  originally  found 

impacted.     This  specimen  .d  to 


Kiii.  li)7. 

lt'>(ANIlUI.\  (I'KKlllSTUHIr) 
l'II';H<i;i)  WIl'K  FLINT  Ali 
KOWIMUNI'  (  IIIANCIIA.NI' 
TUAXSVEIISAI,). 


ANCIENT  SKULL    I'lEl.t'EK  Willi  A  FLINT   AHRc  Wl'i'INT. 
I'KHFOHATOR. 

Cilit'oriiia. 


'  StnuontH  (losirouH  of  |iiirHuinji'  Mio  Hiil»ject  sin*  referred  to  ( 'lutiiilhac'H  La  I'l.niro 
Pr(liistori(|no,  )>.  121,  ligs.  121,  125;  I/Aiithropologic,  VII,  IS,  W.W,  p;..  .'{12.  3i:<,  li-s.  :!.4: 
G.  do  Mort.ili't,  Matoriuux,  etc.,  1877.  VIII,  p.  161,  itiid  others  therein  iiiontioiu'il, 


lot  (Manic), 
11  jl)i:i  witli 
'  dolincii  (if 
■on).     HiiKtii 

S,  Olio  dl'  tlu! 

jciiiieiis.  Ill 
le  skull  coii- 
aiTowlicji^ls. 
dorsal  vcrtf- 
^vitli  Hint  ai- 
Petit -IMoriii. 
mud  7.")  tliiit 
N'illeveuiiKl, 
tlio  su]>i»(»si- 
i  Hesli  olilic 
.  fallen  (l(;\vn 
nan  vertebra 
lovered  ways 
i  arrow  point 
.ny  exostosis 
The  list  of 
rcny  wounds 
it  enouyli  in- 
it  the  use  of 
tual,  and  no 
coiisider;d)le 
Idition  to  the 


LINT   AUKI  \Vl">IN'r. 


Iiac's  Lii  Friii''« 
[2,31S.  lijis.  :i.4; 
iieutioiuMl. 


R-p.,rt,.<   U    5.  N,i 


urn,  1897.     Wils -n. 


Plate  58. 


/*^. 
'/^\ 


ffl 


if) 


ARROWPOINTS,  SrEAKHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


!ir)9 


1)0  romwikcd  as  one  of  a  class  called  i)erforators  or  drills  and  iM>ssil)ly 
used  as  sucli,  but  here  nse«l  aa  an  arrowpoint. 

Fig.  199  (tig.  37 — 5553,  Army  ^ledical  Museum)  is  also  a  prehistoric 
speciniei).  It  is  from  one  of  the  Indian  mounds  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort 
Wadsworth,  Dakota,  excavated  by  Surg.  A.  T.  Comfort,  II.  S.  A.,  in 


FiK.  199. 
AKflK.NT  lU'MAN  VKItTEItHA  IMKHCKD  WITH 
iilAUT/.  AHIIOWPOINT.   IIKAI-KD. 


Fif<.  200. 

ANCIKNT  SKULL  I'lEBI'KI)  WITH  PEKFOKATOU  AllUOWI't  INI 

IlliiioiH. 


\ 


I8(i!>,  and  consists  of  a  hnman  lumbar  vertebra  with  a  small  arrow- 
point  of  white  (piartz  incrusted  in  it.  It  is  <;overed  with  a  new  bony 
formation,  showing  that  the  wounded  man  survived  the  .(Jury  some 
iiKtiiths  at  least. 
Fig.  200  (Cat.  Nos.  G0281,  (>0282,  I'.S.N.M.)  represents  an  ancient  abo- 
riginal skull  from  IIen<lerson  County,  Illi- 
nois, forwarded  by  M.  Tandy.  It  had  a 
hole  in  the  scpiamosal  bone  on  the  left 
:i!('.  in  which,  when  found  aiul  recteived 
by  tlic  Mnsciiiii,  was  a  stun  ■  .iirowhead, 
stil'  aiiot.cr  perforator  or  drill. 

Fig.  201  fOat.  No.  IT.JOOr..  I'.S.N.INI.) 
represents  a  human  skull  fVom  a  mound 
in  Missouri.  The  subject  lad  received  a 
serious  wound  in  tli<  supraorbital  ar<!h  at 
the  outside  of  tin-  left  «'ye.  The  wound 
involved  all  the  bones  of  the  interior  arch, 
which  was  broken  down  The  wound  had 
entirely  healed,  the  ci<  iri/ation  was  (M)m- 
plete,  and  all  the  wasted  or  destroyed 
pieces  of  bone  around  the  wound  had 
sloughed  off  and  the  re])aration  of  the  bone  been  fully  effected.  Of 
course  the  uiissile  with  w  hich  this  wound  had  been  inflicted  di<l  not 
remain  in  the  wound,  and  it  was  not  found,  but  from  tiie  smallness  of 
tlio  wound  and  its  ))enetration  one  can  only  conclude  it  was  made  by 
ail  arrowi)oint. 
riato  5S  rei)re8eiit8  two  i)rehistoric  specimens  of  Hint  arrow  or  spear 


Fig.  201. 

AXCIKNT  MKUI.I.,    AliHOW    WOtJNiJ  OVER 
l.KFT  EYE  KNTIUEl.Y  HKALEl). 

MiHsnnri. 


960 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1897. 


lieads  found  inserted  in  hunian  bones.  These  specimens  were  scut  to 
the  r.  S.  National  Museum  by  Dr.  John  E.  Vounglove,  of  I  Jowl  i  no 
Oreen,  Kentucky.  Fig.  1  represents  an  implement  3J  inches  lon^.  i  ' 
inches  wide,  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  The  stem  is  broken,  \vlii(  h 
shortens  it  considerably.  It  had  pierced  entirely  through  the  liuiiiiin 
pelvic  bone  in  which  it  was  found.  Fig.  2  is  4  inches  long,  1=^  incln  > 
wide,  and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  thick.  It  is  inserted  in  the  head  dl  a 
human  femur( !).  Fig.  1  is  loose  so  tlint  it  may  be  taken  out  of  its  prcxnt 
socket,  while  fig.  2  is  firmly  embedded  and  can  not  be  removed.  Tlie 
material  of  both  is  the  black  or  brown  lusterless  pyromachic  tlint  ( om- 
mon  to  the  country  in  which  it  was  found.  The  specimens  cauic  truiii 
a  cavern  about  4  miles  northeast  of  Bowling  (ireen,  and  an  ecinal  dis- 
tance from  Old  Station.  The  opening  at  the  surface  was  about  .5  Ut  t 
in  diameter  and  the  hole  about  40  feet  in  d'»;^<^^h.  ^\t  its  bottom  t',; 
cave  extended  horizontally  several  hundred  feet  through  solid  lo.  U. 
There  is  no  way  of  telling  whether  thesc!  implements  were  used  as 
arrows  or  spears;  ihe  shafts  which  would  alone  deterukine  that  liavc 
entirely  disappeared,  or  at  least  no  fragments  of  either  wood  or  sinews 
were  reported.  If  arrows,  they  must  have  been  used  with  an  enormous 
bow;  it  is  more  likely  that  they  were  mounted  upon  a  larger  and  heaviii 
shaft  and  used  as  spears  or  javelins. 

Looking  at  these  heavy  projectiles,  considering  the  conditions  ot  the 
hand  to  hand  fight  wherein  they  were  used,  and  the  force  with  wliidi 
they  were  hurled,  it  is  astonishing  that  at  least  one  of  the  figlitcis,  it 
the  specimens  belong  to  diflereut  individuals,  not  only  survived  tlie 
shock,  but  the  patient  recovered  with  the  weapon  embedded  in  tlie 
wound,  for  its  cicatrization  is  fouud  to  be  complete. 


APPENDIX  A.' 


MINES,  QUARRIES,  AND  WORKSHOPS. 

The  following  metioratula  of  prehistoric  tiint  mines  or  quarries  and 

workshops  of  aboriginal  stone  implements  in  the  United  States  have 

been  compiled  mostly  from  reports  made  by  investigators  in  the  iield. 

I    Tliey  are  here  brought  together  and  published  for  convenience  of  the 

student. 

MAINE. 

Mount  Kinoo,  on  tbo  eastern  shore  of  Mooscheacl  Lake,  has  fiirniHlied  niatcriiil  for 
aboriginal  arrowpointH  and  spearheads  for  hundreds  of  miles  down  the  Atlantic 
coast.  It  is  usually  called  Mount  Kineo  tlint,  hut  is  really  a  porphyritic  filsite  or 
rhvolite. 

NEW  YORK. 

I'rie  Co«»jt^.— Extensive  flint-arrowpoint  faitories  in  the  vicinity  of  Hnffalo  and 
along  the  river  shore;  marked  by  the  presence  of  flint  and  piles  of  chipped  pieces. 
Reported  by  Dr.  A.  L.  Benedict,  Buffalo. 

Chautauqua  County. — Some  years  ago,  Mr.  Williams,  plowing  a  held  on  his  farm,  in 
the  town  of  Sheridan,  turned  up  as  much  as  two  bushels  of  flint  spalls  or  chips 
and  a  number  of  arrowpoints  and  spearheads.  These  were  together,  and  led  Mr. 
Williams  to  suppose  that  Indians  made  their  tools  there.  Some  of  these  implements 
cuirespond  in  outline  and  material  to  those  from  Flint  Ridge.  Ohio.     James  Sheward.- 

Montijomery  County. — Deposit  of  flint  arrowpoints  in  the  town  of  Amsterdam. 
Descrilieu  by  P.  M.  Van  Epps. ' 

NEW  JERSEY. 

Hercer  County. — "Open-Air  Workshops"  (chips  of  Jasper  and  flint)  in  Hamilton 
Township.* 

"Open-Air  Workshops"  are  treated  at  length  by  Dr.  Abbott,  and  examples  are 
cifed;  one  near  Belvidere,  New  Jersey,  and  one  in  Hamilton  Township,  Mercer 
County,  New  Jersey,  which  was  greatly  elaborated  "»y  excavation  and  description. 
The  remains  of  human  industry  found  in  the  quarries  aro  thus  classed  by  Dr.  Al)l)otG : 
(1)  Masses  of  jasper  and  altered  mineral;  (2)  cores  and  n-mains  of  no  further  use; 
(S)  large  flakes;  (4)  biocked-out  and  discarded  specimens;  (5)  specimens  nearly 
finished  and  then  discarded — these  are  of  the  arrowheads  with  point,  stem,  or  barb 
broken  off;  (6)  chips  and  splinters  of  every  size;  (7)  hammerstones  of  utilized  peb- 
bles, mostly  with  shallow  depressions,  one  on  each  side;  (8)  flat-slab  stones  of  small 
size  and  traces  of  hammering  on  either  side,  probably  used  as  lapstones — making  in 
all  about  a  thousand  pieces.     There  was  no  trace  of  argillite  U8e<l  as  a  material. 

A  tecond  and  third  tind  in  the  same  vicinity  are  described  in  the  same  paper 
(]..  516). 


I  See  p.  871. 

-Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  644. 
'American  Antiquarian,  1880,  III,  p. 57. 

'C,  C.  Abbott,  Report  Peabody  Museum,  XII,  1880,  pp.  .508-515. 
NAT  MUS  97 61 


861 


962 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


MAi;VLAM). 
Quarry  of  rliyolito  iioiir  Siifiiir  Loaf  Moiiiitaiii.     l>r.  W.  li.  Ilolmcs. 

JUSTRKJT  OK  <:(»!, IJMIWA. 

Ancient  iinarrics  nonrWasliington.' 

rrebistoric  (|uarrie.s  in  tiie  vicinity  of  Washinj^ton.' 

Ancient  village  sites  and  aboriginal  workshops. ' 

Contribntions  to  the  Arclmology  of  the  District  of  Colnnibia.' 

A  (piarry  of  qnart/.ito  bowlders  has  been  discovered  on  the  hills  at  Piiicy  l!r:iii'  h, 

together  with  an  extensive  niannfactory  of  rude  iniplenients.     It  was  exca\ attd  l.v 

Ur.  W.  H.  Holmes  and  is  described  at  length.' 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

I'uliiitm  Comity. — Ancient  furnai^e,  4  niilea  east  of  Hurricane,  on  the  farm  of  .1.  ,1. 
Estes.     Described  by  Mr.  1'.  W.  Norris. 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Cherokre  foiinty. — Ancient  mining  excavations  on  farm  of  Mercer  Fain,  near  ( Hi 
vard  Check,  on  north  side  of  Valley  River,  5  miles  above  Mnr|diy.  Other  old  iinn 
iug  indications  in  the  same  county.     Rejtortcd  by  James  Moouey, 

(iEORGIA. 

Savannah  Hirer. — At  some  ])oints,  oven  in  the  depths  of  the  swamp  region,  iii;i\ 
still  bt^  noted  traces  of  small  open-air  workshops.     *■     *     » 

These  exist  not  only  along  the  line  of  the  >Savaniuih  River,  but  frecjiiently  o( cm 
on  the  barks  of  the  Ocon<?e,  Oc^nnilgee,  the  Flint,  the  Chattabooche<',  and  otlu  i 
Southern  streams.  *  *  *  Within  the  past  few  yeau  not  less  than  H,()QO  woll- 
fornicd  arrow  and  spearpoints  have  been  collected  on  both  banks  of  the  Savanuuli 
where  it  separates  the  counties  of  Columbia  and  Lincoln  in  Georgia  and  Kdgeliehl 
County  iu  South  Carolina.  Even  now  the  supply  is  by  no  means  exhausted.  Tlic 
annual  plowings  and  constsintly  recurring  freshets  reveal  each  season  new  exanipleH 
of  the  taste  and  skill  of  these  ancient  workmen.  In  the  enumeration  of  the  imple- 
ments taken  from  this  locality  we  do  not  include  multitudes  partially  formed  and 
broken,  which,  with  quantities  of  chips,  still  mark  the  spots  set  apart  for  the  maun 
facture.  Sometimes  we  encounter  a  locality,  many  yards  long  and  several  wide,  t'le 
surface  of  which  is  covered  to  the  depth  of  seve'.al  inches  with  fragments  Htruck  olV 
during  the  i>rocess  of  manufacture,  and  with  cores  and  wasters  abandoned  from 
some  inherent  defect  in  the  material  or  broken  by  the  workman.  Some  idea  may 
thus  be  formed  of  the  extent  and  duration  of  the  labors  of  ther,e  primitive  workers 
in  stone.'' 

Jeffiraoii  and  Unrkc  connties. — Dr.  Roland  Steiner,  now  of  Grovetown,  (ieorgia, 
has  been,  during aliiu)st  his  entire  life,  an  enthusiastic  collector,  and  has  pushed  liis 
investigations  in  nniuy  directions  throughout  the  State.     He  formerly  live<l  ne;ii 

'  Elmer  R.  Reynolds  and  F.  W.  Putnam,  Report  Peabody  Museum,  XII,  i)p.  175, 
52(5-535. 

-  T.  R.  Peak',  Smithsonian  Report,  1^72,  pp.  430-432. 

^  S.  V.  Proudfit,  American  Anthropologist,  II,  pp.  241-24(). 

^ Louis  A.  Kengla,  1883. 

■'American  Antliropologist,   .January,   1890,  III,  p.    1;    Fifteenth  Annual  Ri'i  '. 
Bureau  of  Ethnology,  1893-!t4,  pp.  33-66;  a  ul  American  Naturalist,  XXX,  Uecembei. 
1896,  pp.  874-885;  No.  360,  Deecmber,  1S96,  pp.  976-992. 

"Charles  C.  Jones,  jr.,  Smithsonian  Repor!;,  1879,  pp.  378,379. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


0G3 


liiriit  of  .1.  .1. 


Waynesboro,  in  IJiirko  County,  and  from  that  nei<;liborb<)od  ho  obtained  many 
implements  and  made  many  important  discovfries.  Ho  reports  that  there  are  out- 
crops of  jasper  on  Roei<y  Creek,  at  the  crossing  of  the  Waynesboro  ri>ad.  other 
([uarries  were  found  in  themiiKhborliood;  one  of  white  Hint  at  Krin,  and  one  of  yel- 
low flint  at  Oldtown,  10  or  12  miles  west  in  Jellerson  County.  There  were  work- 
shops on  what  he  calls  the  Davis  plantation  or  the  Old  Kvans  pLice,  at  the  crossing 
of  Little  Ruckhead  Cieek  by  the  Waynesboro  road;  one  of  these  was  2  miles  tip  the 
stream  at  Captain  Ridyely's.  Dr.  Steiner  exliausted  this  neighborhood  in  his  search. 
He  found  on  the  Old  Eviins  place,  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Huckhead,  within  an  area 
of  40  acres,  no  less  than  1<>,0()0  prehistoric  implements,  most  of  which  were  of  the 
same  material  as  the  neighboring  (piarries  and  had  probably  come  from  them,  but 
many  of  them  were  of  different  material  and  had  (miuio  from  ditl'erent  and  perhaps 
distant  quarries.' 

There  is  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  a  collection  of  arrow  and 
spearheads  called,  after  its  finder,  the  McXJlashan  c()lle(;tioii,  from  Geor 
gia.  It  comprises  about  20,000  speiamens.  They  are  of  divers  forms 
and  sizes,  are  all  of  cherty  flint,  and  apparently  from  one  (juarry. 
They  are  much  weathered  and  their  color  ranges  from  yellow  and  rose 
to  white.  Plate  38,  figs.  20-23  are  pliotoj^raphs  of  specimens  from  the 
collection  and  show  the  appearance  of  the  material. 


I  region,  in.iy 


FLORIDA. 

Hernando  County. — Arrowpoint  '"actory  on  tlie  banks  of  Trouble  Creek,  2  miles 
north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Anclote  i?iver,  and  a  miles  south  of  Kootie  River. 

"About  5  miles  south  of  tlu)  Kootio  River,  and  some  2  miles  north  of  the  mouth 
of  Anclote  River,  is  u  small  stream  called  Trouble  Creek.  A  considerable  body  of 
blue  flint  rock  occurs  here,  cropping  out  along  the  slioras  of  tiie  creek,  with  scat- 
tering nodules  lying  in  all  directions,  '."his  point  was  evidently  used  for  a  long 
tiint!  by  the  aborigines  as  a  factory  for  arrow  and  spear  heads.  IJushels  of  chips  and 
fragments  strew  the  ground,  and  largo  (juantities  have  been  washed  from  the  banks 
of  the  creek  and  cover  its  bottom.  A  long  search  revealed  nothing  except  a  few 
arrowpoints  and  spearheads  spoiled  in  nuiking,  and  a  lot  of  broken  pottery. "-' 


ALAHAMA. 

Lee,  Jefferson,  f.ownden,  and  TaUadeija  ronnih'S. — Mica  mine  and  stone  waU  in  Clay 
Township,  .lefl'erson  County,  Alabama.  In  Talladega  (bounty,  township  20  north, 
range  6  east,  section  12,  another  mica  pit.  "Workshop"  in  Lee  County,  Alabama, 
east  of  Youngslioro,  on  the  Western  Railroa<l,  at  the  foot  of  Story's  Mountain  in  the 
fields,  township  19  north,  range  27  east.     William  (iesner. ' 

Several  "workshops"  are  near  Blount  Willing,  one  on  Mr.  Hartley's  plantation, 
section  36,  townshiit  18  north,  range  13  east,  and  one  on  Mr.  Lee's  plantation,  sec- 
tion 32,  township  13  nortli,  range  14  east.     Described  by  William  Carrett. ' 

"  Workshops '"  in  township  IS  north,  range  7 cast,  of  TalladegaCounty,  on  the  head- 
waters of  Talladega  Creek,  at  the  eastern  end  of  Cedar  Ridge,  a  spur  of  the  Rebecca 
Mountain  (Potsdam  sandstone),  in  the  old  fields  where  tho  Montgomery  Mining  and 
Manufacturing  Company's  works  were  situated;  wagonloads  of  (juartz  fragments, 
broken  arrowpoints,  and  spearheads  cover  the  ground;  but  on  a  much  larger  scale 
appears  to  have  been  the  manufacture  of  these  implements  in  township  19  north, 
range  27 east,  of  Lee  County,  on  the  Columbus,  (ieorgia,  branch  of  tho  Western  Rail- 


'  R.  Steiner,  private  letters. 

-  T.  S.  Walker,  Smithsonian  Report,  1S7!I,  p.  Ii94. 

•nv.  M.  Garrett,  Smithsonian  Rei  ,»rt,  1879,  p.  143. 


904 


IfKPORT   OF   NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  l«n7. 


road,  oust  of  Y(nm;?nl>oro,  for  in  the  fields  on  tlio  snithoaatern  Hidr  of  a  low  ri(l>;t' 
c.illed  Story's  Mountain,  acron  ai«  covered  witli  tho  liroki-n  (|nart/,  in  every  vari«'l\ 
of  that  mineral  found  in  this  hill,  from  tranH])ar*-nt  rock  (Tystal  to  Jaspi^r  and 
chalcedony;  anion^  which  occasional  good  implements  occur.' 

OHIO. 

Licking  and  Muxkingiim  <oiintieH. — Thronjfhoiit  eastern  Ohio  there  are  nnmeroiis 
deposits  of  Hint  of  various  descriptions,  and  in  several  counties  places  are  to  lie 
found  in  Avhich  the  "ancient  arrow  maker"  practiced  his  calling  with  the  uiateri;il 
HO  abundantly  supplied. - 

Flint  quarry  on  Williams  Hill,  liicking  County,  3  miles  west  of  Hrownsvillc. 
Reported  by  (ierard  Fowke. 

C'handleisville,  Salt  Creek,  Muskingum  County,  Ohio,  was  the  scene  of  the  opera- 
tions of  the  Muskingum  Mining  Company  in  1820  for  mining  silver.  It  was  on  tlie 
National  road,  10  miles  esist  of  Zanesville.  A  writer,  evich'ntly  well-known,  thouyli 
his  name  is  not  given,  tells  '  of  a  tiip  ho  took  through  this  country,  and  describis 
the  wells  and  pits  sunk  hero  by  the  company  in  which  ho  was  a  subscriber,  jiari 
owner,  and  heavy  loser.  He  says,  in  his  report  of  excavations  and  drillings,  that 
at  a  depth  of  120  feet  they  struck  a  bed  of  gray  Hint  rook,  6  or  8  feet  in  thickness. 
He  continues  the  record  of  his  journey: 

"  One  mile  east  of  Somerset  the  National  road  eommences  crossing  at  Flint  Kidge. 
[Plates  IS-l.").]  Its  general  course  is  from  northeast  to  southwest,  passing  throui;li 
the  counties  of  Coshocton,  Licking,  Muskingum,  Perry,  Hocking,  and  Jackson,  iiml 
probably  into  Kentucky.  In  Hocking  Connty  it  seems  to  have  been  deposited  in  ;i 
line  siliceous  paste  of  various  colors,  from  pure  white  to  yellow,  clouded,  and  blaiik, 
and  is  used  for  whetstones.  In  .Tackson  and  Muskingum  counties  it  is  extensively 
manufactured  into  bulir  millstones.  The  whole  deposit  abounds  in  casts  of  fossil 
sheila  beautifully  rejdaced  in  many  cases  by  pure  quartz.  Some  are  studded  over 
with  d~usy  crystals,  others  filled  with  chalcedony  and  quite  translucent.  Tlni. 
various  families  of  Producti,  Ammonites,  Nautili,  Enirine,  etc.,  with  many  unde- 
scribed  species,  are  found  heie.  »  "  *  In  many  places  it  abounds  in  jasper,  lion, 
stone,  Hint,  (piartz,  chalcedoip  .  etc.,  of  various  and  intermingled  colors"  (p.  233) 

JVaahington  County. — A  "maf,.tzine"  of  arrowpoints  and  spearheads  at  Waterford, 
near  the  banks  of  the  Muskingum. ^ 

Pcrrii  County. — Flint  diggings  at  New  Lexington. 

"At  New  Lexington,  Perry  County,  Ohio,  on  a  knoll  near  the  railroad  station,  arc 
many  ancient  flint  diggings.  The  Hint  here  constitutes  a  regular  layer  or  stratuin 
in  the  coal  measures  and  is  about  4  feet  thick.  It  is  well  exposed  in  the  railroad  cut 
on  the  side  of  the  knoll.  Geologically  speaking,  the  Hint  is  a  local  modification  oi 
the  Putnam  Hill  limestone,  a  well-defined  stratum  of  wide  extent  in  southeastern 
Ohio.  Many  of  the  pits  must  have  been  from  6  to  8  feet  deep.  The  flint  is  fossilit- 
erous,  and  much  of  it  is  not  compact  enough  for  arrowheads,  and  around  the  ul<\ 
excavations  are  heaps  of  the  rejected  material.  These  excavations  are  now  largely 
refilled  with  earth  and  debris.  I  had  no  time  to  reopen  any  of  them  in  search  of  Uw 
tools  by  which  the  Hint  was  quarried.  I  have  little  doubt  that  these  pits  were  siiiil; 
by  the  mound  builders."  '• 

Mahoning  County. — Flint  diggings  in  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  county. 
Reported  by  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke. 

Conhocton  6'0Hn<i'.— Deposits  of  chalcedony,  basanite,  etc.,  on  land  of  Col.  Pri  n. 
Methiim,  Mr.  R.  R.  Whittaker,  and  Mr.  Criss,  in  the  south-central  portion  of  Ji-tli  i- 
son  Township.     Reported  by  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke. 


'  William  Gesner,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  617. 

-Charles  M.  Smith,  Smithsonian  Report,  1884,  p. 853. 

•'American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts,  XXV,  p.  226. 

*  Haywood,  Natural  and  Aboriginal  History  of  Tennessee,  p.  35.'. 

f'E.  li.  Andrews,  Report  Peabody  Museum,  X,  pp.53, 51. 


AKUOWPOINTS,  SFHARIIEADS,  ANl>    KNIVES. 


J)65 


ii  low  ri<lj;( 
very  vjirictv 
»  Jiiapttr  iiiid 


re  iiitnioroiis 
•es  are  to  lif 
tbu  uiatcriiil 

HrowuHvillc, 

of  the  opei'M- 
t  wan  on  tlii> 
own,  though 
,11(1  doscrilics 
scriber,  ]iiin 
rillings,  that 
iu  thickness. 

Flint  Ri<l^M'. 
sing  thi-oti;;ii 
Jackaon,  ainl 
iepositcil  ill  a 
(1,  and  bl<a(;k, 
8  extensively 
asts  of  foHsii 
studded  over 
iicent.      Tim. 
many  umle- 
Jasper,  hoii, 
8"  (p.  233). 
it  Waterlord, 


station,  arc 
r  or  stratum 

railroad  cut 
odiflcatioii  ol 
sontheasttiii 
nt  is  fossilil- 
)iuid  tho  (ilil 

now  largely 
search  of  tin- 
its  were  sunk 

the  comity. 

)f  Col.  I'r.  II. 
ion  of  JelVi  I- 


IN  DIANA. 

Crawford  ('onnty. — Mr  H.  ('.  Hovoy  gi\'eH  an  acc«  iint  of  a  Hint  mine  and  workwhop 
ill  Wyandotte  Cave.'  He  says  that  there  are  what  had  hoen  called  '•  hear  wallows" 
not  far  from  the  I'illard  I'alace.  "  'i'hese  are  oirciihM-  dopressioiiH,  twenty  or  more  in 
iiiimher,  each  a  yard  wide  and  a  foot  deep,  and  their  ap)iearaiiee  agrecH  well  with 
tlieir  name.  About  two  years  ago,  however,  I  had  the  Katisfaction  of  jiroving  tlieni 
lo  be  the  remains  of  aiwiont  Hint  works.  Iiappeiiing  to  remove  tht^  elay  eriiHt  iVom 
a  bear  wallow,  I  found  a  pile  of  ashes  and  einiler.s  on  one  side  and  a  <|iiantity  of  Hint 
rliips  on  the  other.  On  examination  this  jiroved  true  of  each  wallow.  Further 
nmoval  of  the  crust  bnuight  to  light  uundreds  of  tliiity  prisms  witli  parallel  faces 
and  averaging  4  inches  in  length  by  1.^  in  width  and  half  an  inch  in  thickness. 

"The  mine  is  near  by,  abounding  in  Hint  nodules  ly'iig  in  rows  in  the  cave  walls, 
and  occasionally  in  bauds  or  belts.  Kach  nodule  has  a  coating  of  some  ;;,rayish 
mineral,  perhaps  discolored  Hint,  and  between  them  is  usually  a  .soft,  chalky  sub- 
stance, easily  cut  by  a  knife.  Freshly  fractured,  a  bright  black  surface  a[.pears,  in 
contrast  with  the  dingy,  faded  blocks  by  the  wallows.  This  change  of  line  is  duo 
to  the  gradual  removal  of  the  traces  of  iron  found  with  the  silex.  Many  of  the 
Mocks  were  rejected  on  account  of  Haws  or  iiiijierfections.  Tbu  nodules  are  easily 
Njilit  into  this  form,  which  is  convenient  fi>r  transportation.  Arrow  making,  how- 
ever, was  carried  <ui  here  to  a  considerable  extent,  as  appears  from  the  i-hips. 
I'ounders  like  those  in  the  iilaba8ter(|uarries  were  found  along  with  the  Hints,  show- 
ing the  means  of  breaking  the  nodules. 

"The  only  manufactured  arti<'le  dug  up  in  this  sjiot  was  a  little  stone  saucer  con- 
taining a  soft,  black  substance.     This  may  have  been  a  rude  lamp. 

"Search  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave  unearthed  <iuantities  of  Hint  chijts,  and  also 
liiiished  arrowheads.  Th<^  (luestiou  has  been  raised  why  the  Indians  should  delve 
lor  Hint  balls  amid  subterranean  darkness  when  iiuantities  of  such  s)iheres  are  found 
along  the  beds  of  streams  and  elsewhere  in  the  o|ien  air.  The  reason  is  that  the 
latter,  having  been  exposed  to  the  elements,  have  deteriorated  iu  (|uality  ;  they  also 
iiieak  wil!i  irregular  cleavage.  Hence  tht;  Indians  sought  to  get  Hints  fresh  from 
tlie  strata  where  they  were  originally  deposited,  and  which,  because  of  their  mois- 
ture, readily  part  into  triangular  jtrisms  un<ler  the  hammer. 

'Kiioo  finding  the  existence  of  this  Hint  mine  in  Wyandotte  Cave,  I  have  learned 
of  the  Hint  pits  dug  along  Indian  Creek  and  elsewhere^  in  Harrison  County,  Indiana." 

I'raiiklin  Coitiit;/. — Workshops  have  been  discovered  on  sections  3,  I,  and  20,  town- 
ship it  north,  ranged  west;  section  10,  town.ship  12  iiorih,  range  13  east.-' 

I  nion  t^oitnly. — Workshops  on  sections  12  and  17,  townshi])  10  north,  range  2  west; 
sietious  4  and  J),  township  11  north,  range  2  west;  sections  21  and  2!),  townshii>  12 
uiirth,  range  2  west;  a\..l  sections  27  and  36,  township  13  north,  range  13  east.' 

Fai/etie  C'oh»/<i/.— Workshop  N.  W.  }  "  S.  W.  i  section  36,  and  S.  W.  i  of  S.  K.  i 
Heutiou  27  township  13  north,  range  13  east.' 

ILLINOIS. 

rnioH  County. — "Three  miles  west  of  Cobden,  near  Kaolin  Station,  on  the  St. 
Louis  and  Cairo  Railroad,  is  the  most  ''•tensive  workshop  I  have  found.  It  <overs 
several  acres  of  ground,  and  carloads  of  Hint  chips  and  bowlders  are  strewn  every- 
wlicre.  Four  miles  south  of  (^obden  is  another  of  smaller  diinensiims.  Others  of 
Kie.ater  or  less  si/e  are  met  with  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  but  no  relics  of 
lunch  value  are  found  with  them."  * 


{.5  J 


Proceedings,  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  XXIX.  I^'^O, 
p.  730.     lioston. 

«jeorge  W.  llomsher,  Smithsonian  Report,  1X82,  pp.  7:^0-749. 
■  Idem.,  pp.  728-749. 
'  Idem.,  pp.  737-749. 

F,  M.  Farrell,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  pp.  584-586. 


9r,f] 


IIEPOKT  OF   NATIONAL   MIJSKUM,   1897. 


KxtoiiHivo  Hint  <|iiarry  iioar  Ihu  town  of  Mill  CriM-k.  This  <|iiurry  is  of  tbti  wliiti 
chert  ])0(;uliiir  to  Illinois,  luxl  t'lirnisheil  the  liirj^ooviil  thipped  iniploiMentHHnppo^toil 
to  liiiv(4  Itecn  ns<!<l  us  di^^in^  tools  or  for  u};ricultnral  pnrpoNos.  The  i|narr,v  w:i-< 
(liNcovtTtsil  in  May,  lH)»!t,  by  l>r.  \V.  A.  I'hillipH  and  Edwiinl  I'.  Wynian,  and  opened 
liy  Dim.  I'hillipH  and  Morsey,  of  the  Field  Colnnildan  MnHunniJ 

TKNNKSSKK. 

Cooke  CouHlii. — Workshoj)  on  the  rid>?e.  C/nantitiHS  of  Hint  ehips,  etc.,  soattoreil 
over  the  ^rioiiiid.     l{<'ported  by  .f.  W.  Kmnieit. 

KKNTI'CKV. 

Ohio  Coiiiitjf. — A  Hint  ini])lonient  factory  on  Wado  \.  Martin's  farm,  Cromwidl  j)ost- 
olllee.     h'eported  by  Mr.  .1.  M.  IJrown. 

^'liandolle  r'o/m/i/.— Thenj  aro  a  number  of  nionmls  near  Wyainlotte,  Ktuitneky,  nl 
wbicdi  a  niapiH  in  ])reparation.  A  workHliop  1  acre  in  uxtont  and  covered  with  eliijis 
and  shreds  is  reported. 

"About  two  years  ayo  F  discovered  on  the  farm  of  .1.  h.  Stockton,  1  nule  northwest 
of  this  city,  reniaius  of  an  aboriginal  workshop  or  village.  It  is  located  on  a  small 
stream  called  .Jersey  Creek,  and  near  a  larj^e  sprinf^.  It  covers  an  area  of  about 
2  acres.  The  soil  is  sandy,  and  to  the  depth  of  2  feet  is  a  complete  mixture  of  Hakes 
of  Hint,  aslies,  bones — both  animal  and  liumiin— fray;ments  of  ornamented  pottery, 
broken  and  nnlinislied  stone  implements  of  nearly  (ivery  <lescription.  *  *  •  There 
are  no  deposits  of  Hint  or  other  stone  viiluablo  for  ariow  making,  etc.,  in  this  vi<'initv. 
The  axes,  celts,  skin  dressers,  and  balls  arc  all  made  of  porphyry,  and  the  .irrou- 
beads  of  Hiut."- 

TKXAS. 

(loliad  i'oKnl!/. — Flint  Avorkshop  on  the  margin  of  Lone  Tree  Lake,  2  miles  west 
of  Sau  Antonio  Kiver,  and  7  miles  south  of  the  town  of  (Joliad.  The  lake  mar;;iii 
was  of  sand,  covering,  to  a  depth  of  1  or  .">  feet,  the.  Hint  work<'rs'  site.  This  was 
abont  loOy.irds  long  by  .W  wide,  the  di'bris,  chips,  Hak('s,  arrowpoints,  spearheiiils, 
and  tools,  being  on  an<l  in  the  clay  under  the  sand,  and  estimated  at  10  bu.shels  in 
sight.'' 

AHKAaSAS. 

iiaiiand  County. — C^narrios  of  novaculite  were  found  in  (iarland  County,  Arkansas. ' 
Dr.  Holmes  reports  everywhere  the  aborigines  foun<l  and  woiked  these  transportcit 
ma.sses  (from  the  quarry),  and  hun<lrcds  of  square  miles  are  strewn  with  HakcH. 
fragments,  failures,  and  rejected  jiieces,  and  the  country  around,  from  the  mouutaiiis 
to  the  (fulf,  is  dotted  with  the  finished  forms  that  have  been  used  and  lost. 

Hot  Sprini/K  Couniy. — Ancient  uovaculite  mines  near  Magnet  Cove." 

Novaculite  is  one  of  the  varieties  of  Hint  and,  where  obtainable  by 
prehistoric  man,  was  much  used  for  the  larger  and  ruder  kinds  of 
implements. 

The  subject  of  novaculite  quarries  is  treated  by  Mr.  L.  S.  Griswold, 
under  the  title  of  '"Whetstones  atid  Novaculites  of  America."" 

The  Quarterly  Geological  Journal*  contains  the  report  of  an  invest!- 


'  George  A.  Dorsey,  Report  of  Fieltl  Columbian  Museuem,  .June,  1899. 

•^E.  F.  Serviss,  Smithsonian  Keports,  1879,  p.  i:W;  1881,  p.  528. 

•'.J.  D.  Mitchell,  Victoria,  Texas,  letter  of  .June  21,  1891. 

^W.  H.  Holmes,  Ainericivu  Anthropologist,  October,  1S91,  p.  313. 

'^  W.  P.  .Icuney,  American  Anthropologist,  October,  1K91,  p.  316. 

''Annual  lieport  of  the  Ceological  Survey  of  Arkansas,  1890. 

1^  Loudon,  Vol,  L,  Pt.  3,  No.  199. 


AUKOWI'OINTS,  Sl'EAUHKADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


9fi7 


t(!.,  HCIlttOlliI 


I  an  invest!- 


;,'iitiou  l»y  Mr.  Kmiik  UiitUiyou  "The  <)ri4;iii  of  etntain  iiovm-ulites  himI 
i|iiiirt/.ites." 

(lark  County. — Ahorif^iiial  worUsliop  in  section  17,  towiiHliip  riHoiitli,  raiiKi'2;{  west, 
I'ntiii  wliich  iirrowpiiints  iiimI  mttiiii^  iinpluiiioiits,  tliu  latter  liutdH't-Hliapotl  uikI  iiiudo 
itl'ii  Hpi^cieH  of  iron  or<',  have  tifuii  taken, 

"On  section  !>,  township  '.i  south,  ran)j;e  lil  west,  is  an  otit<Top  of  novncnlite  or 
ilint  of  tougli  ijuality  and  of  \  arioMH  colors.  I'loin  this  niatciial  largo  <|nantitieH  of 
.irrowheads,  etc.,  ha\'*t  been  made.  The  ancient  artisans  went  down  on  the  south 
'-ido  of  tlie  outcrop,  which  is  a  iedjjo  700  or  HOO  feet  aliove  the  adjacent  valley,  and 
I  arried  away  innnense  i|Uiintities.  'I'iie  material  is  the  same  as  that  of  arrowheads 
iVoni  Tennc  ssj'e,  Mississipiu,  and  westward. 

"There  is  on  ('apt.  1>.  S.  Hnrk's  farm,  section  17,  townsliip  5  south,  range  '2'A  west, 
cvi<]euce  of  an  extensive  workshop  in  arrowpoints  and  (Milting  implements.  The 
arrow  material  was  taken  from  thetpiarry  ahove  descrilied,  althon}{h  10  miles  away. 
The  cutting  instruments  were  of  the  hatchet  kind  and  made  fmni  aspc^cies  of  iron  orn. 
There  is  am)ther  workshop  near  my  home,  section  7,  township  I  south,  range  L'l  west, 
Montgomery  County,  Arkansas."' 

WISCONSIN. 

h'tnoshn  County, — T.apham  -'  says :  "At  the  city  of  Kenosha  wo  found,  on  the  ancient 
sandy  hoaeh  upon  which  the  city  is  partly  liuili,  ahundant  evidence  of  a  former  manu- 
liietory  of  arrowpoints  and  other  articles  of  Hint.  Several  entire  specimens  w«)re 
collected  in  a  little  search,  besides  numerous  fragments  tlnit  appear  to  have  been 
spoiled  in  chipping  them  into  form.  *  '  '  Many  dilVerent  kinds  of  Hint,  or  chert, 
were  wrought  at  the  i)lace,  as  shown  by  the  Iragments.  It  is  probable  that  the  pob- 
les  ond  bowlders  along  the  lake  shore  i'urnished  tlio  m.'iterial.  *  *  *  These  pebbles 
!ire  the  corniferous  rock  of  Katon  and  ht-io  constitute  a  portion  of  the  drift,  being 
associated  with  the  tough  blue  clay  that  underlies  the  sand  ami  is  the  basis  of  the 
country  around.  The  clay  is  carried  away  by  the  dashing  waves,  leaving  a  beach 
of  (dean  pebbles.  Numerous  fra<;nients  of  pottery  of  the  usual  form  and  composition 
were  also  found  iu  the  same  sandy  places." 

INDIAN  TKKRITOKV. 

An  extensive  novacnlite  cpuirry  was  discovered  and  reported  to  the  I'.  S.  (ieolog- 
ical  Survey  by  Mr.  Walter  P.  .lenney,  which  he  says  was  known  as  the  "Old  Spanish 
mines."  This  rep(ut,  made  in  1801,  resulted  in  the  visit  of  Dr.  W.  H.  Holmes 
to  the  locality  for  the  purpose  of  investigation  and  study.  "The  quarry  is  situated 
on  the  Peoria  Reservation,  about  7  miles  northwest  of  Seneca,  Alissouri,  and  stune 
10  miles  southeast  of  Baxter  Springs,  Kansas.  From  Seneca  the  spot  is  reached 
i)y  driving  northward  along  the  Missouri  border  for  5  miles  and  then  crossing  the 
line  and  proceeding  2  miles  in  a  westerly  course  through  the  forest  The  country  is 
a  gently  ndling  plateau,  with  a  gradual  descent  westward  into  the  valley  of  Spring 
liiver,  a  branch  of  the  Neosho  or  (irand  Kiver,  which  falls  into  the  Arkansas  at  Fort 
(iibson,  Indian  Territory.'' 

Dr.  Holmes's  investigations  were  published  in  a  bulletin  of  tin'  Hureau  of  I'.th- 
nology,  entitled  "An  ancient  (|uarry  in  Indian  Territory,"  18!U.  Dr.  George  A. 
Dorsey  visited  this  ([uarry  in  1891). ' 

WYOMIN(J. 

Central-eastern  Wyoming. — Quartzito  (|uarry  in  central-eastern  Wyoming,  40  or  50 
miles  east  of  Badger,  on  the  Cheyenne  and  Northern  Kailroad,  125  miles  north  of 
Cheyenne.     Nineteen  ancient  diggings  were  cleaned  out  and  the  whole  quarry  inves- 


'  A.  .Tones,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  542. 

2  Antii|uities  of  Wisconsin,  p.  6. 

•'  Report,  Field  Columbian  Museum,  .Juue,  1899. 


968 


REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1H{»7. 


ti}(ato(l.  Thii  work  wan  vuridUH,  Hiiiiirtlriiil,  jiihI  nt'  ^rciit  oxtttiit.  (/iiarrioH,  hIiiiI 
low,  2  uikI  i\  f'uot  tlu(>)),  DthtTH  ir>  to  20  feet  <Iim^|i;  tiiiin<-lN  iiiiil  NliiiftH  not  very  <lft>|> 
Sp<«ariiointN,Hcra)i»rN,  iixoh,  niul  aiiviln  wrru  t'otiiid;  <|iiarry  toolH,  liiiiiiiiierH,  niid  niiiiu> 
wnro  inadH  of  bowldoiH  of  gruiiite  and  (|uart/ito,  "broii|{lit  from  tlie  nei^tiborin;,' 
nionntaina,  Honio  20  niilus  away.''  Tho  tpiariy  ground  was  Htrown  witli  ('lii]m  ami 
fragnientH  of  <|Mnrt/it<),  but  not  in  heups  as  whuro  inipb-montii  have  boon  niaili-. 
-'Tho  Htriking  jxiintH  aru  the  vaHt  amount  «)f  work  done,  the  abst-nco  of  chip  htMips, 
tho  rude  nature  of  tho  implements,  and  tiieir  great  ni/o.  Tho  tonnago  of  rock  niovrd 
ia  oHtiniated  by  hundrodn  of  tliousands,  if  not  by  milliona  of  tons.  "  *  *  Iniplc 
nionta  niudf  from  quart/ite  resembling  that  qnarriod  are  common  on  tho  plains  and 
in  tbu  mountains.  »  •  •  The  tjuarrymen  must  have  been  aborigint-a,  Imt  niiliio 
tlio  IndiuuH  of  modern  times  tlioy  ninat  have  bcon  laborers  ;<<-<l  to  have  worked 
centnrica  in  order  to  have  accomplished  ho  niiii-h  with  tho  crude  tools  used.  Wlm 
they  wore  will  never  be  known.  *  '  '  Central -oastern  Wyoming  Ih  noted  tor 
Itrchistoric  (juarrica,  but  as  a  rule  they  are  small  and  shallow  and  in  no  way  coiii- 
parabio  to  thu  recent  discovery.  Usually  the  Indians  worked  for  jasper  and  ngiitc, 
and  dug  irregular  openings  that  tlo'not  represent  the  ]>reHent  systematic  developi...  nt. 
Quart/ite  (|uarrio8  are  extremely  rare  and  these  are  by  far  the  largest  reported  in 
Wyoming."' 

Haw  Hide  Hanne. — Dr.  A.  .1.  Woodcock  reporta  his  visit,  in  com))aii.v  with  and  under 
the  giiidanc*^  of  Mr.  W.  V.  Hamilton,  of  Douglass,  Wyoming,  ti>  certain  Hint  (  f  i 
mines  and  aboriginal  workshops  on  the  Haw  Hide  Range,  southwest  from  the  HIacK 
Hills  and  near  Muddy  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Platte  River.  About  4  acres  had  beiii 
dug  over,  and  rude  pits  ]uade  from  (i  to  12  feet  deep,  in  excavating  tho  desired  tliiitv 
rock,  which  lay  at  that  distance  below  the  surface.  The  stone  gave  a  metallic  riii^ 
when  struck,  and  broke  with  a  conchoidal  fracture.  It  had  "»  wealtli  of  color,  tlic 
basic  tints  of  which  wore  ]iink,  purple,  gray,  and  white,  with  their  intermediate 
shades,  »  #  »  in  the  shape  of  chipped  tools  and  weapons  *  *  •  soscattereil 
for  hundreds  of  miles  throughout  the  west,  *  »  *  through  the  Powder  River 
country,  the  Itlack  Hills,  the  Had  Lands  of  South  Dakota,  the  Hi-  ^^f^  i  Mountains, 
and  the  great  basin  of  the  same  name."  Mr.  Hamilton  said  he  had  never  seen  this 
material  in  the  ledge  elsewhere  than  in  this  locality. 

The  did'erent  forms  ranged  from  the  quarry  spuU  to  "a  barbed  harpoon  head  of 
chipped  and  polished  st(me.''  They  picked  up  a  stone  hammer  wel^^hing  5^  pounds. 
The  disks  were  ])1enteous,  some  of  them  20  inches  in  circumference  and  2  inches  in 
thickness,  chi])])ed  to  a  <'utting  edge.  "A  thousand  trainloads  of  chips  and  sjialls 
were  beneath  our  feet  ou  this  oue_butte  alone,  and  Mr.  Hamilton  said  that  several 
others  had  boon  worked." 

COLORADO. 

Jeffernou  and  Clear  Creek  counties. — "  In  a  small  grove  of  cottonwood  trees  near  Apox. 
Colorado,  the  Indians  appear  to  have  made,  in  former  times,  great  quantities  of 
tools  and  arrowheads,  for  the  ground  all  around  is  strewn  with  tools,  chippings,  ami 
arrowpoints,  some  of  the  latter  made  of  beautiful  stone  and  of  the  most  exquisite 
workmanship.  Within  the  space  of  an  acre  or  two  we  have  found  about  a  hundred 
arrowpoints  and  ten  axes  and  hammers.  The  Indians  aeem  to  have  carried  on  quite 
a  trade  among  themselves,  in  order  to  procure  the  materials  for  arrowpoiut-making, 
as  some  of  the  chippings  found  in  their  encampments  are  from  stones  which  cannot 
be  found  within  several  miles  of  this  place,  and  some,  I  think,  have  been  brouglit 
f'om  distant  localities.  Although  the  Indiana  used  several  kinds  of  stone  in  the 
manufacture  of  arrowpoints,  yet  they  seem  to  have  had  a  preference  for  qnartzite, 
chalcedony,  and  jasperized  wood,  probably  on  account  of  their  superior  hardness, 
and  may  have  made  others  from  handsomer  but  less  durable  stones  only  for  purjioses 
of  barter,  as  the  Indians  of  California  exchanged  arrowheads  made  of  bottle  glass. 

'Wilbur  C.  Knight,  Science,  new  ser.,  VII,  March  4,  1898. 


AKKOWF'OINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVK8. 


!)69 


I  he  Jollowii.K  iniiHMi.lH  woro  employod  in  th.-  iiiiMiiitU<-tiir«  i.f  tools:  Mobh  uKah- 
.  ImlceUony,  •uriHU.ii.,  wo.mI  „,,«1,  Hnppliiri,,,..  i..,liiii,.(l  wo.m|,  flint,  red  i,iMiM.|' 
l.rowiM,u.iit/it«,  uKjUiml  wood,  obMi<lia»,vtdlowqM.nt/it.Mu.rpl«nnd  yellow  juh- 
m-H,  Hiuoky  (innrtz,  chert,  .jUMj.eiizod  wood,  red  .iiiart/.it«,  l>eHidoa  Beveriil  undeter- 
riiiu«'d  HilifutoH."! 

NOVA  HCOTIA. 

Linienhurff  Conntn.-A  workHhop  was  roportod  '  at  HockiimiiH  Meiicli,   LuneiilHirK 

' ' '*^'-     ^^'"^K"  M"i'"titi."8 of  (hiki'H  and  8plintor«  of  ntone,  and  arrowheads  in  varioiiH 

sia>;eH  of  pre]iariition. 


I  George  I,.  Cannon,  Smithsonian  Kejiort,  1«77,  jt.  2:<7. 
'George  J'attorson,  Smithsonian  Jteport,  1881,  p.  675. 


APPENDIX  P.. 


1  I 


CACHES. 

Ill  cacliiiig  or  se(!reting  bis  implements,  prehistoric  man  followed  no 
uniform  method  of  placement,  but  the  deposits  are  shown  to  have  been 
intentional.  The  implements  were  laid  in  a  circle  or  rectangle  and  w«m  c 
placed  flat,  on  edge,  or  sometimes  on  end.  Leaf-shaped  implements 
have  been  fre(inently  found  en  cache,  and  have  been  called  by  some 
"cache  implements,"  but  arrowpoints  and  spearheads,  grooved  axes, 
polished  stone  hatchets,  large  chipped  flints,  si)ades,  and  other  inple 
inents  have  also  been  found  en  cache.  It  will  be  seen  at  once  tlutt  tlic 
term  '"cache  implements"  can  not  with  proiiriety  be  apjilied  to  aii,\ 
particular  one. 

Ifeports  of  caiihes  have  been  made  by  their  discovereis,  and  tluse 
have  been  here  brought  together  and  published  for  the  convenience  ol 
the  student. 

NEW  HAMrSHIKK. 

Mauchenler. — CmcIm^  of  -10  cliipped  iiiipleiiient.s.- 

MASSACIIUSKTTS. 
I'lamini/ham. — "A  i)eclv  of  chipprd  iinploinents,"  caclieil.^ 

CONNECTICUT. 

Stratford,    Fairfield  Coiiiitii. — Cache,  iiiiiiiber  not  fj;ive:i.     I{ol>ort  CmtiM,  in  C\i  im 
Tlionnis's  Catiilogim  <>f  F'reliistoric  WorkH  east  of  the  liocky  Mountains. 
East  n'ittdsor  Ifill,  Hartford  County, — Cache  of  14  specimens. 
South  Windsor,  Hartford  County. — Cache  of  100  speciniens.' 

NEW  YORK. 

DutchexH  County. — A  cache  of  arrow])oints  was  found  upon  the  farm  of  Mr.  (ieoiui^ 
Alle,rton,  at  (iieen  Haven,  12  miles  from  Fishkill  on  the  lludson.  W^liilc  enipldvul 
ill  (lif^giug,  his  spade  luought  up  a  uninber  of  aiTowi»oiiits.  He  descriited  tlicni  -k 
he  nicely  piled  up  side  by  side  edgewise,  in  two  or  three  rows,  10  to  15  inches  btldw 
the  surface..  There  were  perhaps  200  or  300jn  all.  They  areof  a  bluojaapery  llint, 
and  seem  to  be  in  an  unfinished  condition.'' 

Sheridan,  Chautauqua  County, — Cache  of  2  bushels  of  specimens  on  farm  of  Mr. 
Williams.'' 

AUeyany  County, — Mr.  E.  M.  Wilson,  of  Belfast,  Allegany   County,    New    ^(l;I;, 


'  See  p.  871. 

-  E.  P.  Richardson,  Smithsonian  Repori,  1879,  p.  447. 
'J.  H.  Temple,  Smithsonian  Report,  1S71).  p.  448. 

'  E.  W.  Ellsworth,  Smithsonian  Reports,  1881,  pp.  m\,  tM!2 ;  187!),  ji.  447. 
••Edwin  M.  Shepard,  Smithsonian  Report,  1877,  pp.  SOfi,  307. 
'  .lames  Sheward,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  G44 
970 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


971 


reportH  that  lit  the  uld  ''Iroiiuois  fort,"  iu  tins  town  of  Anyelicii,  Alh-giiny  Comity, 
iiltoiit  Ik  inilos  north  of  tlio  New  York  Lake  Erie  iind  Wtistern  Riiilro!i<l  station 
(if  Belvidere  were  fonn(l"inany  arrow  and  probaltly  spear  Iieads,  unearthed  from 
ii  Hinall  hide  near  the  snrface  of  the  ground  snww  distanoo  sonth  or  sonthwest  of  the 
inclosiiro.  This  was  done  a  few  years  ago.''  Also,  "there  was  another  and  ]>roba- 
Idy  similar  work  [fort]  2  or  3  miles  simth  of  the  Htdviilero  'fort'  an<l  on  the 
outskirts  of  the  village  of  Belmont.  »  »  *  A  large  nimher  of  stone  implements 
were  found  in  a  hole  or  cache  near  by,  several  years  ago." 

Jiroome  Coitnfy. — .\  cat'he  of  arrowpoints,  knives,  and  axes,  some  in  perfect  condi- 
tion hut  others  broken,  found  near  lUnghamton.' 

Montgomery  County. — Mr.  Percy  M.  A'au  Epps,  of  Glenville,  New  ^'ork,  reports -a 
ruche  of  117  arrowpoints  on  the  farm  of  Mr.  Thonuis  Romoyn,  in  the  town  of  Amster- 
ihuu,  near  a  spring.  They  l.iy  about  0  inches  below  the  surlace,  on  a  bed  of  ashes  3 
inches  thick,  which  rested  on  a  hearth  or  lircplace,  about  10  feet  siiuare,  of  cobble- 
stones from  the  diift.  The  arrowpoints  average  abcuit  .'$  inches  in  It^ngth  and  are  of 
(lark-blue  and  gray  Hint,  leaf-shaped.  Mr.  \'an  Epps  adds:  "Such  ho.irds  of  arrow- 
points  are  frequent  in  this  vicinity.  I  know  of  lour  instance.i  in  a  radius  of  as  many 
miles." 

Ca(die  of  120  triangular  implements  (Division  II),  straight  base,  concave  edges,  of 
Itlack  Hint,  from  Amsterdam,  Montgomery  County,  l'ouu<l  liy  .Mr.  Percy  \'an  I'.jips. 
(Cat.  No.  lG!tfi24,  U.S.N. M.) 

Saratoija  County. — Cache  of  i)0  leaf-shaped  imitlements  (Division  1,  Class  M)  of 
iiornstone,  from  Saratoga  County,  New  York,  found  by  H.  1>.  McWilliamsiui  (Cat. 
Nos.  170333,  170573,  U.S.X.M.),  retireseiited  by  IG  and  (>2  imphiiuents,  respectively. 

(hu'cyo  County. — On  the  line  dividing  the  towns  of  Volney  and  Seliroepjiel  wus  an 
I  artliwork  on  a  hill.  A  long  wall,  separating  the  hill  from  a  marsh  on  the  east,  still 
remains.     Arrowpoints  of  Hint,  en  cache,  have  been  plowed  up.' 

NEW  JERSEY. 


I'tis,  iu  CyiiiH 


I  farm  of  Mr 


liurUnyton  County. — Cache  of  )>00  triangul.ir  arrowpoints  (Division  II),  straight 
base,  convex  edges,  of  gray  Hint.  Found  on  the  soutii  liank  of  Rancoeas  <  'retik,  near 
Lumberton,  Burlington  County,  New  Jersey,  by  W.  II.  Chambers.  (Cat.  No.  9X740, 
U.S.N.M.)     Average  size,  35  by  H  by  ,^,.  inches, 

Mercer  County. — In  ISOl  a  farmer  near  'i'reuton,  New  Jersey,  wliile  jilowing,  dis- 
( overed  a  cache  of  stone  implements  about  lo  inches  below  the  surface.  Dr.  Aldiott 
was  notiHed  and  repaired  to  tJie  jilace,  secured  the  collection,  and  made  a  full 
description  of  t'.ie  deposit.'  The  collection  numbered  about  l.">0  s]ieciinen8.  They 
were  of  jasper,  Hnely  chipped,  leaf-shaped,  with  a  s<iuare,  base  (Division  I,  Class  M), 
;ind  varied  in  size  from  5.}  to  7  inclies  in  length,  2i  to  3  inches  in  width.  Two- 
liiirdsof  the  number  were  arranged  iti  a  series  of  concentric  circh-s,  each  (drcle 
litting  within  the  other,  and  they  stood  upright  on  their  bases.  The  other  third  lay 
liiit  on  their  sides  and  were  so  placed  as  to  form  a  wall  on  the  outside. 

Trenton. — Mr.  Ernest  \'olU  excavated  an  extensive  village  siteiu  tlie  neighborhood 
of  Trenton,  between  that  and  [)r.  Abbott's  house  and  between  the  road  and  the  bluH. 
Mr.  Volk  cites  as  evidence  against  the  theory  of  rejects  that  he  found  in  a  single 
( ;iche,  2}  feet  below  the  surface,  where  it  had  evidently  been  pla<'ed  for  safety,  a 
]iile  of  L")  pieces  of  chipped  argillite,  luit  one  of  whicdi  could  have  been  acomiileted 
implement.  It  was  somewhat  leaf-shaped.  All  the  rest  would  have  passed,  accord- 
ing to  the  theory,  I'or  rejects,  but  w(  tc  really  selected  and  secreted,  intended,  doubt- 
less, to  be  used  at  a  futurt*  time  for  making  implements. 


'Frank  M.  Edwards,  American  Archieologist,  August,  lHii8,  jt.  221. 

•American  Antiiiujirian,  III,  j).  'u. 

•'W.  M.  Iteauchamp,  Smithsonian  Re|iort,  IMSl,  p.  (illt. 

■•Academy  of  Natural  Sciences,  I'iiiladelphia,  Octolter  27,  1M()3,  p.  27><. 


972 


REPORT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


I'ENNSYI.VANIA. 

difstcr  County. — Edward  T.  Ingram,  of  MarHliallton,  discovered  a  cache  of  95  leaf- 
nliaped  inipleinentH  (DiviHion  I,  Class  li),  square  at  the  liase,  H.V  to  7  inches  h>ng,  L'l 
to  ;{ iiiclies  wide,  and  ahont  three-eighths  of  an  inch  thick.  They  are  the  counter- 
part of  iigs.  102  and  103,  and  also  of  No.  3  on  Phite  29,  CLiss  B,  the  Abbott  Hpcij- 
incns  heretofore  duscribed,  in  this  classification.  Mr.  Ingram  made  a  division  of 
the  iraph^ments  and  sent  61  of  them  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  where  tin- 
author  has  set  them  up  in  the  form  of  a  cache,  as  they  were  found.  It  is  represented 
in  section,  as  though  it  had  been  cut  in  the  center  perpendicularly  from  top  to  bot- 
tom and  one-half  the  earth  taken  out,  leaving  the  implementH  projecting  as  in  their 
original  location.  The  cast  is  of  plaster,  reproducing  the  earth.  The  original 
implements  are  used  to  represent  the  exposed  half  of  the  cache,  leaving  the  imagina- 
tion to  supply  the  rest,  whichare  supposed  to  be  within  the  bank  of  earth  and  not  to 
be  seen.  They  were  laid  Hat  on  their  sides,  their  points  to  the  center,  overlapping 
each  other  where  they  came  in  contact.  The  (entire  cache  is  about  15  or  16  inches  iii 
width — a  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the  im])lements.  They  were  laid  in  a 
circle,  nine  or  ten  of  them.  This  made  nine  or  ten  layers  and  was  equal  io  a  height 
of  14  inches.  Tiie  top  layer  was  about  t)ie  depth  of  a  fnri'ow  bent,  th  the  surface. 
All  former  plowing  had  escaped  them,  but  on  the  present  occasion  a  deeper  furrow- 
had  turned  them  up,  and  so  they  were  discovered.  Plate  59  represents  the  plan  i>( 
the  cache  and  shows  one  layer  of  the  implements. 

Cache  of  14  or  more  loaf-shaped  (Division  I,  Class  JJ)  argillito  implements,  found 
near  Hrandywine  Creek,  in  Chester  County,  about  2  miles  from  West  Chester. 
Pennsylvania.     A.  Sharpless.     (Cat.  No.  62374,  U.S.N.M.) 

DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA. 

Cache  of  7  stemmed,  shouldered,  but  not  barbed  (Division  III,  Class  B),  imple- 
ments of  <(uart/ite.  Found  in  a  bank  2  feet  below  the  surface  opposite  the  navy-yai  il, 
District  of  Columbia.     (VV.  Hallett  Phillips  collection,  Cat.  No.  195926,  U.S.N.M.  i 

MARYLAND. 

Howard  County, — Fifty-two  specimens. 

Anne  Arundel  County. — Five  caches  containing,  respectively,  26,  25,  27,  11,  and  I 
specimens.  The  foregoing  caches  are  reported  by  Mr.  J.  I).  MoCJnire,  of  EUicott 
City,  Maryland,  and  the  implements  are  in  his  collection. 

WEST  VIR(J1NIA. 

A  cache  of  400  leaf-shaped  implements  (('lass  B)  is  reported  by  Dr.  J.  F.  Snyder, 
of  Virginia,  Cass  (-ounty,  Illinois,  .is  having  l)een  found  in  West  Virginia,  hx^ality 
iiot  given.' 

NORTH  CAROrJNA. 

Caldwell  and  Alejander  County  line. — Dr.  .1.  M.  Spainhour,  of  Lenoir,  North  Card- 
Una,  found  a  cache  of  597  ]eaf-shape<l  arrowpoints  near  the  Caldwell  and  Alexander 
County  line.  North  Carolina,  16  miles  east  of  Lenoir,  in  a  circular  hole  in  the  ground 
9  inches  in  diameter,  25  inches  deep.  They  occupied  13  inches  of  the  excavation. 
which  was  filled  Avith  earth  to  the  surface.  Thc«e  implements  vary  in  length  from 
2J  to  4  inches,  in  width  from  IJ  to  1^  inches,  and  are  i  to  |  inch  thick.  The  materia! 
is  ]»orphyritic  f<'l8ite  (called  rhyolite  when  it  shows  the  How  structure),  used  so 
much  by  the  aborigines  from  Maine  to  Georgia.     (Cat.  No.  149662,  U.S.N.M.) 

Fifteen  leaf-shaped  (Division  I,  Class  B)  rliyolite  implements,  found  en  cache  sin 
rounding  a  spring,  as  represented  in  Plate  60,  at  the  head  of  a  rivulet  near  the  fool 

>  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  565. 


le  of  95  leaf- 
ihcs  long,  'J ' 
the  countcr- 
bbott  HjK'ii- 

(livisioii  ot 
,  where  tin- 
represeuted 
1  top  to  liot- 
'j;  as  in  their 
'he  original 
he  imugina- 
!i  and  not  to 
overlapping, 
16  iuchos  III 
ere  laid  in  a 

io  a  height 
the  surfiicb. 
eper  fuirow 

the  plan  u{ 

lents,  foiiiid 
at  Cliesfei', 


I  B),  imple- 
navy-yiird, 

,  U.S.N.M.) 


7,  11,  iiiid  1 
of  EUicoti 


F.  Snyder, 
lia,  locality 


forth  Carn- 
l  Alexander 
the  ground 
jxcavatioii. 
ength  from 
Le  material 
e),  used  ko 
N.M.) 
I  cache  Hur- 
lar  the  loot 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897. -Wilson. 


4    i 


1 


Plan  showing  One  of  Layer  of  Cach   of  ninety 

Chester  t'oiiiili,  Penn.'-ylvat 


Plate  59. 


>F  Layer  of  CachI 
Cliester  Coiiii 


OF  NINETY-FIVE  ARQILLITE  IMPLEMENTS, 
l^niisylvanla. 


'& 


ni\ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897. -Wilson. 


Plate  60. 


Plaster  Cast  (model)  of  a  Spring  near  Hibriten  Mountain,  North  Carolina, 

SHOWING  fifteen   LEAF-SHAPED  IMPLEMENTS  IN  CACHE. 

Lenoir,  North  C'urolimi. 

Cat.  No.  USmHi,  U.S.N. M.     FouikI  t).v  Dr.  .1.  M.  Spaiiiliour. 


AUROWPOINTS,  SPEAPrlKADS,  AND    KNIVKS. 


973 


of  Ilibriteu  Mountain,  -  niileu  cast  of  Lenoir,  wore  also  foniid  liv  Dr.  Spainlioiir;  'tk 
liy  2J  inchcH  by  A  inch.' 

.Hej-ander  County. — Cache  of  JHi  small  Icaf-shajuMl  (Division  I,  Class  H)  rliyoiite 
implements.  Average  size  2  by  H  by  i  inches.  .1.  D.  Stei)lienson  (Cat.  No.  tinKV), 
r.S.N.M.)-  "This  deposit  [cacht*]  was  found  buried  in  the  soil  against  a  largo  rock 
mar  the  Catawba  Kiver  in  the  sonthoastern  section  of  Alexander  County,  I  know  (d' 
iiolocality  nearer  than  TOuiiles  from  wliich  tlie  material  of  wliich  they  are  matlo  can 
lie  obtained.'' 

SOUTH  CAKOLINA. 

Aiken  County. — Dr.  Roland  Steiner,  of  (Irovetown,  (Jeorgia,  reports,  April  27,  1895, 
tliat  ''  I  send  a  cache  of  rhyolite  or  schist  arrowpoints,  (5")  in  number,  triangular  and 
nnlely  stemmed,  found  in  North  Augusta  on  the  South  Carolina  side  of  the  Savannah 
h'iver,  opposite  Augusta,  Georgia."  These  were  received  in  due  course  by  the  II.  S. 
National  Museum,  and  arc  catalogued  as  No.  170708. 

(JEOKGIA. 

Col.  Charles  C.  .Jones,  jr.,  makes  a  somewhat  elaborate  description  of  the  prinn- 
tivu  manufactures  of  spear  and  arrow  heads.  He  <|Uotes  at  length  from  Catlin  the 
methods  observed  by  him  and  re[)orte*l  in  his  "Last  Kambles  amongst  the  Indi.ins."  ' 

The  McGlashan  collection  (Cat.  Nos.  13196fi-132250,  I'.S.N.M.)  contains  20,0<lO 
specimens  of  arrowpoints  or  spearheads,  all  gathered  l>y  a  single  person  from  a  single 
liicality,  and  largely  of  one  material.  They  belong  to  Division  III,  stennned,  some- 
titnes  shouldered  and  barbed.  These  were  not  reported  as  en  cache,  but  it  is  probalde 
many  of  them  were. 

FLORIDA. 

Brevard  County. — Cache  of  \'l  or  13  pendant  ornaments,  or  "  plununets,  pendants, 
or  charms,"  in  a  mound  near  Melbourne,  called  Turkey  (.'reek  mound,  reported  by 
Mr.  Clarence  li.  Moore  in  "Certain  aboriginal  mounds  of  the  coast  of  South  Caro- 
lina."'' 

Iternando  County. — Cache  of  24  implements,  stemmed,  shouldered,  but  not  barbed 
(Division  III,  Class  H),  of  white  dint  (chalcedony),  found  2  feet  lielow  the  surface 
at  Brooksville,  Hernando  County,  Florida,  by  J.  J.  Hell.     (Cat.  No,  170497,  U.S.N.M., 

i'oluHia  County. — Cache  of  ceremonial  implements  (banner  stones?),  found  in  a 
mound  near  Tomoka  Creek. ^ 

ALAHAMA. 

Blount  County. — Cache  of  17  chipped  implements."' 

KENTCCKY. 

Boyd  County. — Cache  of  165  leaf-shaped  (Division  I,  Class  A)  gray  Hint  implements 
from  Ashland.    Average  size  3J  by  1|  inches  by  |  of  an  inch.     ( K.  .T.Taylor,  Cat.  No. 
150177,  U.S.N.M.) 
Todd  County,  Dycua  farm,  3  milra  east  of  Trenton. — Cache,  numbei-  not  given." 
(Jniontown,  Union  County. — Cache  of  140  hornstone  knives.     Two  caches,  numlier 
not  given,'  6  miles  above  Caseyville. 


What  rite  or  ceremony  does  this  indicate,  or  what  kind  of  Indian  medicine  does 
it  represent?    T.  W. 

Smithsonian  Report,  1879,  p.  381. 

■  Philadelphia,  1898,  pp.  189-191. 

^  A.  E.  Douglas,  Proceedings  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science, 
XXI,  1872. 

Frank  Burns,  Smithsonian  Report,  1882,  p.  826. 
'James  D.  Middleton  in  Cyrus  Thomas's  Catalogue,  p.  99. 

■  Gerard  Fowke,  Thomas's  Catalogue. 


!)7I 


■fe 


KKPOUT   OF    NATIONAL    MUSEl'M,   l«!t7. 


TENNKSHKK. 


Carltf  loiinhi.  .\nhu  W.  Kiiiiinirt,  (if  HiiHtol,  TcmuwHtc,  ro|)ort('<l  May  1,  1K!i:.', 
II  carlitt  of  lcal-Hliti|ii;il  iiniiltMiionts  of  i|iiai't/.itf  Iroiii  tlio  hank  of  tlii'  Wataiivii 
Kivor,  ('artor  Coiiiity,  iiortliweHlerii  'rennessef,  (insisted  of  IWiiioccH  (U  to  D  iiirlies  m 
]eii;;lli,  :t  til  'M^  iiw^lios  in  widtli,  an<l  i  to  I  of  an  inch  in  thicknoHH.  'I'lntv  wcrt^  liiirifil 
'J  /'(M't  Ill-low  tlir  snrfai'i-,  laiil  on  tiio  llatNltli-,  andariau^cd  in  a  circlr  witli  tlio]ioiiits 
to  the  router,  the  railie  b«inj(  about  2  feot  in  diameter.  Tho  hohi  in  wliich  tlii-\ 
wiTo  (h^positi'd  was  ilnf^  throngh  the  Hoil  aiid  into  tlio  hard  yt'llow  clay.  Notliiii;; 
was  found  usHociatnd  witli  Iheni,  altiioM^h  tlicre  was  an  aboriginal  cenictery  in 
till'  ni'iyhboihooil.     (  Dt'poHitod  by  T.  W.,  Cat.  No.  ISOlitS,  II.  S.  N.  M.) 

ARKANSAS. 

i'latc  (il  i'(;|iruHonts  .'i  spocinions  out  of  a  cache  of  II,  fonnd  on  the  banks  of  tlic 
i-ittic  MJHSoiiri  Kivcr,  Arkansas.  They  were  dcpoHitcd  foj^other,  the  edges  ovn 
lapiiing,  in  a  layer  of  hard  yellow  cl.iy,  on  the  lerrarc  hillside  back  from  the  rivci 
bank,  and  wen-  unassociatcd  with  other  objects.  They  are  of  niilk-wliite  chile f 
dony,  an<l  .ire  from  11  inches  in  length  down.  They  are  chiBsilled  as  Division  III, 
Class  C,  stemmed,  shonldered,  and  barbed.  (Deposited  by  T.  W.,  Cat.  No.  l.'idliiti, 
I...S.  N.iM.) 

MISSOURI. 

S'var  St.  l.oiiiH.  —  "There  are  also  a  few  cache  finds,  notably  those  large  sjiades  fmni 
lli  to  IX  inches  in  length.  We  have  a  number  of  other  cache  iinds,  not  so  large  in 
size,  but  e(|ually  line  ii  (irkmanshi]).  *  *  '  'i'he  sjtades  and  hoes  come  from 
near  St.  Louis,  .and  are  lally  found  in  the  vicinity  of  mounds.  They  comprise  all 
the  known  forms,  and  many  are  polished  on  one  end,  Avhich  is  probably  caused  by 
digging  in  the  earth."  (The  Missouri  Historical  Society  exhibit  of  St.  Louis  at  tlic 
World's  Colnmbiau  Exi)osition,  Chicago,  Illinois,  under  the  direction  of  \\'illiani  .1. 
Seever. ) 

Chariton  Coinilji, — "Mr.  .John  !*.  Jones,  of  Keytesville,  Chariton  County,  Missouri, 
connnnnicated  to  me  some  particnl.irs  of  three  deposits  of  Hint  implements  brought 
to  light  in  the  neighborhood  of  his  home.  The  fust  was  a  store  of  spearheads  and 
arrowpoints.  several  hundreds  in  number,  which  he  was  too  late  to  secure  or  satis 
factorily  examine.  The  weapons  were  all  new,  a  fact  conclusive  that  here  had  been 
the  arsenal  of  a  tribe  or  the  secreted  stock  in  trade  of  ainither  primitive  American 
merchant." 

Metter  fortune  attended  Mr.  .(ones  in  the  discovery  of  a  second  deposit,  consisting 
of  17  new  Hint  knives,  as  the  greater  number  of  them  fell  into  his  possession. 

A  third  deposit  described  by  Mi'.  .Jones  was  discovered  in  the  valley  or  "second 
bottom"  of  Chariton  River,  and  contained  about  "lO  small,  Hat,  ovoid,  iiointed  llinis. 
"They  had  been  stuck  into  the  ground,  point  down,  in  concentric  circles,  and  were 
then  covered  with  earth,  forming  over  them  a  low,  tiat  mound  12  or  IH  inches  in 
height  by  5  or  (5  feet  in  diameter.  ♦  *  »  Some  were  gapped  on  the  edges,  and  all 
were  to  a  certain  extent  polished.'" 

OHIO. 

IloHn  County. — Messrs.  Siinier  and  Davis,-  during  their  survey  of  the  earth wmlss 
of  Ohio,  oiiened  a  broad  but  low  mound  of  "Clark's  Works,"  in  Ross  County.  <•( 
that  State.  They  made  an  excavation  ♦>  feet  long  and  4  feet  wide,  from  wliiib 
they  took  about  (iOO  specimens  of  Hint  disks,  en  cache,  placed  in  two  layers  edu«' 
wise.  The  deposit  extended  beyond  the  limits  of  their  excavation  on  every  side. 
and  hence  the  actual  number  ot  specimens  was  not  ascertained  by  them.  The  inipli 
nients  are  described  as  ovoid  or  roundish,  or  terminating  in  a  blunt  point  at  om' 


'  J.  P.  Jones,  .1.  F.  Snyder,  Smithsonian  Report,  1876,  p.  435. 

-  Ancient  Mouumcuts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  pp.  158-214,  pi.  x. 


Sipurt  (,<   U    S   N.itnral  Mii5f  iim,   1897       W.'m 


Plate  61. 


a  Hpa<les  t'niiii 
[)t  so  liir^o  ill 
3S  come  from 
T  coiiipiist'  all 
ily  caused  liy 
.  LoiiiH  at  till' 
of  William  .1. 

ity,  Missouri, 
leuts  l)roii<;lil 
oarlieads  ami 
iiro  or  satis 
lere  bad  liecii 
ive  American 


e  carthwiirl<8 
>88  C'oniity.  "1 

fi'om  wliicli 
)  layers  ed.uf 
)ii  every  side, 
1.    The  iiiiiili- 

poiut  at  om.' 


O 


<  'i: 


<  — 


CO  r 


Rei 


n 


m-     t 


Rcri'iit  of  U    S.  Nstionul  Mujuuin,   ifiiJ?.     Wiljon, 


Plate  62. 


Flint  Disks  made  from  Concretionary  Flint  Nodules. 

(Upiifr  speciiiieii  I  Illinois:  dower  i  Ohio. 
Cat.  Nos.  13!.it'J4.-':.")Hr.  U.S.X.M. 


mv 


■t                             R,.|>o-t  of  U.  S.  Nationa;  Museum,  1897.     Wilsoi.                                                                                         PLATE  63. 

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I  63. 


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Rnpoit  1)1   U.   S.  National  Museum,   'i897.      i/VniOri. 


Plate.  64. 


z 

5  I 

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cud. 
iiiul  an 
others 
is  iliiit 
times 
thus  (U 

lu  (» 
(M)  of 
IH'iideil 
.Mound 
cotlie. 
Others 
Plate  () 
tli<>y  w 

Sum  II 

Stlllll]) 

(if  th.' 
I'.S.N. 
tlii.'k. 
of  thes 

]}uch 
Itaf-shi 
part  of 

Scioto 
uients  1 
the  Phi 

Lake 
foiiud  ll 

Js/i/o 
plowijif. 
were  hi 
were  de 
iliamett 
from  th 
and  of  1 

67a>7>-. 

Ilolnu 

ij  sliiiped 

!  bottom 

2  of  tin 

averajio 

■  viiry  till 

liutlei 
a  cache 
Were  ai 
inclies  1 

I'litna 
niary  2! 

"  Kar 
seven  \i 


ARROWI'OIXTS,  SPEARHEADS,  .'ND    KMVHS. 


'75 


I; 


f 
4' 


cud.  Tliey  w<  ro  of  vaiioiis  sizes,  hut  on  an  average  (>  inches  lony,  4  inclics  wide, 
;iu(l  an  inch  thick  in  i\w  center  (J'late  62,  lig.  1).  Some  were  rudely  blockfd  out;  in 
(ithers  the  circunit'erence  \\,\»  chipped  to  a  more  or  less  deliiied  edge.  The  material 
is  Hint  or  hornstouo  of  line  texture,  generally  of  a  gray  color,  and  Hlmwing  some- 
times concentric  bands,  in  the  center  of  which  ia  a  nucleus  of  blue  chalcedony, 
ilius  denjonstratiuir  that  the  Hint  was  formed  in  nodules  and  not  in  strata  or  layers. 

In  October,  ISiH,  Prof.  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  while  working  for  the  Department 
(M)  of  Ethnology,  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  Chicago,  continued  the  sus- 
pended excavations  of  Scpiier  and  Davis,  and  opened  what  he  has  described  as 
Mound  No.  2,  on  Hopewell  farm,  Anderson  Township,  Ross  County,  near  Chilli- 
ciithe.  In  three  days'  work  Professor  Moorehead  took  out  71^82  of  those  Hint  disks. 
Others  found  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  increased  this  number  to  818r».i 
Plate  ()3  is  from  a  photograph  of  the  tent,  .and  in  front  of  it  are  the  Hint  disks  as 
they  were  i)iled  after  being  taken  from  the  nionnti.  , 

Siunmit  County. — A  cache  of  197  leaf-shaped  imi)lements  was  fonnd  under  the 
stump  of  a  tamarack  tree  3  miles  west  of  Akron.  Mr.  Thomas  lihodcs  sent  5 
(if  them  to  the  U.  S.  National  Musenm,  December,  1878  (Cat.  Nos.  ;!t581-;iir.88, 
L'.S.N.M.).  They  were  from  .')  to  7  inches  long,  2i  to  3  inches  wide,  and  i  to  !i  inch 
thick.  (!at.  No.  34.584,  No.  2,  Plate  29,  Class  H,  with  rounded  base,  ro])resents  one 
of  these  specimens.     Their  tine  chipping  and  exceeding  thinness  an;  to  bo  remarked. 

IJuchtel  College,  Akron,  exhibited  at  the  Cincinnati  Eximsition  of  1887  a  cache  of 
leaf-shaped  imjilenjeuts  similar  in  appearance  to  those  found  by  Mr.  Rhodes,  whether 
l)art  of  the  same  is  not  known. 

Sciolo  County. — Mr.  Thomas  Kinney,  of  Portsmouth,  had  125  loaf-shaped  ini]tle- 
iiients  belonging  to  a  cache  discovered  in  his  neighborhood,  which  he  oxhibite<l  at 
the  Philadelphia  Centennial  Exposition. -' 

Lake  County. — Colonel  Whittles<\v  reported  a  cache  of  leaf-8ha]»ed  implements 
found  by  Mr.  .T.  C.  Huntingdon  near  Paiuesvillo.^ 

.tHhIand  County,  Sullivan  Townxhii). — In  1872  Mr.  S.  W.  Hriggs  discovered,  while 
plowing,  a  cache  of  201  implements  about  18  inches  beneath  the  surface.  They 
wore  leaf-shaped,  about  1  inches  long,  2  to  2J  inches  wide  and  f  inch  thick.  They 
were  de])osited  in  a  keg-liko  vessel  of  the  bark  of  the  red  elm,  10  or  12  inciies  in 
diameter  and  13  inches  in  height.  No  signs  of  use. '  Figs.  K'S  and  lOti  are  s[)ocimens 
from  this  cache.  As  will  be  seen,  both  are  thin,  tinoly  chipped,  with  rounded  base 
and  of  the  form  of  Class  13. 

Clarke  County. — Cache  of  flint  implements,  number  not  given.'' 

Ifolmes  County,  JVanhinyton  Towushi}). — On  the  farm  of  Mr.  Daniel  Kick,  90  li  ,if- 
sliaped  implements  of  Class  1$.  They  were  found  in  the  alluvial  deposit  at  the 
l)i)ttom  of  a  pou<l,  3  feet  beneath  the  surface.  The  U.  S.  National  Museum  possesses 
2  of  these  .specimens  (Cat.  Nos.  2834.5-46,  U.S.N.M.)  sent  by  Mr.  H.  H.  Case.  The 
average  sizes  were  2J  to  ryk  inches  long,  1 J  to  2\  inches  wide,  and  |  to  ^  inch  thick, 
ivory  thin  and  finely  chipped  and  of  chalcedonio  Hint  of  the  color  of  dirty  beeswax.'' 

liutler  County. — Prof  .1.  S.  McFotridge,  of  College  Corner,  lepnrts  August  7,  189.5, 
la  cache  of  7  beautiful  white  Hint  arrowpoints,  more  chalcedony  than  Hint.  They 
were  all  stemmed  and  shouldered,  but  not  barl)ed  (Division  III,  Class  Ri,  about  3J 
iuches  long  and  1^  inches  wide  (Plate  64). 

Putnam  County. — Mr.  Harry  U.  Maple,  Columl)U8  (Jrove,  Ohio,  un.n  i  date  ol  Feb- 
ruary 28,  18!>3,  rei>ort8 : 

"  I'.arly  this  fall  a  farmer  living  about  2  miles  west  of  town  related  that  about 
seven  years  ago.  he  plowed  into  a  nest  of  Hints.     I  and  a  friend  of  mine  went  theie 


'  Priuiitiv<^  Man  in  Ohio,  p.  189. 

-  M.  (.".  Read,  American  Anti(iuarian,  I,  1879,  p.  98. 

'  Idt^m. 

Mioorge  W.  Hill,  Smithsonian  Report,  1874,  j).  364. 

•Cyrus  Thonwis's  Catalogue  p.  107. 

'  H.  R.  (^ase,  Smithsonian  Report,  1877,  p.  207. 


076 


REPORT  OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1897. 


and  (liiy  them  out.  Thay  were  inoHtly  in  the  clay  about  2  feet  doep.  They  noarU 
all  rouHistnd  of  a  reddish  material,  although  Home  were  a  light  gray.  I  Hoiit  bj 
mail  to-day  Hoino  samples  of  them." 

Thesj)  were  duly  received  by  the  II.  S.  National  Museum  and  are  catalogiiod  hh  NoJ 
149611.  The  material  appears  as  though  from  Flint  Ridge.  Thoy  were  leaf-shapeil 
(Division  I,  Class  li). 

Franklin  County. — Cache  on  Wetmoro  farm,  northwest  one-half  of  section  2,  townj 
ship  1,  range  18.     Number  not  given.' 

Monlfjomenj  County, — Two  miles  west  of  Centerville,  on  farm  of  Mr.  W.  Whitiiiiin^ 
Cache  of  640  leaf-shaped  implements,  Class  B,  rounded  base.     They  were   placci 
edge  up  and  thus  about  two  dozen  were  broken  by  the  plow.    The  weight  of  f  li« 
cache  was  49  pounds.* 

Columbiana  County. — Mr.  I.  L.  Kite,  in  a  letter  of  February  25, 1878,  published  in  tli^ 
Cleveland  Ilt^rald,  describes  a  find   near  Damascus.     "The    deposit  would  till 
bushel  basket.     They  were  all  placed  on  the  ])road  end,  enough  sot  up  to  fill  a  ('crj 
tain  circle,  then  another  on  top,  and  then  another  until  a  perfect  cone  was  fornud.'! 

INDIANA. 

Thirty  miles  south  of  Chicago. — Cache  of  96  leaf-shaped  implements  ]»ointed  at  boti 
ends  (Division  I,  Class  A),  from  8h  to  4  inches  long,  of  «lark  grayish-brown  Jasper; 
flint,  buried  under  a  stump.  Discovered  and  reported  August  2,  1895,  by  Dr.  Danii 
B.  Freeman,  4080  Drexel  Boulevard,  Chicago,  Illinois. 

Cache  of  82  specimens  found  near  Blue  River  by  Mr.   Ira  Williams  of  Borden 
Indiana.     These  are  similar  to  the  flints  found  by  Dr.  Snyder  in  Illinois  and  I'rofessoJ 
Moorehead  in  Ohio,  slightly  pointed  at  both  ends,  made  from  similar  nodules  of  blar 
flint.    The  largest  is  about  6  inches  long  and  5  inches  wide,  while  the  smallcHt  i^ 
about  3  inches  long  and  2  inches  wide. 

Franklin  County. — Small  caches  of  Hint  disks  have  been  found,  one  cache  coutair 
ing  12,  another  80  or  90  disks. ' 

ILLINOIS. 

White  and  Jefferson  counties. — "In  the    Smithsonian  Report  for  1876 ^  is  cited 
remark  of  Messrs.  S(iuier  and  Davis  relating  to  the  disks  of  black  flint.    There  liav^ 
been  two  deposits  found  in  this  country,  one  in  the  county  south  of  us  (White),  nni 
one  in  the  county  west  (Jefterson).    The  first  one  contained  13  of  them,  of  which 
obtained  8,  and  the  other  contained  46,  of  which  I  obtained  several."' 

Jackson  County. — A  cache  of  100  implements  made  from  chert  nodules  found  H 
c.ilcareous  rocjks  near  Carbondale,  Jackson  County,  Illinois.  Size  from  7  by  5J 
inches  to  4  by  3^  inches.  Donated  by  Mr.  .John  G.  Sims;  collected  by  Mr.  J.  Dj 
Middleton.     Cat.  No.  88451,  U.S.N.M. 

Union  Cotmty. — Eight  hornstone  disks,  large,  from  Union  County,  Illinois.  T.  Mj 
I»erriue,  Cat.  Nos.  27853-27860,  U.S.N.M.  (Plate  62,  fig.  2). 

Schuyler  County. — A  few  years  ago,  at  Bluflf  City,  Illinois,  some  hogs  confined  in 
pen  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff's  rooted  out  of  the  ground  a  deposit  of  16  polished-stou^ 
axes,  all  of  which  bore  marks  of  use.  They  were  of  hard,  compact  diorite,  aii(j 
varied  in  size  from  6  to  16  inches  in  length,  and  from  2  to  7  inches  in  width.  ConI 
sidering  the  probable  iihch  to  which  these  tools  had  been  applied,  and  the  locatioi 
of  the  deposit,  in  a  spur  of  the  bluffs  near  the  (Illinois)  river,  it  was  plain  that  hen 
in  ages  jjast,  a  canoe  had  been  constructed.  The  work  completed,  the  tools  wer^ 
cached  at  the  foot  of  the  bluff',  until  they  should  again  be  needed  for  similar  workj 


'  Thomas's  Catalogue,  p.  171. 

-  S.  H.  Binkley,  American  Antiquarian,  111,  1881,  p.  144. 
•'Edgar  K.  Quick,  Smithsonian  Report,  1879,  j).  373. 
*  Page  436. 
H.  F.Sibley,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  p.  rm. 
"J.  F.  Snyder,  Smithsonian  Report,  1876,  p.  434. 


AUROWPOINTS,  SPKAKHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


f>77 


tioii  2,  townJ 


iiche  contair 


linois.    T.  Mj 


In  tlio  year  I860  ii  Hiiniltu-  deposit  of  liomHtinio  was  diNcovercd  in  tiiJH  viciiiitv.  in 
tho  town  of  Fredorickville,  SoUiiyUT  Connty,  on  the  west  side  ot  the  Illinois  ifivor. 
TluH  locality  was  a  favorite  al>idin<j;  place  of  the  Indians  and  the  cent»'r  of  a  di-nso 
]>opnlation.  Relics  of  tht-ir  work  are  still  found  in  abnndanc*^  thnnighont  this 
region.  A  sniali  ravinn  near  tho  foot  of  a  blnlf,  one  day  after  a  heavy  rain,  caved 
in  on  one  side,  and  tlie  displaiement  of  a  large  qnantity  of  earth  in  conscqnonce 
exi»o8«'d  to  view  a  few  strange-look inj^  ilints.  Tliey  liad  been  Imried  ahont  5  feet 
l)»dow  the  surface  of  tho  hillside,  laid  together  on  edge,  side  hy  side  in  long  rows, 
forming  a  single  layer  of  unknown  extent.  The  discovery  of  such  novel  objects 
attracted  some  of  the  villagers  to  the  jilace,  who  dug  out  about  3,50()  of  tho  uniijue 
implements,  and,  their  curiosity  satisfied,  abandoned  the  work  without  reaching  the 
limits  of  the  deposit.  *  -  *  xhe  stone  of  wliich  these  disks  are  made  is  a  dark, 
glossy  hornstone,  undistiuguishable  from  the  disks  of  the  sacrificial  mound  in 
Ohio.' 

Carroll  County. — In  the  town  of  York,  on  section  7,  is  a  deposit  of  Hint  Ghip]ti)igs. 
On  the  top  of  a  high  sand  ridge,  for  a  space  of  a  mile  long  and  half  a  mile  wide.  Hint 
chi]>pings  are  exposed.  In  some  places  they  occur  in  masses  of  a  peck  or  half  a 
bushel;  in  other  places  th<!y  whiten  tlie  ground  for  yards.  The  material  is  a  cream- 
colored  chert,  breaking  with  a  smooth  conchoidal  fracture.  It  was  all  brought  then^, 
as  no  stone  is  found  in  situ  in  the  whole  ridge.  Here  was  a  great  manufactory  of 
arrowpoints  and  other  (lint  implements.  Pie<'es  of  arrowpoints  and  fragments  of  the 
flint  in  all  stagi's  of  manufacture  strew  the  ground.  Perfect  arrowpoints  are  some- 
times found  in  clusters.  Twenty-six  were  recently  picked  up  in  one  nest — rough, 
but  well-nigh  finished. -' 

CasH  County. — "In  the  spring  of  1880,  Mr.  George  W.  Davis,  farmer  in  Monroe  pre- 
cinct, Cass  County,  Illinois,  10  miles  east  of  the  Illinois  River,  while  plowing, 
observed  a  few  8harp-])ointed  flints,  and  found  that  they  formed  part  of  a  deposit 
of  32  small  implements  which  had  been  carefully  plaee<l  in  the  ground  on  (idge, 
side  by  side,  with  their  points  toward  the  north.  They  seem  to  have  been  buried. 
With  one  exception  they  are  of  a  cherty,  muddy-looking  siliceous  stone,  of  a 
grayish  color  streaked  with  white:  si  flinty  formation  occurring  in  all  lead-bearing 
strata  of  Illinois,  and  identical  with  the  cherty  nodules  and  seams  in  the  subcarb<ui- 
iferous  outcrops  of  the  upper  Mississippi  and  southwestern  Missouri.  They  had  been 
buried  new,  showing  no  marks  of  u>^c,  aiul  their  peculiar  style  of  workmanship  and 
similarity  of  design  leave  little  doubt  that  they  are  the  product  of  the  same  artisan. 
The  exceptional  one  in  the  deposit  is  a  well-proportioned  and  perfect  spejirhead 
nearly  3  inches  in  length,  neatly  chipped,  of  opacpie  milk-white  Hint,  strongly  c<m- 
trasting  in  material,  shape,  and  finish  with  the  others,  and  evidently  manufactured 
by  some  other  hand,  perhaps  in  a  different  and  remote  workshop.  Ponrteen  of  the 
lot  are  laurel-leaf  or  lanceolate  pattern,  ]iointed  at  one  end  and  rounded  at  tlie  other, 
with  edges  equally  curved  from  base  to  point,  averaging  three-eighths  of  an  inch  in 
thickness  in  the  middh  <nd  evenl.\  chipped  to  a  cutting  edge  all  around.  They  are 
uniform  in  shape,  butdiflei  in  size;  tlie  smallest  measuring  2J  inches  in  length  by 
\{  inches  in  width  at  the  center;  and  the  largest  one  (i  inches  l<)ng  and  nearly  2 
inches  wide.  They  are  of  a  type  common  in  all  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and 
are  supposed  to  have  been  used  as  knives  or  ordinary  cutting  tools.  The  remaining 
18  are  shaped  alike,  difl'er  in  size,  but  are  of  the  same,  average  thickness.  They, 
too,  are  sharp-pointed  at  one  end,  but  in  outline  from  base  to  point  their  sides  are 
nnecjually  convex,  one  being  slightly  curved  and  tin-  other  curved  but  little  from  a 
straight  line,  giving  them  an  ungainly  and  lopsided  form.  Their  broad  ends,  origi- 
nally rounded,  ))robably  like  (iio  first  14,  have  been  chipped  away  on  eacli  side  for  a 
half  or  three-fonrtlis  of  a'l  iiicli  from  the  extremity,  forming  a  broad,  rudimentary 
shank.     (See  Chap.  IX,  p.  i'Ki.; 


'  J.  P.  Hnyder,  Smithsonirn  Report.  1876,  p.  437. 
-.lann'S  Shaw',  Smithsonian  Report,  1«77,  pp.  2uU, 257. 
NAT  MUS  l>7 G2 


978 


PEPORT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  18!)7. 


A  <l<!i»o8it  of  lliiitu  was  turned  up  l»y  t\w  ]tlow,  on  March  'JH,  18X2,  on  tin-  soiitlniii 
biinlt'i'  of  CiisH  County,  -)>  miles  oast  of  the  Illinois  iiivtii .  Itn  location  was  on  the 
hrow  of  the  liills  ovi-rlooking  Indian  Creek  to  tlie  Bonth.  In  this  caclio  were  X> 
elegant  Hint  im]>leniontH  entirely  different  in  form,  material,  and  linish,  from  thoHo 
before  described.  Their  position  iu  the  ground  wiis  vertical  and  closely  packed 
toj.'etlier,  but  otherwise  without  any  jiecnliar  arrangement.  The  35  beautiful  Hints 
of  this  Indian  Creek  deposit  are  the  perfection  of  ancient  stone-chipping  kit.  In 
form  they  are  of  the  broad  or  lilac-leaf  pattern,  pointed  more  or  less  obtustdy  at  one 
end  and  regularly  semicircular  at  the  other;  the  length  but  little  exceeding  the 
width ;  scarcely  more  than  three-eighths  of  an  inch  thick,  they  are  smoothly  chipptil 
to  an  even,  sharp  edge  all  around.  They  vary  a  little  in  size  and  somewhat  in  pio 
Iiortions;  the  smallest  of  them  is  ',i{  inches  long  by  2j}  inches  broad  at  the  base,  and 
the  largest  one  niitasures  5  inches  in  length  and  3^  inches  actress  the  widest  part.  Six 
of  them  are  made  of  mottled  red  and  brown  glossy  jasper,  and  the  remaining  2i)  ot 
ordinary  white  flint  shading  in  texture  from  the  comiiact  triinsliicent  glassy  to  tint 
«»pa<iue  milk-white  varieties.  The  rounded  edge  of  each  is  smooth  and  worn,  ami 
the  sides  of  some  are  gapped,  testifying  to  long  and  luird  usage  before  their  intcr- 
nuHit,  and  indicating  conclusively  that  the  broad  circular  edge  of  the  tool  was  the 
one  chiefly  used.' 

In  the  summer  ()f  1872  I  received  intelligence  that  .a  deposit  of  the  .same  sort  of 
Hints  had  been  found  at  IJeardstown  (Cass  County).  In  excavating  a  cellar  for  a 
new  building  on  .Main  street,  the  laborers  had  reached  the  depth  of  4  feet  when 
they  struck  the  ilints,  and  soon  thi'ew  them  all  out  (about  a  thousand  in  number],  a 
large  portion  of  which  I  secured.  The  disposition  of  the  flints  in  this  deposit  w;ih 
different  from  that  in  the  Ohio  mound,  and  that  of  the  Frederickville  deposit  also. 
These  were  embedded  in  the  bank  of  the  river,  above  the  reach  of  highest  water, 
and  about  ',H)0  yards  up  the  oank  of  the  stream  from  the  large  mound.  An  excava- 
tion al)out  5  feet  deep  had  been  made  through  the  sand  to  the  drift  clay,  and, 
instead  of  hi-ing  placed  on  edge,  as  in  the  two  other  deposits,  a  layer  of  the  disks 
had  been  i)laeed  fiat  on  the  clay,  with  points  upstream,  and  overlapping  each  other 
as  shingles  are  arranged  on  a  roof.  Over  the  lirst  layer  of  Ilints  was  a  stratum  of 
clay  2  inches  in  thickness;  then  anoth«'r  layer  of  Ilints  was  arranged  as  the  first, 
over  which  was  spread  anothex-  2-inch  stratum  of  clay,  and  so  on,  until  the  deposit 
comprised  live  series  or  layers  of  flints,  when  the  whole  was  covered  with  sand. 
Th(^  area  »)ccui)ied  by  these  buried  ilints  measured  in  length  about  6  feet,  and  in 
width  1  feet.  *  *  *  Xo  traces  of  fire  were  visible,  nor  had  there  been  within  thti 
reecdlection  of  the  oldest  settler  of  the  ]>lace  any  mound  or  other  external  object  to 
mark  the  ])lace  of  deposit.  The  flints  of  thi.^  lot  are  identical  in  material,  color, 
style  of  execution,  and  general  outline  and  dim'iusions  with  those  I  have  seen  from 
deposits  at  Frederickville  and  Clark's  Works  in  Ohio.  A  few  of  them  are  almost 
circular  in  shape.  Some  are  rough,  but  the  majoi'ty  are  very  accurately  propor- 
tioned and  neatly  finisheil,  which  we  may  accept  as  proof  that  the  implements  were 
manufactured  by  several  artisans  who  possessed  une((u;il  degrees  of  skill.  Their 
average  length  is  6  inches,  their  width  4  inches,  and  they  are  three-fourths  of  ar, 
inch  thick  in  the  middle.  Their  average  weight  is  lA  ])Oundi.\  *  *  *  They  were 
all  made  from  globular  or  oval  nodules  of  black  or  dark-gray  hornstone^  which 
were  first  split  open  and  each  part  again  split  or  worked  down  by  chipping  to  the 
shape  and  size  retjuired.  In  several  of  the  specimens  the  first  fracture  of  the  nodule 
forms  the  side  of  the  implement,  with  but  slight  modification  beyond  a  little  trim- 
ming of  the  edges.  Many  of  them  retain  in  the  center  the  nucleuh  around  whi(;Ii 
the  siliceous  atoms  agglomerated  to  form  the  nodule.  In  a  few  the  nucleus  is  a 
rough  piece  of  limestone;  iu  others  it  consists  of  fragments  of  beautitiilly  crystal- 
lized chalcedony,  surrounded  by  regular  light  and  dark  circles  of  ecceutrio  accretion 


'  J.  F.  Snyder,  Smithsonian  Report,  1881,  pp.  5(34-568. 


ARROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


!)70 


[tice  Platu  62J,  and  the  uxturior  of  the  rock  waH  iiM'riiHt«;<l  with  a  coiiipact,  tlrah- 
colorou  calcareo-siliciioiiH  coatiug  of  half  an  inch  in  thickmsH,  which  in  sonic  of 
the  siieciuioiiH  has  not  been  entirely  ronioved.  Ni-iirly  all  the  HeardHtowii  disks 
were  roughened  and  discolored  with  patches  of  calcareous  concretion  ahuost  as 
hard  aud  solid  as  tlio  Hint  itself,  indicative  of  undisturbed  repows  in  thcii  (day 
onvcloj)es  for  a  gri-at  period  of  time."' 

Luke  County. — Cache  of  12  spocinioua.- 

Sehiiyhr  County. — Two  barrclH  of  specinicns.' 

I'eoria  Comity,  Millhrook  Townvhip. — Cache,  number  unknown.' 

St.  Clair  County. — "The  finest  Indian  mound  in  the  State  of  Illinois  in  situated  3 
miles  northeast  of  the  town  of  Lidtanon,  in  St.  Clair  County,  not  far  from  the  west 
eru  border  of  Looking-glass  Prairie.  lu  shape  it  is  a  truncated  jtyraniid,  or  ratliei  a 
parallelogram,  measuring  at  its  base  400  feet  in  length  and  250  feet  in  width,  and 
rising  in  perfect  proportions  to  the  height  of  r)Ofeet.  The  angles  are  still  sharp  and 
well  defined  and  the  top  level,  comprising  (approxim.itely)  an  area  of  SO  by  150  feet, 
which  doubtless  served  as  the  bas(j  of  some  elaborate  wooden  structure.  In  the 
summer  of  1813  the  proprietor  of  the  land,  Mr.  Haldwin,  in  sinking  a  well  near  one 
corner  of  the  mound,  found,  a  few  foot  below  the  surface,  packed  ( losely  together, 
is  large  Hint  spades.  These  implements  were  broad,  Hat  pieces  of  white  or  grayish 
white  Hint,  measuring,  the  smallest  9  inches  in  length  by  5  inches  in  width,  the 
largest  15  by  7  inches.  They  are  nearly  an  inch  in  thickness  in  the  middle,  neatly 
chipped  to  an  edge  all  around.  Hat  on  one  side  and  slightly  convex  on  the  other 
One  end  of  each  Hint  is  broader  than  the  other,  and  the  broad  end  is  symmetrically 
rounded,  and  polished  as  smooth  as  glass  by  long-continued  use  in  sandy  soil.  The 
narrow  en«l  is  rough  aud  not  so  neatly  finished,  showing  no  marks  of  wear,  and  was, 
in  all  probability,  when  the  implement  was  in  use,  fastened  in  some  sort  of 
handle.  It  can  not  be  doubted  that  these  Hints  were  in  part  the  tools  used  in  mak- 
ing the  mound,  and  when  the  great  work  was  Huished  they  were  stored  away  in  the 
ground  until  again  needed,'" 

"In  the  early  part  of  December,  1868,  some  laborers,  while  <'ngaged  in  grading  an 
extension  of  Sixth  street,  in  East  St.  Louis,  came  upon  a  deposit  of  Indian  relics, 

*  *  *  Hint  tools,  all  of  the  hoe  and  shovel  type,  and  "  *  *  close  by  were 
found  several  bowlders  of  Hint  and  greenstone,  weighing  from  15  to  30  pounds  each, 
and  many  fragments  of  Hint.  The  deposit  was  covered  with  from  18  to  21  inches  of 
black  earth.  *  *  *  The  implements  formed  a  "nest"  by  themselves,  and  instead 
of  being  p.acked  close  together  were  arranged  with  some  regularity,  overlaitping 
each  other  or  standing  edgewise  and  covering  a  circular  spa<!e.  The  whole  deposit 
did  not  extend  more  than  7  or  8  feet  on  either  side.  The  contractor  neglected  to 
count  the  implements,  but  he  thinks  there  wore  from  70  to  75  in  all — some  50  hoes 
and  about  20  shovels.  No  other  stone  articles,  such  as  arrow  and  spear  heads,  toma- 
hawks, etc.,  had  been  deposited  with  the  agricultural  implements.'" 

"In  the  summer  of  1869  some  children  amusing  themselves  near  the  barn  on  the 
farm  of  Mr.  Oliver  II.  Mullen,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fayetteville,  St.  Clair  County, 
dug  into  the  ground  and  discovered  a  deposit  of  52  disk-shaped  Hint  imj>lements, 
which  lay  closely  heaped  together.'" 


'  J.  F.  Snyder,  Smithsonian  Report,  1876,  pp.  438, 439. 

2  Foster's  Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United  States  of  America,  i>.  209 

^George  Trauman,  Smithsonian  Report,  1879,  p.  435. 

*  Cyrus  Thomas's  Catalogue,  p.  C3. 

•^.l.  F.  Snyder,  Smithsonian  Report,  1876,  p.  434. 

"Charles  Ran,  Smithsonian  Report,  1868,  pj).  402,403. 

'Idem.,  1872,  p.  402. 


ysd 


UEl'cniT   OF    NATIONAL   MUSKL'M,   18!»7. 


MICHIGAN. 

Saniniiic  \'aUtij. — Nino  cikImm  ol"  Jiriow  ami  HpcurhoiKlH  wcru  reiiortttl  by  Mi'.  Iliir 
liiii  I.  Siiiilli,  of  Siiginaw  Hiist  Si<It^,  liol'oro  Section  II  of  llio  .Vniorifan  AMHocijitioii.' 
Thuy  wore  all  cbippud  liladcH  of  chert,  hulunod  to  hiivu  been  imulo  froiii  uoduloH  ol 
tliu  SiibciirlKinifitroiiH  ])erioil,  which  oiit<'i'o]iH  in  a  circular  lino  in  Sa^iuaw  Bay  near 
ISayport.     Tiioy  are  aH  follows: 

No,  :<.  I'ra/.ier  cache  i\o.  I,  IKK)  ])iecuH.  (I)  Large  black  loat'-shapod  iniplonientH  K 
inclicH  lon^'  with  delic.'ite  Nteni  at  tip  of  bauu  (turkey  tail);  (2)  Hiniilar  iniplenx^ntM 
about  l{  inches  lon^f;  (3)  HUiall,  yellow  chert,  louf-sbajiod;  (I)  ii  few  of  the  aanie, 
notched.     Six  miles  frmu  Sa^jinaw,  on  the  'I'ittabawasseo  Kiver. 

Nu.  1.  Fraxier  cache  No.  2,  one  large  black  leaf-Hliaped  implement  similar  to  those 
in  (^aclie  \o.  1,  Hurroundeil  by  13  rubbed  Htoues.  A  lew  feet  from  Fra/ier  cache  No. 
1,  about  1  foot  deep. 

No.  .").  Merrill  cache,  100  piecis,  1  foot  depth. 

No.  (i.  Cass  cache  No.  1,  70  jtieces;  leaf-shaped,  2  inches  long,  of  dark-blm^  color, 
and  ditl'erent  from  the  chert  found  in  the  other  caches.  Eight  inchea  m  <lepth,  south 
bank  of  Cass  River  and  'S  miles  above  bridgejKtrt. 

(!ass  cache  No.  2,  22  pieces  ami  12  nodules,  with  abundance  of  chips  and  ilakes. 
South  side  of  Cass  Kiver,  1  miles  below  Saginaw. 

No.  8.  Willie  cache;  17.5  chipped  blades,  triangular,  1^  iu(dies  long.  North  bank 
of  Cass  Kiver,  'A  miles  above  Saginaw. 

No.  !).  Hayport  cache;  47  pieces,  rude  leaf-shajied,  laid  in  a  roll  ovcrlapi)ing  each 
other,  reminding  one  of  shingles  ou  a  roof.     Two  feet  depth. 

IJy  letter  of  August  10,  1891,  Mr.  Smith  reports  the  extension  of  his  discoveries  to 
include  14  caches. 

ISouth  Sa;iinaw. — Mr.  E.  S.  Gol.sou,  in  letters  of  Febriuiry  16  and  May  9,  1892, 
describes  two  caches  he  found  at  or  nt^ar  his  home  at  Green  I'oiut.  One  was  found 
April  2(),  1890,  and  consisted  of  83  rude  and  thick  leaf-shaped  implements  of  "  Hay- 
port"  stone  on  the  "  wi'st  bank  of  the  Tittahawassee  Kiver  at  its  mouth,  about  one- 
half  mile  from  the  mounds  at  Green  I'oiut."  They  were  buried  about  4i  fet't  umler 
the  surfactt  and  were  pla(;e(l  together  in  a  hole  a  foot  or  more  in  dt^jith  and  width. 
These;  were  sent  by  him  to  Peabcxly  Museum.  He  found  bis  second  cache  on  the 
day  he  wrote  his  last  letter.  The  specimens,  58  in  number,  were  smaller  than  those 
in  the  former.  They  were  of  three  .sizes;  all  were  leaf-shaped  excejtt  one  stemmed. 
None  were  deeper  than  18  inches,  and  they  had  probably  Ix-en  disturbed  by  the  jdow, 
as  they  were  not  arranged  with  any  system,  but  were  scattered  over  a  space  of  0  feet 
H<iuare.    They  were  all  of  the  same  size. 

WISCONSIN. 

Ilacintt  County. — "Some  workmen,  in  digging  a  ditch  through  a  peat  swamp  near 
Kacine,  found  a  deposit  of  disks  of  horustono,  about  30  in  number.  They  lay  on 
the  clay  at  the  bottom  of  the  i)oat  about  2^  feet  below  the  surface.  Some  of  the 
disks  wore  ([uite  regular;  they  vary  from  half  a  pound  to  a  pound  in  weight."  - 

Dane  County. — Cache  of  300  leaf-sliai)ed  (Division  I,  L.ass  A)  imijlements  of  por- 
phyritic  felsite,  found  in  Madison,  Dane  County,  Wisconsin,  by  Mr.  A.  K,  Crittenden. 
(Cat.  No.  34255,  U.S.N.M.) 

Kewanee  dintrict  trail. — Cache   of  42   copper  implements.     Twenty-five  of  these 
■were  fouml  at  one  time  and  described  by  the  person  who  discovered  them  (a  squawk  I 
as  a  largo  green  stone  which  she  kicked  and  it  fell  apart,  and  upon  picking  it  uji 
she  found  about  25  ditteront  specimens.     In  going  over  the  ground  at  the  same  spoi 


'  Proceedings,  XLII,  1893,  p.  300.     Madison,  Wisconsin. 
■^  Dr.  Hoy,  I.  A.  Lapbam,  Auti<iuities  of  Wisconsin,  p.  8. 


AtlROWPOINTS,  SPEARHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


{>S1 


by  Mr.  liar 
.HHociiitiou.' 
1  uotluloM  ol 
k\v  Bay  iioar 

iipleiiieuts  H 

iiupleiiK-ntis 

tt'  the  HUiiie, 

lilar  U)  tbit.sn 
or  cacbt)  No. 


k-ltlnt'  color, 
depth,  Houth 

t»  ami  Ihiktw. 

North  bank 

liippiuj^  eai:'" 
(Ii8ct>verie8  to 

May  9,  1892, 

)ue  was  fouud 

untH  of  "  i«ay- 

tb,  about  one- 

4i  feet  uiitler 

tU  aiul  width. 

rache  on  thi' 

Her  than  thoHi' 

one  steinnied. 

1  by  the  plow, 

Hpacc  of  G  feet 


{      a  year  or  two  later  17  more  iui|»Iem(>nlH  were  founrl,  ami  nnir  at  li.ind  were  n  >;roii|) 
\      of  polished-Ntone  hiitcliclM,  ono   \ ny  liirye  maul  with  center   j^nxived,  and  a  half 
do/en  Hint  ariowpoints,  thi^  whole  lia\  in;;  Ikcii  lonUed  npnii  siuee  as  a  caehe,  and  ai'(< 
i     eoHHidcrcd  by  the  jiresent  owiier,  Mr.  Wyin  in,  n»  a  kit  of  ancient  iniiiini;  tntd.s  lell 
on  the  trail  from  the  Kewanee  diHtrict.     Silv<'r  is  jiluinly  dineernildc  in  many  of  the 
objects  of  the  native  (!r>|ipcr. 

Vnhimet  Coitiily — A  cache  of  2J  leaf-HJiaped  llint  implements  uvera^'in^  from  U  to 
2t  inches  in  width  and  I  inches  in  len^^th  and  .standing  on  edixe  w  as  found  und(>r  a 
Htunip  in  Calumet  County.  A  cache  of  ')  l«!af-8hapcd  imitlements  was  found  nc^-ir 
Kachena.  Another  cache  of  7  arrowjtoints  from  near  New  Ilolstein.  Nearly  all  of 
the  arrowpoints  and  Hpearhoails  ari'  of  <iuart/ite,  varying;  from  the  ii^fjit -colored 
nniterial  to  that  of  adaik  maple-8n;;ar  c(dor,  and  in  si/e  iVom  li  to!).]  inches.  Mr. 
IlayHHcn  has  found  a  led;re  of  this  (luart/ite  lU'ar  HIack  K'iver  I'^alls,  where  a  larjjre 
worktthop  is  ])liiinly  indicated.     (llayMSen  Collection,  NewHolstein,  Wisconsin.) 

MINNESOTA. 

Mower  CoHntij — Mr.  'I'homas  W.  Smith,  of  Kose.  Creek,  Octoiior  s,  WXt,  leports  tliat 
he  huH  fonn<l  in  a  caclie  on  Ins  farm  IS  arrowpoiiitH. 

Oh'ECON. 

Kev.  M.  Eells,  a  veteran  archa'ologist  of  <>r(><^ou,'  Hpe.ikiii};  of  stone  si)earheads 
and  arrowpoints  in  tiiat  country,  says  "they  were  scarce,  never  havinj;  been  made 
in  modern  times,  but  l»elon;;in;i  only  to  ancient  times.  At  nref^on  City,  about  hall 
a,  nule  below  the  falls,  is  a.  perfect  mine  of  them  which  had  been  unearthed  .'>y  liiy:h 
water.  A  workshop  wa.s  at  the  Umatilla  landiuf^,  where  Mrs.  Knu/ie  h.is  obtained 
Jiiany,  some  as  beautiful  as  can  be  made.  The  chips  ai'e  now  soon  all  .nouud,  tliou^ih 
tile  stone  of  which  they  were  made— nuich  the  same  as  that  used  at  Oregon  (  ity  - 
must  have  been  broujiht  Ions'  distances." 


Stone  Age  of  Oregon,  Smithsonian  K'eport,  ls,s(i,  p.  l'S!i. 


lit  swamp  near 

Thisy  lay  on 

Some  of  the 

weight." - 

jments  of  por- 

R.  Crittenden. 


)' 


five  of  these  ?, 
hem  (a  squawk 

picking  it  uv 
t  the  same  spoi 


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APPENDIX  iV 
LARGE    IMPLEMENTS    OF    ARROWPOINT    OR    SPEARHEAD    FORM. 

There  are  certain  implements  found  throughout  the  United  States, 
more  especially  the  western  and  southwestern,  which,  except  for 
their  immense  size,  are  identical  in  form  with  certain  spear  and  arrow 
heads.  An  implement  2  or  3  inches  in  length  will  be  recognized  as  an 
arrowpoint;  if  5  or  Cinches  in  length  it  might  be  a  javelin,  lance,  or 
spear;  but  when  we  encounter  one,  however  correct  it  may  be  as  to 
form,  or  fine  as  to  workmanship,  which  is  10  inches  or  a  foot  in  length, 
then  what  shall  we  call  it  and  how  shall  we  define  its  use?  The  U.  S. 
National  Museum  possesses  many  of  these  specimens.  Some  of  them 
have  been  found  in  cache,  some  in  niounds  and  burial  places,  others 
sporadically,  on  the  surljice.  Their  great  size  and  weight,  while  it  does 
not  absolutely  interdict  their  attachment  to  a  shaft  or  handle,  nor  their 
use  as  a  weapon,  render  both  extremely  unlikely,  or  they  might  have 
been  used  ceremonially.  But  wo  are  absolutely  without  other  knowl- 
edge as  to  their  use  or  purposes  than  that  furnished  by  the  implements 
themselves  an'^  their  associations. 

George  V,  Arvetlson,  of  Carpentersville,  Illinois,  roportcd  the  finding  of  au  imple- 
ment of  white  tlint  orchiilcedony  of  the  form  of  a  spearhead,  stemmed  and  shouldered, 
not  barbed  (Division  III,  Class  15)  15  inches  long,  '."4  inches  wide  and  ij  inch  tliick. 

C.  D.  Williams,  of  Gainesville,  Florida,  reports  having  found  in  southwestern 
Georgia  an  implement  of  spearhead  form  (Division  III,  Class  C)  stemmed,  shouldered, 
and  barbed,  of  gray  liint,  14^  by  4^  inches  by  1  inch. 

Messrs.  M.  II.  Spillmanand  E.  B.  Sumner,  of  Painesville,  Lake  Connty,  Ohio,  report 
the  discovery,  while  digging  in  a  mound  near  that  town,  of  an  implement  of  white 
ttint  or  chalcedony,  shonldored,  stemmed,  and  barbed  (Division  III,  Cliiss  C)  l^i 
inches  long,  3k  inches  wide,  and  f  inch  thick. 

The  following  are  representative  large-sized  spear  and  arrow  heads 
in  the  U.  S.  Nationjil  Museum : 

One  from  West  Derby,  Vermont  (Cat.  No.  8922,  U.S.N.M.)  11^  by  2J  inches  by  5  ineli, 
of  reddish  iron-clay  slate,  leaf-shaped  ( Division  I,  Class  B),  reported  by  J,  M.  Currier  j 
and  R.  Wh«'«>ler. 

Cat.  No.  8923,  U.S.N.M.,  from  West  Derby,  Vermont,  of  reddish  iron-clay  slate,  llfl 
by  Ij^  inches  by  |f  inch,  leaf-shaped  (Division  I,  Class  B),  reported  by  11.  W.  Norrisj 
and  J.  M.  Cnrrier. 

Cat.  No. 98.S41,-U.8.N.M.,  from  a  mound  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  Crawford  County,! 
Wisconsin,  of  ehalcedonj-,  11  l>y  2^  inches  by  I  inch,  leaf-shaped  (Division  I,  tMass  B).  | 
Mound  excavated  by  J.  W.  Enimert,  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

Cat.  No.  115501,  U.S.N.M.,  from  mound  in  Prairie  du  Chien,  Crawford  County,  I 


See  i».  872. 


982 


Report  of  U.  S,  Mational  Museum,  1 8:^7.— Wilson. 


Plate  65. 


D    FORM. 

3(1  States,  V 

xcept   ibr  | 

lud  tirrow  | 

ized  as  an  t 

,  lance,  or  | 

y  be  as  to  | 

in  length,  | 

The  U.  S.  I 

le  of  them  | 

ces,  others  | 

liileitdoes  | 

B,  nor  their  I 

night  have  | 
lier  knowl- 
mplemeuts 


U: 


|J^      4 


V4     ' 


*^-. 


\       i 


of  au  imple- 
l  shouldered, 
inch  thick, 
ionthwcsti'in 
I,  shouldered, 


"hm 


fi 


Ohio,  report 

rieiit  of  white 

CliiB.s  C)  12i 

rrow  heads 


ihcsby  5  inrli, 
J.  M.  Currier 

clay  Hlato,  1 1  'i 
11.  W.  Norrisi 


f'V^ 


rford  County,! 
onl,  ClasHH)- 


ford  Couuty, 


Spearhead  of  White  Flint. 

hfiintli.  1.")  iiH'lits. 
C'arpt'iitersville.  lUiuois. 


■A 


I 


ARROWrOINTS,  SPEAHHEADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


1»83 


WisconHin ;  oliHidiaii,  T!|  liy  L':i  inches  liy  ','  iiicli,  HtciniiuMi,  slioiiliU'i't'd.  .iikI  li.iilifd 
(DiviHioii  III,  CliiHH  (').  MoiiikI  (^x<•avat^Ml  by  ,1.  W.  iMiiiiicrt.  ol'  tin-  I!iii«:ni  ol' 
Ethnology. 

Cut.  No.  l.")01iM),  II.S.N.M.,  ioniid  t-n  carho  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Missduri  IJixci, 
southwest  Arkiinsii.s;  chalcedony.  There  were  11  implenHMiti.  all  of  white  (lint  or 
chalcedony,  ol'  speaihcinl  I'orni,  stJMUined,  shoiildeied.  and  haihed  (i>ivisinn  III, 
Chass  C).  They  vari«!il  in  Hize  I'roni  !)A  l>y  '.i'-  inclicH  liy  ,'  inch  down  to  (Jj  Ity  2i;  inches 
hy  .}  inch.  Collection  T.  \V.  (Plato  t>1.)  There  are  in  the  1".  S.  National  Mnseuin  '■'< 
otherspeoiriK^ns similar  in  size,  form,  anil  niatecial,  reported  IVoiii  Slirevepurt,  Lniiisi- 
ana,  hy  Mr.  Ilotchkiss. 

Cat.  No.  150195,  U.S. N.M.,  ."cprBSents  a  cache  of  leaf-Hhaju'd  implements  from  ilie 
bank  of  tlu)  Watauga  Kivor,  Carter  County,  northwest  T<'nnessee.  I  hey  weir  leaf 
shaped  in  form  (IMvision  I,  Class  H),  were  of  (|uartzite,  is  in  niiml)i  r.  tlieii  si/e 
varying  from  {H  l>y  I^T,,  inches  hy  three-fourths  of  an  inch  to  7! :'  hy  ;>  -,  imlus  l.y  ',' 
inch.    Collection  T.  W. 

Cat.  No.  88112,    I'.S.N.M.,  from    Middleton,   Wisconsin;    line-rrainrd.    sparkiin;,' 
quartzite,  light-gray  color,  spearheail  form,  stemmed,  shouldered,  and  l),nlH<l  ,  Itivi 
sion  III,  Class  C),  8i  hy  IH  inches  l>y   i   inch,     ('(diectiou  of  liureau  of  llrhnolony. 
See  also  tigs,  170,  171,  172,  pp.  !t2l-92r). 

Cat.  No.  88,335,  U.S.N.M.,  from  Mid<lleton.  Wisconsin,  of  liiie-gijiineil  i(uart/ite.  il.nk 
color,  nearly  black,  speai  -.id  form,  stemmed,  shouldered,  and  liarlied  i|»i\isiiiii  III, 
Class  C),  SI  by  2^  inches  by  I  inch,     ('(diectiou  of  liureau  of  lit  Imoln^y. 

Cat.  No.  150179,  I'.S.N.M.,  from  Ashlaml.  Kentucky,  of  lirown  <'heit,  speailiead 
form,  stemmed  and  shouldori'd  but  not  liarbed  i  Division  III,  (  lass  ]'<),  S[  by  2;f; 
inches  by  i|  inch,     obtained  fnuu  1',.  .1.  Taylor. 

Ciit.  No.  88105,  II.S.N.M  ,  from  Wisconsin,  of  brown  lustrous  p.\  romaidiic  ilini, 
speaihoad  form,  stemmed  and  shouldereil,  not  harlied  ^  Division  III,  (lass  I'.i.il.  by 
2i',;  inches  by  i;  inch.     Collection  of  Hiireau  of  l-^thmdogy, 

R»!ference  is  maile  to  the  il."*  implements  in  the  cache  reported  by  Mr.  I.dward 
Ingram  from  Cheater  ('ounty,  Pennsylvania,  and  ligured  in  Plate  ,">9;  .ilso  to  sundry 
large  specimens  described  and  figured  in  otlnn  ]>arts  of  this  pajter. 

Dr.  Abbott,'  speakiiifj  of  tbosc  larji*'  spciirliciKl.s  iiiid  rcli'iiiiijii'  to 
Scboolcr.aft,  makes  mention  of  an  Indian  cliit'f  prcsciiti  ■<••  to  liiin  one  7 
incbes  long  and  dcclarinji'  it  to  be  an  im])kMn<Mit  bcloiiyinu  to  liis  aiiccs- 
stoi'8,  and  says : 

It  is  not  a  little  strange  that  the  early  writers,  who  refer  to  the  Indians  hefure 
they  had  wholly  discarded  stone  imidements,  or  very  socm  afterw.irds.  n1ioii](|  sn 
generally  have  overlooked  this  form,  while  fiiey  fre(|iu'iitly  mention  their  axes  ami 
arrowpoiiits.  Neither  Holm  nor  Kalni  refer  to  the  large  spearhe.'ids  as  wcipoiis  oi 
the  Delaware  Indians,  or  refer  to  the  use.  of  the  spear  or  lance,  in  desciii)iiin  their 
methods  of  warfare;  yet  the  number  of  these  objects  found  is  of  ii--elf  siidii  leut  to 
indicate  that  at  one  time  they  were  in  very  common  use.  Is  it  juob.ible  tliat  tlie,\ 
had  been  discarded  in  great  measure  at  some  remote  period  and  were  vei  italde  relics 
of  ii  distant  past  when  the  European  settlers  first  re.iched  our  shores  .'  Tlie  ahsence 
of  direct  reference  to  these  characteristic  inijilements  seems  indicative  of  tliis. 

This  raises  an  exceedingfly  interesting  (jnestioii.  VVliatcvcr  may  liax c 
been  the  pnrpose,  and  when  or  by  wliomsoever  made,  may  they  not 
have  been  themselves  i)rehistoric  t«>  tlie  aborioines  at  tiie  time  of  llie 
discovery  of  the  continent?  Are  they  to  be  <dassed  with  tlie  s(» calU'd 
ceremonial  objeets,  banner-stones,  bird  aiitl  boat  .slia|»«>d  articles,  tiiid 
with  tubes,  plummets,  sinkers,  or  charms,  not  oidy  tiic^  uses  or  purpo.ses 


'  Primitive  Industry,  p.2ls. 


084 


REPORT   OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  \H9'!. 


of  which  are  iiiiknowTi  to  oiir  nuMlerii  rn4iian,biit  even  the  races  or  ]>eo- 
ples  by  whom  they  were  made;  all  of  which  {jives  rise  to  numberless 
speculations '! 

There  are  certain  other  large  stone  imi>leraents  of  leaf-shaped  Ibrm 
resembling;  Class  IJ,  and  from  description  and  drawinpf  might  be  assigned 
to  it.  These  are  the  so-called  hoes  or  agricultural  implements.  Tlu'ir 
locality  is  extensive,  but  nevertheless,  is  limited  to  the  interior,  say 
from  Ohio  to  (leorgia,  and  from  the  Virginia  mountains  to  the  western 
Mississippi  Valley.  The  imj)lemeuts  are  large,  being  from  6  to  10  inches 
in  length,  with  corresponding  width  and  thickness.  They  are  of 
(piart/ite,  novaculite,  chert,  and  similar  material,  and  are  always 
chipped.  Although  resembling  in  form  the  ordinary  leaf  shaped  imple- 
ment, they  have  no  other  or  further  relation  to  it.  While  they  are  more 
or  less  pointed  at  both  ends,  yet  they  are  not  sntViciently  so  for  thrust- 
ing or  piercing,  and  were  evidently  never  intended  for  such  jmrposes. 
They  may  have  been  inserted  in  a  handle,  though  no  traces  of  it  have 
ever  been  found,  or  they  may  have  been  held  in  the  hands.  An  inspec- 
tion shows  them  to  have  been  used  as  an  implement  for  digging  in  the 
earth.  The  point  is  frecpiently  worn  smooth  and  dull  for  several  inches 
up  the  blade,  showing  strije  and  even  notches,  the  result  of  friction  in 
the  earth  by  digging. 

These  implements  are  sometimes  found  en  cache.  The  collection  of 
the  Missouri  Historical  Society  disj)layed  at  the  World's  Fair  held  in 
ChicagOjin  1893, under  the  direction  of  Mr.  William  .1.  Seever, contained 
many  of  these  implements,  chiefly  from  the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis, 
some  of  which  were  from  caches.  See  Appendix  A  (quarries),  Illinois, 
p.  900,  and  Appendix  1>  (caches),  p.  974. 


Ai»n:Ni>ix  I).' 


MAKING  OF  ARROWPOINTS  DESCRIBED   BY   EXPLORERS  AND 

TRAVELERS. 


(!iitlin^  tlnm  describes  tlie  Apaclu^ 
points: 


inoile  of  niiikiii^   Hint  arrow- 


Liko  iiioHt  of  tho  tribes  went  of  jind  in  tho  lioclvy  Moiiiitiiiiis  tli«^,v  niiiuufiictiire 
the  liliidoH  (if  t\u'\v  NpearH  jiikI  ])ointH  for  tlioir  urrows  of  IliiitN,  .iiul  also  of  olisiiliau, 
which  is  scattered  over  those  volcanic  rejifions  west  of  tlu»  nioiintaiiis;  mihI,  liko 
other  tribes,  they  ^nard  as  a  profound  secret  the  mode  by  which  the  tliiits  and 
obsidian  are  broken  into  the  shapes  they  require.     * 

Every  tribe  has  its  factory  in  which  these  arrowheads  are  niad«^,  ami  in  those 
only  certain  adepts  are  able  or  allowed  to  make  them  for  tht  use  of  the  tribe 
Erratic  bowlders  of  Hint  are  collected  (and  sometimes  brought  an  inunenso 
distance)  and  broken  with  a  sort  of  sledge  hammer  made  of  a  rounded  jiebblc  of 
hornstone  set  in  a  twisted  withe,  holding  the  stone  and  forminj;  a  handle.  •  *  * 
The  master  workman,  seated  on  the  ground,  lays  (uic  of  these  Hakes  on  the  i»alm  of 
his  left  hand,  holding  it  lirmly  down  with  two  or  more  fingers  of  the  same  hand, 
and  with  his  right  hand,  between  the  thumb  and  two  foretingers,  places  his  chisel 
(or  punch)  on  the  point  that  is  to  bo  broken  otf;  and  a  cooperatur  (a  striker) 
sitting  in  front  of  him,  with  a  mallet  of  very  hard  wood,  strikes  the  chisel  (or 
punch)  on  the  upper  end,  llaking  the  Hint  otf  on  the  under  side,  below  each  pro- 
jecting point  that  is  struck.  The  tlint  is  then  turned  and  chipped  in  the  same 
manner  from  the  opposite  side;  and  so  tnrncd  ai'd  chipped  until  the  reciiiired  shape 
and  dimensions  are  obtained,  all  fractures  lieinj^  made  on  the  palm  of  the  hand. 

In  selecting  a  tlake  for  the  arrowhead  a  nice  judgment  must  be  used,  or  the 
attempt  will  fail.  A  ilake  with  two  opposite  parallel,  or  nearly  parallel,  planes  is 
found,  and  of  the  thickness  required  for  the  center  of  the  arrowpoint.  The  iirst 
chipping  reaches  near  to  the  center  of  these  planes,  but  without  quite  breaking  it 
away,  and  each  chipping  is  shorter  and  shorter,  until  the  shape  and  the*  edge  of  the 
arrowpoint  are  formed. 

The  yielding  elasticity  of  the  palm  of  the  hand  enables  the  chip  to  come  off 
without  breaking  the  body  of  the  tlint,  which  would  he  the  case  if  they  were 
broken  on  a  hard  substance.  These  people  have  no  metallic  instruments  to  work 
with,  and  the  instrument  (puncli)  whicli  they  use  I  was  told  w.as  a  piece  of  bone; 
but  on  examining  it  I  found  it  to  be  a  substance  much  harder,  mm. "  of  the  tooth 
(incisor)  of  the  sperm  whale  or  sea  lion,  which  are  often  stranded  on  the  coast  of 
the  Pacific.  This  punch  is  about  6  or  7  inches  in  length  and  1  inch  in  diameter, 
with  one  rounded  side  and  two  piano  sides,  therefore  presenting  one  acute  and  two 
obtuse  angles  to  suit  the  points  to  be  broken. 

This  operation  is  very  curious,  both  the  holder  anil  the  striker  singing,  and  the 
strokes  of  the  mallet  given  exactly  in  time  with  the  music,  and  with  a  sharp  and 
rtri)oun«ling  blow,  in  which,  the  Indians  tell  us,  is  the  great  medicine  (or  mystery) 
of  the  operation. 


I  See  p.  884. 

^  Last  Rambles  amongst  the  Indians,  pp.  187-90. 


1(8.") 


986 


REPORT   OP   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  IHftT. 


To  Catlin's  description  Mr.  Stevens'  makes  tlie  Ibllowinj;  apijrovinj; 
criticism : 

What  Catlin  has  aaid  with  regard  to  a  rehoundiiiK  Mow  is  pcrfrctlv  true;  it  is 
iiupossible  to  llaku  Hint  with  a  dull,  heavy,  sniaMhiiiK  hliiw;  it  is  tlio  iiieaHiircd  iiml 
rultoiindiiiK  blow — a  shofk  rather  than  a  blow — which,  ji'ivvu  witli  jiidfjiiuMit. 
enables  the  material  to  take  itH  own  lino  ol'  cleavage,  and  produces  what  is  so  well 
known  as  the  conchoidal  fracture,  resulting  t'roni  hiiiiian  skill,  that  distinguishes 
the  mere  splinter  of  ilint  from  the  tlint  Hake;  and  it  is  ttie  repetition  of  this  (i])ei'ii- 
tion  twenty  or  thirty  times  around  the  edges  of  those  Ilint  implements  found  in  the 
drift  that  stamps  them  as  proofs  of  human  handiwiuk. 

Admiral  Sir  E.  lielclier^  gives  an  account  of  the  manufacture  of  Hint 
arrowpoints  by  the  western  Eskimo  tribes  at  and  north  of  Icy  Capo, 
as  follows: 

Hut  to  the  process  which  they  pursue  in  etlecting  the  tine,  regular,  serrated  edges 
of  thai"  Hint  arrowheads. 

I'oshibly,  had  I  not  witnessed  the  operation  and  had  been  at  the  time  one  of  the 
first  Europeans  with  whom  they  ever  had  communication,  the  idea  would  have 
rcnuiined  undisputed  that  they  owed  their  formation  to  the  stroke  of  the  hammer. 
Iteing  a  working  amateur  mechanic  myself,  and  having  practiced  in  a  very  similar 
manner  cm  glass  with  a  penny  jtiece  iu  1815,  1  was  not  at  all  surprised  at  witnessiii;; 
the  modus  operandi.  Selecting  a  log  of  wood  in  which  a  spoon-shajied  cavity  was 
cut,  they  placed  the  splinter  to  bo  worked  over  it,  and  by  pressing  gently  along  the 
margin  vertically,  tirst  on  one  side  and  tht^n  <ui  the  other,  as  one  would  set  a  saw, 
they  splintered  off  alternate  fragments  until  the  object  thus  properly  outlined  pre- 
sented the  spear  or  arrowhead  form,  with  two  cutting  serrated  edges. 

Hut  let  us  revert  to  this  instrument  for  the  use  of  which  the  untaught  would  never 
imagine  a  purpose,  and  which,  I  suspect,  was  not  witnessed  or  deemed  worthy  ol 
notice  by  any  other  individual  of  the  oxjiedition. 

First,  this  instrument  has  a  graceful  outline.  The  liandhi  is  of  tine  fossil  ivory. 
That  would  be  too  soft  to  deal  with  the  tlint  or  chert  in  the  manner  required.  Unt 
they  discovered  that  the  point  of  the  deer  horn  is  har<lei'  and  also  more  stubborn ; 
therefore,  in  a  slit,  like  lead  in  our  pencils,  they  introduced  a  slip  of  this  siili- 
stanco  and  secured  it  by  a  strong  thong,  put  on  wet,  but  which  on  drying  became 
very  rigid.  Here  we  can  not  fail  to  trace  ingenuity,  ability,  and  a  view  to  orna- 
ment. It  is  the  point  of  the  deer  horn  which,  refusing  to  yield,  drives  oil'  the  tine 
conchoidal  splinters  from  the  chert.     [See  tigs.  158-74]. 

I  can  not  here  omit  remarking  that  the  very  same  process  is  pursued  by  the  Indians 
of  Mexican  origin  in  California  with  the  obsidian  points  for  their  arrows;  and  also 
in  the  North  and  South  Pacitic— at  Sandwich  Islands  (2b  north),  iind  Tahiti  (18 
south) — 39  degrees  or  2,340  miles  asunder — similar  imlentations  or  chippings  are 
carried  out  in  forming  their  axes  from  basaltic,  lava,  but  probably  performed  in  the 
latter  instances  with  stone  hammers.  I  myself  witnessed  at  the  convent  of  Montcicy 
the  captured  Indians  forming  their  arrowhe.ads  out  of  obsidian  simi'arly  to  the 
mode  practiced  by  the  Eskimos. 

Schoolcraft^  thus  describes  the  mode  of  making  Ilint  arrowpoints  by 
the  North  American  Indians: 

The  skill  displayed  in  this  art,  as  it  is  by  the  tribes  of  the  entire  continent,  has 
excited  admiration.    The  material  employed  is  generally  some  form  of  hornstonr, 


'  Flint  Chips,  pp.  83, 84. 

-Transactions  of  the  American  Ethnological  Society,  new  ser.,  I,  I't.  2,  \Hi\l,  p.  Ills 

•'North  American  Indian  Tribes,  III,  p.  467. 


ARROWPOINTR,  SPEARIIRADS,  AND    KNIVES. 


087 


►proving 

;ruo;  it  is 
,8nr«tl  iiiiil 

jlKl^llHMlt, 

is  so  well 
tiiifiiiislics 

this  OJHMil- 

iiu«l  in  the 

re  of  tlint 
icy  Capo, 

•atcti  o(Ik''>* 

Olio  of  tlu' 
vouM  liavt' 
lie  hainmor. 
■ery  siiniliu 
,  witiieKsinj; 

Ciivlty  was 
y  aloufi  tlio 
I  8ot  a  saw, 
itlinod  pro- 

ivould  novor 
il  worthy  of 

I'ossil  ivory. 

nired.  r.iit 
stnhborn; 
f  this  silli- 
ng liecauio 
ew  to  oriiM- 
olV  the  line 

tho  Indians 
svs;  and  also 

Tahiti  (IH 
lipjtings  aro 

lined  ill  till' 
of  Montficy 

nrly   to  the 

^vpoillts  l)y 


jiitinent,  has 
if  Iioriistoiif, 


;,  IStil.p.i:!^ 


HometimoH  passing  into  Hint.  This  niiiu^ral  is  often  called  cliert  by  thtt  English 
iniuerulogists.  No  HpeciiiieiiH  have,  however,  been  observed  where  tho  siilistance 
is  giiullint.  This  boriistone  is  less  hard  than  coniiiion  ([iiart/.,  and  can  readily  bo 
broken  by  conta<;t  with  the  latter.  Exporifiice  has  taught  tho  Indian  that  some 
varieties  of  hornstone  are  less  easily  and  regnlarly  fractured  than  others,  and  that 
the  ti'ndeucy  to  a  conehoidal  fracture  is  to  be  relied  on  in  the  softer  varieties.  It 
has  also  shown  him  that  the  weathered  or  surface  fiagnients  are  harder  ami  less 
manageable  than  those  quarried  from  the  rocks  and  iiioiintains. 

To  break  them,  he  seats  himself  on  the  ground,  and  holds  the  lump  on  one  of  his 
thighs,  interposing  some  hard  substance  below  it.  When  tho  blow  is  given,  there  is 
a  sutlicient  yielding  in  the  piece  to  be  fractured  not  to  endanger  its  being  shivered 
into  fragments.  Many  are,  however,  lost.  After  the  lump  has  been  broken  trans- 
versely it  reciuires  great  skill  and  patience  to  chip  the  edges.  Such  is  the  art  recjuired 
in  this  business,  both  in  selecting  and  fracturing  the  stones,  that  it  is  found  to  bo 
tho  employment  of  particular  men,  generally  old  men,  who  are  laid  aside  from  hunt- 
ing, to  make  arrow  and  spear  heads. 

The  modern  manufiicture  of  obsidian  arrowpoiiits  by  the  Iiidiaiis  of 
California  is  thus  described  by  an  eyewitness: ' 

The  Indian  seated  himself  on  the  floor  and,  laying  the  stone  anvil  upon  his  knee, 
with  one  blow  of  his  agate  chisel  ho  separated  the  obsidian  ]iebble  into  two  parts; 
then  giving  a  blow  to  the  fractured  side  he  split  off  a  slab  a  (|narter  of  an  inch  in 
thickness.  Holding  the  piece  against  his  anvil  with  the  thumb  and  finger  of  his  left 
band,  he  commenced  a  series  of  continuous  blows,  every  one  of  which  chipped  off 
fragments  of  the  brittle  substance.  It  gradually  seemed  to  ac(|uiro  shape.  After 
finishing  the  base  of  the  arrowhead  (the  whole  being  little  over  an  inch  in  length) 
he  iMigiiu  by  striking  gentle  blows,  every  one  of  which  I  expected  would  break  it 
into  pieces.  Yet  such  was  his  adroit  application,  his  skill,  and  dexterity,  that  in 
little  over  an  hour  he  produced  a  perfect  obsidian  arrowhead. 

I  then  requested  him  to  carv«(  one  from  tho  remains  of  a  broken  bottle,  which, 
after  two  failures,  he  succeeded  in  doing.  He  gave  as  a  reason  for  his  ill  success 
that  he  did  not  understand  the  grain  of  the  glass.  No  sculptor  ever  handled  a  chisel 
with  greater  precision,  or  more  carefully  measured  the  weight  and  etl'ect  of  every 
blow,  than  did  this  iugeui<ms  Indian;  for  even  among  them  .arrow  making  is  a  dis- 
tinct profession,  in  which  few  attain  excellence.  In  a  moment  all  I  ha<l  read  of  the 
hardening  of  copper  for  the  working  of  flint  axes,  etc.,  v.anished  before  the  simplest 
mechanical  process. 

Mr.  T.  R.  Peale  of  the  scientific  corps  of  tlie  United  States  Exploiinj; 
Expedition,  witnessed  the  makinjf  of  arrowpoints  among  the  Shasta  and 
northern  California  Indians.  He  says  that  the  flakes  were  struck  off 
from  the  mass  of  jas})er,  agate,  or  chalcedony,  by  a  blow  with  a  round- 
faced  stone,  and  that  the  edges  were  chii>ped  by  the  application  of  a 
notch  in  a  piece  of  horn,  as  a  glazier  chips  glass.  The  notches  in  the 
horn  tool  were  of  different  size  and  depths,  in  order  to  suit  the  work  to 
be  done.^ 

Every  American  collector,  as  well  as  archaeologist,  has  read  .lohn 
Smith's  description  of  the  makingof  arrowpoints  by  the  Mrginia  Indians.' 

His  arrowhead  ho  quickly  maketh  with  a  little  bone,  which  he  ever  weareth  at  his 
bracer,  of  a  splint  of  a  stone  or  glasse  in  the  form  of  a  heart,  and  these  they  gbnv  to 
the  enil  of  their  arrowes. 


I  Stevens,  Flint  C^hips,  j»p.  77, 78. 


Idem.,  p.  78. 


'Sixth  Voyage,  ItKH!. 


<)HH 


REPOIiT   OP    NATIONAL    MUSKUM,   1H97. 


Torqucmadii'  says: 

They  had,  imuI  Htill  luivr,  workmen  vvlui  tnuku  kiiivuHof  ii  iTrtiiin  Itlack  Htotin  or 
Hint,  which  it  is  a  nioHt  won«l<M-fnl  iind  ii<iniira)ih)  tiling  to  hit  them  iiiiike  ont  of  tln^ 
Htonr;  iiinl  the  in^tMiiiity  wliich  invented  thin  iirt  i»  nineh  to  he  |>raiMed.  They  :ir*> 
made  and  n»t  out  of  tlie  Htono  (if  one  can  exphiin  it)  in  thiH  nnuiner:  One  of  these 
Indiiin  workmen  Hits  down  npoii  the  irronnd  and  taken  n  piece  of  tliis  hhiek  Ntonc, 
whi<')i  is  like  Jet,  and  liard  aH  Hint,  and  in  a  stone  which  nii^lit  hi'  caHed  precions, 
more  beantitiil  and  hrilliant  than  ulahaHter  or  Jasper,  so  niiicii  ho  that  of  it  areniade 
tablets  and  niiiroiH.  Tlir  ]Mece  tliey  take  is  ahont  8  inches  lou};,  or  rather  more, 
and  as  thick  as  one's  lefj  «»r  rather  less,  and  cyliinlrical.  They  have  a  stick  as  huye 
as  the  sliaft  of  a  lance,  and  '^  cnhits,  or  rather  more,  in  length,  and  at  tlie  eiul  of  it 
they  fasten  tirmly  another  piece  of  wood  S  inches  \ou>i,  t<>  K've  more  weight  to  this 
part,  then  i)re8sinK  their  naked  feet  to;;ether,  they  hold  the  stones  as  with  a  pair  ot 
pincers  or  the  vise  of  a  (Mirpeiiter's  bench.  They  tak<'  the  stick  (which  is  cnt  oil' 
smooth  at  the  end)  with  br>th  hands,  and  set  it  well  liomit  against  the  edf;e  of  the 
fnmt  of  tiie  Htone,  which  also  is  ent  smooth  in  that  part;  and  then  they  press  it 
a<;ainst  their  breast,  and  with  tln^  force  of  the  ]iressnre  tluue  tlies  oil'  a  knife,  with 
it'H  ])oint  an<l  ed^e  ttn  eacii  Hiih',  as  neatly  as  if  one  were  to  make  them  of  a  tni'nip 
with  a  sharp  knife,  or  of  iron  in  the  tin^  Then  they  sharpen  it  on  a  stone,  nsin^^  a 
lione  to  jjive  it  a  very  line  edge;  and  in  a  v«'ry  sliort  time  these  workmen  will  mak»i 
more  than  20  knives  in  the  aforci^.iid  manner.  They  come  out  of  tlie  same  s)ia])e  an 
our  barbers'  lancetH,  exce])ttliat  they  lia\e  a  rib  np  the  middle,  and  have  a  Blight 
graceful  curve  toward  the  jioint.  'Ihey  will  cut  and  shave  the  hair  the  llrsi  time 
tliey  are  used,  .it  the  liist  cnt  nearly  as  wcdl  iis  a  steel  razor,  but  they  lose  their  edge 
at  the  second  cut;  and  so  to  linish  shaving  one's  beard  or  li.-iir,  one  after  another  has 
to  be.  used;  though  indeed  they  are  cliea]>,  and  spoiling  tlicm  is  of  no  eonsecinenee. 
Many  Sjianiards,  Ix-*''  -  'iilar  and  seculai  <lergy,  have  b(>en  shaved  with  them, 
especially  iit  the  bej.,  i  of  the  colonization  of  these  realms,  when  there  was  no 

siH^h  abundance  as  ni  .if  the  necessary  instruments  and  people  who  gain  their 
livelihood  by  ^tracticing  this  occu)>iitioi^l^nt  I  conclude  by  s.iying  that  it  is  an 
admirable  thing  to  see  them  made,  aiii^Pw  small  argument  for  the  capacity  of  tl.e 
men  who  found  out  siu^h  an  invention. 

Tyloi"'  says: 


llermindcz  gives  a  siniilai'  account  of  the  process.  He  cimpares  the  wooden  uistrn- 
nient  used  to  a  crossbow.  It  was  evidently  a  T-shap(Nl  luplement,  and  the  work- 
man held  the  crosspiece  with  his  two  hands  against  his  h.east,  while  the  end  of  the 
straight  stick  rested  on  the  stone.  He  furthermore  gives  a  descripticui  of  the  mak- 
ing of  the  well  known  ma(]iiahuitl,  <u"  Aztec  w.ir  club,  whi<'li  was  armed  on  both 
sides  with  a  row  of  obsidian  knives,  or  teeth,  stuck  into  holes  with  a  kind  of  gum. 
W'th  this  instrument,  he  says,  a  man  could  be  cut  in  half  at  a  blow — an  absurd 
statement  which  has  been  repeated  by  more  modern  writ<us. 


'  Monarquia  huliana,  Seville,  1C1.">. 


'  Anahuac,  ]>.  331. 


Htoiifl  or 

>iit  of  tlll^ 

Tliey  nvv 

i  of   tllOMfl 
Ck    HtolM'. 

))roi'ioiiH, 
ur«)  iiiiiilo 
,]wr  iiioro, 
L  iiH  lur^i^ 
end  of  it 
lit  to  tllJH 
ii  pair  ol 
is  cut  otV 
Igo  of  dm 
y  pioHH  it 
iiift),  with 
['  a  turnip 
^,  nninff  a 
will  iniiktf 
I  shiip<>  an 
D  H  Hiiglit 
llrst  tinio 
bbcir  0(1  <jo 
luthor  liMH 
iscqneino. 
ith  tlicni, 
ro  was  no 
;'ain  tlnir 
it  it  is  an 
itv  of  M.« 


Ion  instru- 
tbo  \v.;ik- 
•nd  of  the 
tho  niak- 
il  on  both 
(1  of  gnm. 
an  altNurd 


331. 


